I-Doctype HTML - yintoni na? Oko kufuneka ukwazi malunga nento

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ngabaphikisayo bathi, inkqubela phambili isengumzekelo ongeke uvalwe. Nangona kunjalo, ngelixa abanye bebuhlungu ngenxa yokunyuka kwexesha elide ukuya kwidaka yama-moon, abanye baxakeka ngokwenene, kuba ukuqhubeka kunye neenguqu kuba nzima nakakhulu. Umzekelo "wokubamba" okunjalo ngabameleli bemisebenzi ehambelana nobuchwepheshe obuphezulu.

Ngelixa abaninzi abenzi bewebhu, abaprogram kunye nabayili bemifanekiso baxhomekeke ngakumbi kumoya wamaxesha kunanoma yiyiphi "iNura Baba", ofumana ulwazi ngokulibaziseka kweveki, kwaye kunye nokuphazamiseka okukhulu, imeko yangempela iyahluka. Kunzima kunxulumana nenqanaba leenkqubela phambili kwimiba yobuchwepheshe obutsha. Makhe siqwalasele umzekelo olula: kwiminyaka engama-5-10 edlulileyo umthuthukisi weemidlalo ze-intanethi kwi-Adobe Flash angafikelela kwimpumelelo ebonakalayo, abaninzi "AbaFumi Bamafama" baqinisekisa. Nangona kunjalo, kwanamhlanje, le teknoloji iyafa ngokukhawuleza, inika ithuba lokufunda uninzi lwe-HTML5 oluthile kodwa olungaphantsi kwesifundo. Ngendlela, i-HTML5 kwaye yenye ye "abalinganiswa" bebali lethu la namhlanje, elinikezelwe kumsebenzi wemihla ngemihla ye-HTML-coder.

I-Doctype HTML - yintoni na?

Lesi sikhumbuzo sekhono eliphezulu kwixhoba lobuchwephesha. Ukuchithwa kwe-90-s, ezahlula ngokwabo nje "isimo sokulwa" kwilizwe lethu, kodwa kwakhona imfazwe yangempela yeziphequluli, zaziswa kwihlabathi ezininzi iimveliso ezavumela abasebenzisi bekhompyutha ukuba balime ama-expanses enethiwekhi yomhlaba wonke. Kodwa kukho enye ibanjwa-ethandwa kakhulu yi-Netscape Navigator kunye ne-Intanethi Explorer ibhekiselele kumaphepha afanayo kwiindlela ezahlukeneyo, ngokulandelanayo, kwaye abadali beewebhusayithi benza amaphepha ahluke ngokupheleleyo kule nkqubo.

MiGangatho? Ngaloo minyaka, kwakungenanto yokuthetha ngabo-i-W3C yayisisebuncinaneni, kwaye iMicrosoft, eyakhuthaza i-IE yayo, yayidume ngokukhetha ukuzakhela ibhayisikili zayo ezingahambelani nantoni na. Nangona kunjalo, ekupheleni kwaloo ntoyikekayo (i-web developers) elishumi, le nto yayisesiqhelo: kubonakala ngathi kukho imilinganiselo yemigangatho, leyo, nangona ingaqinisekanga, kodwa ihlonishwa yiyo yonke iiphequluli ezidumile.

Nangona kunjalo, imeko yabonakala ibe yinto yokuba imigangatho yabakhiqizi kunye nabaqulathi bebhrawuza ayifani. Ungakwazi ukudala kakuhle iphepha elichanekileyo ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga i- HTML, i-CSS kunye ne-DOM, kodwa isiphequluli sakho esikhethiweyo asizange sibonise oko ukulindele ukuba ubone.

Nangona ixesha lidlulile, abaphuculisi banqwenela ukuba bacinge nje ngolu khuphiswano, kodwa nakwii-webmasters, kwaye wabonakala - i-Doctype HTML. Oku kuyilona ekhethekileyo ye-tagname exelela isiphequluli indlela yokujonga iphepha elithile.

Kutheni ndifuna iDktype kwi-HTML?

