Heraclitus: ifilosofi, iingcamango ezingundoqo, amazwi

Ngaba uyazi ukuba xa esithi: "kwemali Yonke into, utshintsho yonke into", wena ucaphule sobulumko yamandulo yamaGrike Heraclitus? igama lakhe yaziwa kulo lonke ihlabathi, yaye izikhanyiso ezifana Nietzsche, Kant, Schopenhauer, ngokuzingca ababezibiza abalandeli sobulumko enkulu.

Yamandulo Greece banika ihlabathi abantu abaninzi abalungileyo. Ukususela kudala yaqala bulumko. Enye wabaseki kwale nzululwazi yaba Heraclitus. Ngokufutshane-sobulumko uyakwazi ukufunda eli nqaku eya kuphela ukunceda ukwandisa imimango bakho, kodwa kwakhona ithetha imvelaphi Sciences ezininzi kunye neemfundiso.

Ngubani na lo Heraclitus? Oko kwaziwa

Yamandulo eGrisi, okanye indlela zesihobe ngayo wabizwa kumaxesha amandulo, Hellas, waba nelaye lasisiseko Sciences ezininzi.

Enye i zobulumko abadumileyo lidala yaba Heraclitus. Philosophy njenge inzululwazi unetyala kuye ukuyilwa ezininzi iingqiqo kunye nemiyalezo engundoqo. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi, Heraclitus ingqalelo umbhali kweli binzana catch "yonke kwemali, utshintsho yonke into." Ingcamango esi silumko zamandulo zamaGrike nangoku ezi ndaba abameli ezininzi ngenzululwazi.

Heraclitus kwaziwa ukwazisana kwintanda-bulumko ingcamango "iilogo" kunye nophuhliso lokuqala ngengqiqo. Dialectics of Heraclitus aba sisiseko iimfundiso zobulumko ezininzi emva kwakhe, ezifana uPlato, emsebenzini wakhe omkhulukazi "UMbuso 'kwenye kwizahluko kukho iingxoxo enemiqathango kunye Heraclitus.

Nge theses umyalezo nga uyavumelana okanye awuvumelani, kodwa musa ukundishiya bengenamdla njengoko amadoda nenzululwazi, kwaye umfundi nje.

Ngokufutshane malunga ubomi bulumko

iingxelo ezithembekileyo ngobomi-sobulumko lincinane kakhulu. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba wayehlala kwisixeko sase-Efese kule minyaka 544-483 BC. Yena yeyendlu intsapho yamandulo. Ukuba iingcambu ahlukile ezindilekileyo, Heraclitus ebudaleni nethe onke amalungelo kunokwenzeka kwaye ukhetha ubomi boluntu ezintabeni.

Imibuzo ukuba wayefunda - ontology, iinqobo kunye nenzululwazi kwezopolitiko. Ngokungafaniyo zobulumko ezininzi ngexesha lakhe, akazange athelele naziphi na izikolo kunye nezalathiso ezikhoyo. Ekufundiseni kwakhe waba 'ngokwalo. " EMileto School, apho sobulumko yagxekwa, nangona, kwaye azinampembelelo iimbono zakhe, kodwa ushiye uphawu yayo imboniselo ehlabathini. Iinkcukacha ezingaphezulu malunga noku - kula macandelo alandelayo kweli nqaku. Wayengazange yena nabafundi, kodwa yawona alumkileyo ukusuka kudala ukuya yanamhlanje ukuze makadibanise izimvo yethisisi yakhe kunye neembono.

