"I Gulag Archipelago" - umsebenzi ongenakufa Solzhenitsyn

Inqaku 58 soMthetho i-Criminal Code abemi abaninzi kangaka umthetho ubomi RSFSR ibhuqiwe. Ubuncinane kwezigidi ezine amabanjwa ezopolitiko kwi Stalin ngexesha badibana uhlobo kwiinkampu - gulags. Ndimele ndithi abaninzi abazange ukuqhuba imisebenzi counter-revolution. Noko ke, oko kuze kubhekwe i "amatyala" minor ezifana uvavanyo ezingalunganga nayiphi ngumpolitiki.

Umbhali Alexander Solzhenitsyn ngomnye wabo badibana nqaku-yesibhozo amahlanu ngqwabalala. Ukuze ukumangalela "counter" wamsa oonobumba ke wathumela phambi abahlobo nezalamane zakho. Babedla langoku ukugxeka akagqubuthele ka Stalin, leyo Ampere ebizwa "ez". Ngokuqhelekileyo, ukuba ukuhluza ezinjalo iileta ayikwazanga angaphosi. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba unomdla kakhulu kubo. counterintelligence Soviet abophe freethinker. Ngenxa yoko, walahlekelwa elikwinqanaba umthetheli, ukuya kwiminyaka-8 yomsebenzi onzima ngaphandle ilungelo kubuya ekuthinjweni. Yaba nguye lowo wagqiba ukuvula up inxalenye yenkqubo kaStalin isohlwayo setyala, ukubhala incwadi awufi "The Gulag Archipelago." Siza ukuqonda intsingiselo yegama layo, yaye yintoni na umxholo.

I Gulag Archipelago - inkqubo interconnects amawaka amaziko Soviet yokugweba. Kakhulu, kodwa ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, uninzi ngamabanjwa eli rhamncwa omkhulu sazela - amabanjwa ezopolitiko. Njengoko uSolzhenitsyn wabhala, abaninzi babo ngxi ibakala ukubanjwa yamonga iphupha ilize ityala labo liya kuqwalaselwa ngononophelo, yaye amacala iya kubekwa phantsi. Kwaye sbytochnoy izimvo ezinjalo bakholwa nzima, sele bewile kwiindawo okude kangaka. "Kwabanjwa Political yayiphawuleka kukuba bathathwa abantu abamsulwa kwaye abakwazi ukumelana," - wathi Solzhenitsyn. Umbhali uchaza eminye imithombo inkulu amabanjwa: ukuhluthwa kwixhoba (1929-1930) owayenesifo ingcinezelo ngo-1937, kwakunye nabo baye ekuthinjweni German (1944-1946). I Gulag Archipelago wokubuk 'iindwendwe ivula amasango ayo kubalimi sisityebi, nababingeleli bonke abathembekileyo abantu, zizifundiswa, oonjingalwazi. Malunga oomatshini Stalin kaThixo yokohlwaya sikweni uthi kuphela ubukho nje izicwangciso inani elipheleleyo amabanjwa (oko kukuthi amaninzi ezivakaliswa amanani ngeenxa). Kokuba, kakade, "NKVD" overfulfilled ngenzondelelo.

bahlukunyezwa

Inxalenye enkulu incwadi Solzhenitsyn kwenziwa malinikelwe kulo mbuzo: Kutheni wabanjwa phantse lonke esayiniweyo "priznanki", kwanokuba akazange ayisekho ityala labo ngaloo minyaka ezoyikekayo? ngokwenene impendulo angazishiyi diki umfundi. Umbhali libala ya nxaniso ngokungenabuntu eyayisetyenziswa kwi "imizimba." Dwelisa ngokubanzi emangalisayo - evela inkolelo elula kudliwano-ndlebe ukuba ukulimala amalungu esini. Unga kwakhona ukhankanye ukungalali iintsuku eziliqela, enkqonkqoza amazinyo, ukungcungcuthekiswa ngomlilo ... Umbhali, bazi eli kumatshini wesihogo kuStalin xa ucela abafundi ukuba ndigwebe abo, akakwazi ukuba ithwalwe ngazo ya nxaniso, bavumelana yonke wabekwa icala. Kodwa kukho into pohlesche self-incrimination. Bonke ubomi bakhe bathuthunjiswe wazohlwaya, abo babenako ukuma, ethukwa abahlobo babo okanye izalamane. Ngelo xesha kwakukho umntu ukhaliphe kunene, ongazange basayine nto.

Igunya kunye nempembelelo i "NKVD"

amagosa ogcino yayisoloko careerists ngokwenene. Statistics "Ubhaqo ulwaphulo-mthetho" wathethayo kubo gaba ezintsha emivuzo aphezulu. Ukusebenzisa amandla akhe, amagosa zokhuseleko badla ukuvumela ukuba pick up yakho yokuhlala ozithandayo kunye nabafazi wokuthengisa. imikhosi zokhuseleko Workers ' "ngokulula ekucoceni endleleni seentshaba zabo. Kodwa bona ngokwabo baye inxaxheba Ngumdlalo oyingozi. Akukho namnye kubo ayibanga omzimba ukusuka necala lokuzama ukuvukela, ngabom, zaseMelika. Ichaza inkqubo, Solzhenitsyn waphupha oku, inkundla enobulungisa.

Yijele

Umbhali we "I Gulag Archipelago" wamxelela ngazo zonke izenzakalo entolongweni. iseli ngalinye kufuneka ukuba impimpi. Noko ke, amabanjwa ngokukhawuleza safunda ukwahlula phakathi kwabantu abanjalo. Le nto yakhokelela ekubeni emagumbini kubemi lahlukile. Onke amabanjwa yokudla - amanzi gruel, isonka emnyama nokubilisa. Kwezi neziyolo ngeziyolo ezincinci itshesi, ukuhamba, iincwadi zokufunda. Incwadi Solzhenitsyn kaThixo "I Gulag Archipelago" wambulela umfundi iimpawu zonke iindidi amabanjwa - on the "kulaks" kwi "mthetho". Kwakhona uchaza ubudlelwane phakathi cellmates, ngamanye amaxesha kunzima.

Noko ke, hayi kuphela ubomi entolongweni, wabhala Solzhenitsyn. "I Gulag Archipelago" - kukwayinto entle umsebenzi apho ichaza imbali yomthetho RSFSR. Umbhali gqolo kuthelekiswa inkqubo kunye nomntwana yobulungisa Soviet, nobulungisa, xa kwaba sekunjalo ezingaphuhliswanga (1917-1918); kunye nabafana (1919-1921) kunye nomntu oqolileyo xa iyabala ngaphandle ezininzi ezibangel 'umdla.