Ngaphambi kokuvela kwemigangatho eyaneleyo, eyaqala ukulandela yonke indawo, abaphuhlisi abaninzi beebhasikisi bazama ukukhenkca ingubo, bezakhele iindlela zabo zokufikelela kwitheknoloji ethile. Ngenxa yoko, iphepha elifanayo libukeka lihlukile kwiiphequluli ezahlukeneyo. Nangona kunjalo, sesiye sathetha ngoku, asizange sitsho ukuba xa abavelisi beenkqubo zokusasaza kwiwebhu beza kwiintliziyo zabo, omnye, ingxaki engekho ngaphantsi.

Khawucinge ngolu hlobo: ungumqhubi wewebhu oqhelekileyo ekupheleni kwee-90. Kwenzeke ukuba ininzi ixesha ochithayo kwi-Internet Internet Explorer 4. Ngokukhawuleza, iMicrosoft inquma ukuza kwiintliziyo zakho kwaye yenza isiphequluli sayo esitsha sibe "sichanekile", ngenxa yoko ayiyi kucacisa indlela yokubhala iiwebhusayithi kunye nokwenza ntoni nabo Yadalwa. Ngokwemvelo, ukuba unayo ixesha elaneleyo, unokubhala kwakhona ikhowudi yakho ye-HTML ngendlela ehambelana nemigangatho emitsha, kodwa abantu bayizidalwa ezivila.

Kule ngongoma ukuba i-Doctype HTML iyona "intsha" efanelekileyo. Ngokuxhomekeke kukuphi uhlobo loxwebhu oluboniswe ekuqaleni kwephepha, umkhangeli-mkhangeli uza kukhetha okufanelekileyo kakhulu kule meko indlela yokunikezela. Ukuba akukho Dktype kwi-khowudi ye-HTML, isiqulathi siya kuhamba ngendlela yokuhambelana (njengomgaqo, kodwa kungekhona). Ngenxa yoko, i-Internet Explorer 6 efanayo (nangona i-archive, iya kuba phantsi), ngokungabikho kwithegi yeDictype, iziphatha njengokungathi usebenza kwinguqu yayo yesine.

Iintlobo zeDktype

Ithegi yeDictype ineentlobo ezininzi ezinokuhlulwa kwiindidi ezithile. Okokuqala, ichaza iintlobo eziphambili zolwimi lokuloba: HTML 4.01, HTML 5, XHTML 1.0 okanye XHTML 1.1. Okwesibini, nganye yeelwimi ineziqendu zayo, ezibhekiselele "kumlingani wokufumanisa amaphutha," oko kukuthi, indlela enzima ngayo ikhowudi ye-HTML imiselwe yimilinganiselo yeW3C. Enyanisweni, kwimeko yesibini kukho izimbini ezimbini - i-HTML5 ne-XHTML 1.1 ayinayo nayiphi na i-subspecies kwaye ibe neyodwa ifomu ye-Doctype HTML. Kodwa ngaphezulu kule kamva ...

Indlela eqinile: I-Doctype

Ukuba ukhetha ukudala ikhowudi ye-HTML efanelana neleta nganye yowomthetho we-validator, ngoko ke inkuthazo eyongezelelweyo (ngaphandle komdla wakho) inokusetyenziswa kweDictype. Ukuba uceba ukusebenzisa i-XHTML 1.0 ephakamileyo, umgca oza kuqala ngawo kufuneka ukhangele ngale ndlela:

Ukukhetha i-template ye-Doctype ye-HTML yesidlangalaleni esidlangalaleni iqinisekisa ukuba nayiphi na ukuphambuka kwimimiselo iya kuphawulwa ngumkhangeli, emva koko i-tag engasetyenziswa ngokungafanelekileyo iya kuhoywa. Ngokukodwa, kwimimiselo engqongqo, nayiphi na ithegi, nokuba yifomu, umfanekiso, okanye enye into, kufuneka ibekwe ngaphakathi kweetaki zebhloko. Ukuba uthatha isigqibo sokwenza ngaphandle kwayo, isiphequluli nje asibonisi le nto, kwaye uludwe lweemposiso zendawo luya kugcwaliswa kunye nokufakela okubini.

Ukongeza, inani leetekethi ezivumela ukuba ufomathile itekisi, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuba ungabandakanyi - imodeli engqongqo ibonisa ukusetyenziswa kweCSS.