Heraclitus nokugqama umsebenzi kwenzeka kwixesha ye-69th Olimpiyadi. Kodwa ukufundisa kwakhe ngesiquphe yaye akukho impendulo. Mhlawumbi yiloo nto, ngokutsho kwezinye mbali, Heraclitus-Efese uya ezintabeni ukuya yedwa kunye naye ukuphuhlisa izimvo zakhe wawo asakhulayo iikhonsepti ezintsha. Abo ulwazi oluncincane nge silumko aye asinda ukuza kuthi ga namhlanje, emchaza njengomntu ivaliwe ngengqondo esibukhali kunye wokugxeka yonke into ozibonileyo nozivileyo. Heraclitus ngokuphawula ngathi iintolo kuwa kanye target. Kwaye ke injongo ugxekwa kwakhe kuba amanye abantu belali yakhe kunye nabasemagunyeni basekuhlaleni kunye nabantu bemi umqhubi. Sobulumko wayengoyiki wakhuza okanye isohlwayo, waba ngqo nje ikrele, yaye akazange enze ngaphandle. Mhlawumbi i yobudala sele abaqolileyo ingqondo yakhe yayina, yaye kwaba hayi amandla ukuba abe kwindawo yena usekude neembono nolwazi lwakhe, yaye akazange aqonde oko. Zobulumko ukubiza "mnyama", kwaye kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini kutheni. Kwafika lesiteketiso yokuba iingcamango silumko baba Akukwazi kubantu bexesha lakhe, yena wazibiza ukubhidisa kwaye "mnyama", ngokulandelelana - The lokuqala. Ithiyori yesibini isekelwe kwi-bulumko kunye abavakalelwa ngayo sobulumko. Ukwazi oko ekhoyo sokuqonda abanye, Heraclitus lavalwa kwaye zigcinwe uburharha ukudangala okanye ukubhuqa.

Ngomhla ukufa kwesilumko, kukho iinkolelo ezininzi, akukho namnye kubo njengoko ayiqinisekiswanga okanye bungangqinwa. Ngokutsho komnye iimbono ezikhoyo, sobulumko wawukrazula izinja, ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, esi silumko wabulawa unegalimoya, ngomhla wesithathu - waya kwidolophana waza wayalela ukuba ukunyhibhela ngokwabo umgquba kwaye nabafileyo. Waba engaqhelekanga kakhulu ixesha layo. Kanye njengokuba abantu baqonde naye ubomi bakhe, wahlala imfihlelo kubo emva kokufa kwakhe twisisaka. Kuphela emva kweenkulungwane ezininzi ingcamango wafumana abayithandayo yayo Heraclitus.

Iinkqubo Heraclitus

Kukholelwa ukuba imisebenzi silumko enkulu ebeyindoda yokulwa; ndithi, koda kube ngoku bakwazi ukufikelela kuphela omnye - le ncwadi "On Nature", eziquka iinxalenye "kaThixo", "On Nature" yaye "On karhulumente." Le ncwadi engafakwanga ngokupheleleyo, kunye namalungu ngamnye namaqhekeza, Noko ke, wakwazi ukuba adlulisele iimfundiso Heraclitus.

Apha Usekela ingqiqo yakhe "iilogo", esiza kuxubusha ngezantsi.

Ngenxa nokuqhekeka le ncwadi, iingcamango ezininzi nesigama baye bahlala ngaphandle zindlela bulumko mihla. Noko ke, iinkozo apho sinethuba ukuba baphonononge kwaye baqonde zobulumko ezinkulu ubulumko, theses bakhe bangalahlekelwa naliphi na ixabiso layo okanye ukufaneleka.

Isisekelo ifilosofi Heraclitus '

zo yamandulo banikwa ihlabathi uthando ubulumko, wema imvelaphi Sciences ezininzi. Ngoko ke Heraclitus. Philosophy njenge inzululwazi unetyala kuye kuphuhliso kunye nokuzalwa.

Eyona engundoqo theses lo bulumko:

1. Fire njengomthombo yonke into. Akwaziwa nokuba umlilo ngengqiqo ngqo okanye ngokomfanekiso (umlilo eneji), kodwa yakhe ingcinga Heraclitus mgaqo uphambili kwendalo kwehlabathi.

2. Indawo ihlabathi yaye ngamaxesha combusted emlilweni enamandla ukuba zibuye kwakhona.

3. Ingcamango kwemali kunye ejikelezayo. Kakuhle eli binzana: "Yonke into nokuphuma kwemali, utshintsho yonke into." Le thesis of Heraclitus yakhiwe ezilula, kodwa akukho bani phambi kwakhe waba undoqo isikrokro wawuvuliwe, ukuhamba ubomi kunye nexesha.

4. Umthetho izichasi. Sithetha malunga umahluko phakathi kwala magama. Njengoko umzekelo sobulumko enkulu ikhokela elwandle, lowo onika ubomi ebomini zaselwandle, kodwa unelona ukufa kwabantu. Ngandlel 'ithile, ithiyori Einstein ka unetyala ukuzalwa yayo yale mbono ukhokho luli, sele beza kuthi kubulelwe sobulumko enkulu.

Ngelishwa, ngenxa yokuba kuphela imfundiso Heraclitus beza kuthi amaqhekeza kuphela, kunzima kakhulu ukuba ukutolika imfundiso, babonakala ukuba kakhulu engaphelelanga, zale ncwadi. Ngenxa yoko, baye wagxeka. Umzekelo, Hegel wawagqala ayinasihlahla. Thina ngokupheleleyo akukho ndlela aluvavanye kwaye abone ngabo. Kuhleli ukuba bacinge ze ufakele Iziqwenga ezingekhoyo enobuchwepheshe ngokupheleleyo, sithembele a ukusola kunye nezithethe kunye neembono, njengowongamileyo e Greece yamandulo ukusukela sobulumko enkulu. Nangona wakhanyela impembelelo kwezikolo kunye abacinga, wayekho phambi kwakhe, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba uqaphele ukufana, umzekelo kunye kaPythagoras efanayo.

EMileto School ekubumbeni iimbono bulumko

Esi sikolo, yasekwa ngamathanga inabe Greek eAsiya, kwisixeko eMileto. peculiarity layo ukuba isikolo lokuqala bulumko yehlabathi lamandulo. Umi kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane VI. Isifundo engundoqo isifundo intanda yendalo yesikolo (isifundo iingxaki emzimbeni zendalo kunye kweziyobisi). Ngokutsho abaninzi inzululwazi ngenzululwazi, injalo le sikolo uqale indlela yayo, kungekuphela Greece kodwa kwihlabathi ngeenkwenkwezi nemathematika, ibhayoloji, ukuma, physics kanye chemistry. Enye siseko ephambili isikolo ukuba 'akukho livela nto. " Oko kukuthi, elowo abantu wavela okanye ngezenzeko ngoyena nobangela. Ngokufuthi, le sizathu wanikwa isimiso saphezulu, kodwa inkcazelo enjalo zange ayeke zobulumko befuna, yaye wanceda ukuya phambili.

Njengokuba besesitshilo ngasentla, Heraclitus akazange omele nawuphi na kwizikolo ezikhoyo. Kodwa ukusuka esikolweni eMileto, ogama iimbono wagxeka yaye akazange athathe i sobulumko ukuba ukubandakanyeka polemics, lokubonakala kwiincwadi zakhe.

Enye inkalo yesikolo - ukuba baqonda ihlabathi a ezinobomi yonke. Kwakungekho mahluko phakathi kwabaphilayo nabafileyo, ngokuba inzululwazi wayenomdla yonke. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, yena wazalwa kunye kubulelwe kwisikolo Milesian okokuqala wenza elithi "ifilosofi". Uthando lwezenzululwazi, ulwazi iye stimulus enkulu kuphuhliso amalungu yalo Mbutho. School Heraclitus, njengoko ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokungachanekanga, kuphuhliswa ngaxeshanye kunye nayo kakhulu. Nangona esi silumko enkulu kunye nale uqhagamshelo aphike, zako izicacele.

Ingcamango yokuba dialectics

Igama elithi "ngengqiqo ethi" liye kufika kuthi, efana nabanye abaninzi, ukususela mandulo. Yena lithetha "ukuba benze ingxoxo yababini, mpikiswano."

Kukho iingcaciso ezininzi eli gama, kodwa siya kugxininisa kuphela koko esebenza ngokuhambelana ne Heraclitus.

Ukuba ingqikelelo sobulumko enkulu yabakholwayo ngengqiqo emfundisweni ongunaphakade yokuba, yaye kunye nale ukuba Ukwahluka. Heraclitus ingcamango ongunaphakade phakathi kwethu kubonakala ilula kakhulu, kodwa ngexesha ekusekweni kwayo kuye intuthuko enkulu bulumko ingakumbi nenzululwazi ngokubanzi.