Indlela yoLuntu: iDktype Transitional

Ukuba i-template eqinile kakhulu ayikufanelanga, okanye ukuba ujwayele ukuchasene nemithetho, kunokuhlala kusenokwenzeka ukuba usebenzise uhlobo oluthile lwe-Doctype HTML kaRhulumente. I-W3C inakekele abo abangafuni ukuyeka imikhwa yabo kwaye bafuna ukusebenza kwiimeko ezinzima, ukudala i-template yeTshintsho emele imodeli yenguqu yeendlela zokuqinisekisa. Le template ikunika ithuba lokuzivumela ngokukhululekile ukukhululeka, njengamathegi anqatshelwe yiStrip-template, kunye nezinye iindlela ezininzi zokubekwa kwezinto ezingazange zilahlekelwe ukufaneleka ukususela ekupheleni kwe-90.

"I-Doctype" ye-Doctype HTML 4 ichazwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo:

I-XHTML, umgca kwakhona ukhangeleka olwahlukileyo, kodwa umgangatho wonke uhlala:

Kuze kube namhlanje, nangona umxholo ngamnye uzama ukufanisa i-template eqinile, yiDktecpe yenguqu ethandwa kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, le template inomlinganiselo othile wokumisela: umgcini-mvume "uya kulahla" nawaphi na amaphepha apho kukho amaxwebhu. Ukuba udinga ukubhekiselele kule ndlela yoyilo, kufuneka uqaphele oku kulandelayo-ithemplate yokugqibela.

Ukusuka Jikelele kuya kwiNkcazo: i-Doctype Frameset

Indlela yokukhangela iphepha lokuhambelana nesifanekiso seFameset ngokuqhelekileyo ifana neyoTshintsho, nangona, ngaphezu kwe "inkululeko" echazwe ngasentla, le template ikunika amandla okusebenzisa iifom. I-Frameset ayinayo enye into eyahlukileyo, ngoko ihlala kuphela ukuluhlu lwemigca yeentengiso, i-HTML 4.01 kunye ne-XHTML 1.0:

Kwinqanaba leenkqubela phambili

Ngokuqhelekileyo, ekukhankanyiweyo ekuqaleni kweli nqaku yonke imilinganiselo ye-HTML5 efumana ukuthandwa, asikwazanga ukuyihoxisa ulwimi olusesikweni. Kuhlekisa ukuba i-W3C ibona le nguqu ye-HTML yintloko, ngoko i-Doctype HTML HTML yayo ibonakala ilula. Ngamanye amagama, le nkcazo yolu hlobo ithetha ukuba isiphequluli kufuneka sisebenze nge "HTML ecocekileyo", eyaziwayo namhlanje i-HTML5, ngelixa iinguqu yesine, eyinto yesiko ezininzi, ithathwa njengokuba iphelelwe yisikhathi.

Ezinye iintlobo zeDktype

Ukwangoku, kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeempendulo zeDecype, ezininzi zazo ezixhalabisa ngeXHTML. Nangona iinguqulelo yesibili kule yolwimi yolwimi alunakukhanya, ekubeni yinxalenye ye-HTML5 ekhankanywe apha ngentla, ukuhluka kohlobo lwayo lokuqala, nangona kungabikho ukuphakama okuphezulu, kuphila kunye kakuhle.

Ngaba i-Doctype ibalulekile?

Mhlawumbi abanye "abalobi" be-HTML kwi-HTML baya kuzama ukungazihoyili uhlobo lokubhengezwa kwephepha. Ewe, ukuba abazange bavelise ulwazi olubalulekileyo ukusuka ngasentla, makhe sibone umzekelo owodwa. Nasi umzekelo wephepha usebenzisa ithemplate yeTshintsho:

Yonke into ibonakala ngendlela okufanele ibonakale ngayo kumyili wezinto, kodwa kufuneka "sidibanise" i-Doctype, kwaye sifumana oku kulandelayo:

Njengoko ubona, iphepha liye lafumana utshintsho oluphawulekayo: imifanekiso engemvelaphi yanyamalala, imenyu iphendulwe yoluhlu oluthileyo, ezinye iiklasi zeCSS zinyanzelwanga, ngaphezu koko, iphepha linomqolo wesibini.

Siyathemba ukuba lo mzekelo ufikeleleke ngokufanelekileyo ukucacisa ukubaluleka koko kubhaliweyo, ngoko kufuneka sihlale silumkile okanye, ngokufanelekileyo, sifunde ukubhala ikhowudi edlulileyo. Inhlanhla kuwe!