Apha, Kakade ke, ndaziva iimbono yesikolo eMileto kunye nabameli balo. Ukuphuhlisa simahla Heraclitus, ngeendlela iinqwelomoya ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, solo bawela ngayo izigqibo zayo, nangona bathe baba ezizimeleyo, kwaye kubangela imigqaliselo kuphela zobuqu kunye nezigqibo.

Ukongeza ingqiqo dialectics, inzululwazi yanamhlanje kukho ukuya sobulumko yamandulo omnye lweengcinga awufi iikhonsepthi eyavela kuyo. Le logo Heraclitus - umqondo omkhulu malunga emlilweni umgaqo angundoqo abo bonke.

Concept logo umyalezo yamandulo amelwe ngale ndlela: kukho ihlabathi yaye kukho umlilo (logo wakhe). Ihlabathi yaqala naye emlilweni kwaye elindele ukuba isiphelo. I Cosmos ke umlilo rhoqo apho imihlaba emitsha bazalwa. Akukho apho ufana umgwebo? Mhlawumbi kakhulu ngokukhawuleza kunokuba abanye lo mbuzo uya kuyisombulula abantu ngolwazi ngeenkwenkwezi. Cinga ngokuzalwa (nokufa, isimiso, too) iinkwenkwezi emajukujukwini. Emva kokuba uqhushumbo, ndimkhulule oko ezingasetyenziswanga, yaye ngoko nangoko uyanikezela amandla wayo kuphuma inkwenkwezi oselula omtsha. Mhlawumbi, esazi ngayo kwikhondo yesikolo ngeenkwenkwezi okanye physics, olo lwazi aluluchaphazeli ayibonakali into kwemvelo. Kodwa emva ngemihla yamandulo. BC ngokucacileyo ayifundiswa esikolweni, ngeenkwenkwezi, ukuze bafunde malunga nenkqubo ngokuzalwa iinkwenkwezi, sobulumko yamaGrike ukwenza ingqikelelo. Ukuba, ke, olo lwazi awukwazi kunokucaciswa inzululwazi, ngoncedo apho afike kubo Heraclitus? Philosophy zange wakhanyela ongenantandabuzo engumzekeliso uluvo lwesithandathu - isipho okanye isohlwayo ngenxa abameli abakhethiweyo lonke uhlanga lwabantu.

Esi silumko enkulu uyakwazi ukuqonda kwaye ndiyayamkela into yokuba iya kuvulwa kuphela emva kweminyaka eliwaka emva kokufa kwakhe. Oku wathi ngobulumko bakhe nesetyenzwe ngokongamela?

Landeli bulumko

Ngokutsho kwabanye, sobulumko engekazani umfundi - amaxesha. Mhlawumbi, isandla sakhe ekukhanyeni umnqweno ukubuyisela imisebenzi nomcebisi yakhe, siye saba isiphazamiso esithile iingcinga bokwenyaniso Heraclitus. Cratylus wayengumfundi okhutheleyo, kodwa walitshintsha ingqiqo ngutitshala. Kamva ke wayeza kuba ukusa kumkhamo othile ngcebiso kaPlato, ngubani oya kukhokela kuye monologues olunemiqathango laseTsomo kwi "State" wakhe omkhulu. Sobulumko Heraclitus waba mkhulu kangaka, ukuze waphefumlela abalandeli bakhe kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi emva kokufa kwakhe.

UPlato kwakhona hamba indlela ngengqiqo. On isiseko sayo iya kwakhiwa phantse yonke imisebenzi yakhe. Ukusetyenziswa ngengqiqo uzenze kakhulu lula noluqondakalayo.

Ekubeni Cratylus waye kwempefumlelo uPlato, umbhali omkhulu "Inkolelo of the Cave 'ukuba kalukhuni kubangelwa ukuba abalandeli Heraclitus.

Kamva, uSocrates noAristotle, ezisekelwe phezu dialectics ka Heraclitus, wadala ngokwabo, ingqiqo yabo entsha ibingenamongo ngokwaneleyo. Kodwa ke, nangona ukuzimela kwawo, ukukhanyela impembelelo esi silumko yamandulo phezu kwabo nangqondo.

Ababephila zethu phantse nabalandeli Heraclitus, Hegel kunye Heidegger. A impembelelo silumko Ukuqiqa yamaGrike banamava Nietzsche. Uninzi izahluko "Zarathustra" okubonakala le mpembelelo. sobulumko German, ihlabathi-edumileyo igama ingqiqo superman wacinga lukhulu malunga ingqiqo kunye nohlobo ixesha flow yayo. Saziwe ukuba zonke izinto ziyatshintsha, yokuthatyathwa babukele yaphuhliswa imisebenzi emininzi.

Ukuphika nokugxekwa ngezimvo Heraclitus '

Kwiminyaka 470 BC. e. Wayehlala kwinkundla Hiero eliqhula Epicharmus of Kos. Emininzi imisebenzi yakhe, yena bamwa imfundiso Heraclitus. "Ukuba umntu waboleka, ukuba akanako ukunika; ngokuba itshintshiwe, ukuba umntu eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo, ngoko kutheni na ukuba ukuhlawula amatyala umntu" - nje eminye imizekelo. Kwakukho abaliqela, kwaye ngoku kunzima ukugweba izinto busengozini: i zokuzonwabisa eqhelekileyo kwinkundla, ngokusekelwe kwiincwadi ukuhlekisa Heraclitus, okanye ukuqonda kunye ukugxekwa kwakhe eliqhula wenkundla mbono? Kwaye kutheni target imifanekiso ahlekisayo yaba Heraclitus? Looks Epicharmus of Kos ngemibhalo yakhe baphatheka ezithoba isigqebelo. Kodwa ukuba screen enjalo Ubusithelisile ukuvelela ubulumko sobulumko enkulu yamandulo.

Abo Hegel and Heidegger, sibambe azibhala ezininzi umgwebo Heraclitus, bemmangalela ke iimbono abangafezekanga, ngamazwi kunye neengcamango ingalawuleki. Noko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba, ukususela ukuqonda bulumko bangabhaqwa into yokuba imisebenzi zigcinwa aluzali; yaye oko kukuthi, izilungiso yaye awo ziindlalifa sokusebenza kunye nabafundi abangenako ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo inkosi yakhe, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa ukuba bazalise izithuba nowabo iingcinga, yaye maxa wambi intelekelelo.

Ingcingane Heraclitus kunye nendawo yabo bulumko

Nangona Heraclitus wakhanyela impembelelo abanye abantu kunye nezikolo, kodwa, kakade, iimbono zakhe akazange aphume ndawo kuvuka.

Abaphengululi abaninzi bathi ukuba sobulumko wayeqhelene kakhulu imisebenzi kaPythagoras kunye uDiogenes. Zininzi izinto abhale ngazo kunye iikhonsepthi livele inzululwazi ezi zo amandulo.

Amazwi Heraclitus '-phindwa kwaye ezicatshulwe nanamhlanje.

Nazi ke ithisisi le silumko, leyo, emva acandacanda zeminyaka, andilahlekwanga ixabiso zabo ezaziwayo-kakuhle.

• Eye - amangqina zichanile ngaphezu ngeendlebe. ubulumko elifutshane, nto leyo imbono yokwenene umntu. Ukungazi komzimba womuntu (njengoko sikhumbula kwicandelo senqaku ngasentla,-bulumko endalo yesikolo kuphela iphawulwe ekuqaleni uphuhliso eli sebe of isayensi) ngaphandle kokwazi ulwazi lwenzululwazi izivamvo, sobulumko eziphambili luyacolwa kanye kucacisiwe kwimbono ulwazi. Khumbula Khawuziphe ukuba ngcono ukubona kanye kunokuba kwakhona ukuva. Ngubani na onjengawe, wena unako ukufumana phantse kuzo zonke iintlanga, kodwa ebudeni ubomi bulumko yena uyakufanelekela amazwe.
• Xa wonke umnqweno kuza umntu lokwenyaniso, loo nto yenza kube kubi. It ngokwenene. Ukuba umntu akanayo ukufuna, a swi ukuphuhlisa kwehlisa. Ukuba umntu othile zonke ezinqwenelekayo, ulahlekelwa ukukwazi ukuba uyavelana nabo abangathathi ntweni; liyayeka ukuba ixabiso ekhoyo, uyithabathe lula. Ukutyhubela amawaka eminyaka, le ithisisi ngendlela yabo ukutolika umbhali British Irish Apocrypha Uayld: "Efuna ukusohlwaya, oothixo hetisisa imithandazo yethu," - yena athi, "Picture of UDorian Grey" kwi inoveli yakhe ezikrelekrele. Kwaye Wilde akuzange uyakhanyela ukuba rhuthu ulwazi yalo ihlabathi ukusuka kumthombo yamhlamnene.
• ulwazi Kuninzi ayifundiswa ingqondo. Abanye abaphengululi bakholelwa ukuba eli binzana kwathiwa nakungcikivo, kwaye kuphika we kanye yesikolo eMileto. Noko ke, ubungqina obubhaliweyo le nyaniso Noko ke, ngathi ezinye iziqephu ezininzi. Dialectics of Heraclitus kule ithisisi iye yakhula kunye imibala eqaqambileyo wabonisa nsimbi yokucinga esi silumko enkulu.
• Undoqo yobulumko ithi nje kuphela ndithetha inyaniso, kodwa ukunikela ingqalelo imithetho yendalo, ukulandela oko. Apha asiyi kungena ingxoxo malunga kakuhle izicamango sobulumko yamandulo. Wonke umntu bangaliboni ngendlela yazo ekhethekileyo, kodwa eneneni uya kuphumelela kuphela kunye nentsingiselo.
• Enye yeyam - ishumi lamawaka, ukuba - engcono. Kulo thesis - ingcaciso kutheni, xa kubomi bulumko yamaGrike akazange afune ukufundisa abafundi. Mhlawumbi ngelo xesha omnye akwazi ukufumana kuwo ofanelekileyo.
• Rock - lo ulandelelwano umyalelo izizathu apho isizathu kuphakamisa kwenye. Kwaye ngoko ukuba yokungapheli.
• Ulwazi kunye nokuqonda silumko alumkileyo - nje uluvo.
• Kanye yezithulu, abo baphulaphula, ningaqiqi. Ngabo sinokuthi, ukuba njengokuba engokaKristu yena, ukuba azikho. Kule ilizwi Heraclitus aveza ubukrakra ukungaqondani, naye kwakufuneka nazo. Waba phambili kakhulu kwexesha layo ukuba ithuba lokuqonda.
• Ngumsindo kuba kunzima kakhulu ukuya kulwa. Unako ukuhlawula zonke zobomi, ukuba oko kuya kufuna. Kodwa kwakunzima kakhulu boyise umnqweno ndiyithandile ngokwayo. Yomelele umsindo.

Ekuphetheni

Kukho abantu abo bekungenjalo abonela sikhokelo ngexesha layo ukuba kuqondwe ababephila nje ithetha ukuba. Lo mntu yaba lobulumko yamandulo Greek Heraclitus. Philosophy, njengoko kunjalo namhla, kuba ngaphandle Izicatshulwa zabo kunye namaphepha, iingcamango kunye namabinzana enjalo.

Ifilosofa enkulu, uninzi lobomi bakhe ezintabeni, yedwa kunye nendalo kunye iingcinga zakho. Abantu bakubiza ngokuba "mnyama", kwaba ukuba baqonde ubunzulu ubulumko ngale ndoda ephawulekayo.

aphorisms yakhe nangoku acatshulwe ngeentlobo ezininzi zentetho, kwaye ngokukhuthazwa umsebenzi wabafundi ngakumbi nangakumbi. zobulumko ezininzi ngexesha lethu, ethatha njengesiseko imisebenzi yedwa enkulu yamaGrike. Kwaye, nangona imisebenzi yakhe bahlile beza kuthi kuphela ngohlobo izicatshulwa emfutshane engagqitywanga, oku nangayiphi na indlela wolinciphisa ixabiso labo.

Kubalulekile ukuba aqhelane iingcamango kunye ingqiqo esi silumko enkulu, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yophuhliso lulonke, kodwa simazi kakuhle kwihlabathi lamandulo.