Ezemidlalo Paralympic: uluhlu

ezemidlalo Paralympic ziquka ezininzi lwamacandelo bemveli, ezenzelwe ukuba nenxaxheba kuzo abantu abakhubazekileyo. Ezi imidlalo bamele kuvuthondaba, umjikelo wokugqibela zemidlalo emine phakathi zonke iimbaleki kunye nabanye abathathi-nxaxheba kule ntshukumo. ezemidlalo Paralympic ziquka kukhuphiswano kunayo kubantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye nokukhethwa kuzo kwenzeka ngethuba eziliqela ukhuphiswano lwengingqi, zikazwelonke nezamazwe ngamazwe.

Olympia Paralympic Games

It esayinwe 2000 kwisivumelwano intsebenziswano phakathi kwe-Olimpiki kunye neekomiti Paralympic, kumazwe ngamazwe, apho ekubekeni phantsi imigaqo engundoqo yonxulumano. Sele 2002 kwagqitywa ukusebenzisa ubugcisa "kwesinye yesicelo -. Isixeko" Ngamanye amazwi, isicelo kweli lizwe yasasazeka ngoko nangoko kunye nemidlalo Paralympic nokhuphiswano ngokwabo zabanjwa izakhiwo efanayo ngenkxaso ikomiti eququzelelayo enye. Ukuqala kule tumente kwenziwa ngokwamakhefu ezimbini ngeveki.

Ekuqaleni, igama elithi "Paralympic" wadibana kule khosi yemiDlalo eTokyo ngo-1964, kodwa ke isiqinisekiso ezisemthethweni eli gama liye lafumana kuphela ngo-1988, xa ebanjwa Winter Imidlalo e Austria, naphambi ukuba babefudula kubizwa "Stoke Mandeville" (igama waba Oku kunikwa imbeko kuloo ndawo apho zaye zabanjwa ukuze ixesha lokuqala amagqala emfazwe).

Provenance

ezemidlalo Paralympic kubangelwe ubukhulu becala ukuya neurosurgeon ogama Ludwig Guttmann, ongumsunguli ingcamango. Ngowe-1939, uGqr bafudukela eNgilani evela eJamani, apho egameni lorhulumente waseBritani wavula eyakhe Centre yayo zokonzakala emqolo, ngokusekelwe kwi Stoke Hospital Mandeville e Aylesbury.

kwiminyaka nje emine emva ukufunyanwa, wagqiba ekubeni alungiselele imidlalo yokuqala abantu bathwaxwa ukwenzakala kwenkqubo musculoskeletal, ebabiza "National Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo kuba abaKhubazekileyo." Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba nkqu ngoko ke baqala eyayingqalene lokuvulwa yemiDlalo Olimpiki ngo-1948, ngelo xesha zabanjwa eLondon, yaye kukhuphiswano ngokwabo baqokelelene inani elikhulu ex-servicemen abo bonzakele umlo. Sinokuthi oku xa kwakukho lezemidlalo Paralympic yokuqala. Ebusika, ehlotyeni, kunye namanye amaqela kuye kwavela kuphela kamva, xa baqalisa ukufumana iwonga ngaphezulu ezisemthethweni.

Igama ngokwayo enxulumene ekuqaleni ne kwikota parapledgia elibhekisele ukushwabana nemilenze, njengoko kukhuphiswano lokuqala rhoqo zenziwa ngqo phakathi kwabantu abaphethwe zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo lomqolo. Ekuqaleni okuthatha inxaxheba ezinjalo iimbaleki imidlalo nezinye iintlobo yokwenzakala, kwaye kwagqitywa ekubeni ezimbalwa kwakhona ucinga binzana ukuqhubeka ukunyanga njenge "ukhuphiswano ngaphandle close", oko kukuthi ukwenza ngokudibana isimelabizo Para lesiGrike, elithetha "ikufuphi," kunye Olimpiki gama. Le ingcaciso ehlaziyiweyo kufuneka sithethe nokuphunyezwa ezahlukeneyo zokhuphiswano phakathi kwabantu abakhubazekileyo, kunye ne-Olimpiki nangokulinganayo.

Sele 1960 eRoma yabamba IX yoNyaka International Stoke Mandeville Games. Kulo mzekelo, iintlobo zemidlalo zasehlotyeni Paralympic zaye zabandakanywa kwiprogram kukhuphiswano:

• isihlalo basketball;
• lwecala;
• ukubiya abahamba ngezitulo ezinamavili;
• ukutola;
• itheyibhile tennis;
• ibaleka;
• ngelaphu;
• yokuqubha.

Kolu khuphiswano inxaxheba iimbaleki ezingaphezu kwe-400 abakhubazekileyo abavela kumazwe angama-23, yaye okokuqala kwimbali inxaxheba waqala ukuvumela nje kuphela abo bantu abalimele ngethuba esenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo emkhosini. Ngo-1984 i-IOC wagqiba ekubeni abele ngokusesikweni eli ubume khuphiswano yokuqala Imidlalo kwiimbaleki kunye nokhubazeko.

Ngowe-1976, waqala kukhuphiswano apho lezemidlalo Paralympic (ebusika) simanyene. Ezi ukhuphiswano zaye zabanjwa Ornskolddsvike, kwaye inkqubo wavakaliswa iinkalo ezimbini kuphela - longele Ukuskiya kunye Ukuskiya cross-lizwe. Kukhuphiswano ezinjalo siye sagqiba ekubeni inxaxheba iimbaleki 250 abavela kumazwe ahlukeneyo-17, yaye iye inxaxheba abantu abakhubazekileyo, abangaboniyo, kwakunye amputees.

union

Ukususela ngo-1992, iimbaleki, imidlalo Paralympic ayayilwa (ehlotyeni nasebusika), waqalisa ukuba bakhuphisane kwangolu imizi apho zaye zabanjwa yeOlimpiki. Kunye nophuhliso lwentshukumo yimibutho eyahlukeneyo ziye zasekwa ngcembe kwiimbaleki abakhubazeke ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, kukho ezemidlalo Paralympic ukuba akaboni, kunye nabanye abaninzi. Kwakhona yasungulwa ngo-1960 yi-Stoke Mandeville Imidlalo iKomiti ngamazwe ngoko wajika loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-International Federation of Stoke Mandeville Games.

umsebenzi zekomiti

Okokuqala, iNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ebanjwe imibutho zemidlalo ngamazwe lwabantu abakhubazekileyo, sesona siganeko sibalulekileyo kwimbali indlela kwezemidlalo Paralympic kuphuhliswa. Ihlobo Winter Imidlalo ziye kwaqalwa phantsi kweliso leKomiti International, nto leyo a non-ngeniso umbutho ngamazwe waqalisa ukukhokela le intshukumo ehlabathini lonke. imbonakalo yakhe ibinyanzeliswa inyuka ngokunyuka ukuba ukwanda kwe-ofisi kazwelonke, kwakunye nokudalwa intshukumo enjalo, nenokuthi ikakhulu utsaleleka kubantu ngemidlalo abakhubazekileyo ezahlukeneyo.

Ngenxa yoko, le midlalo ekuqaleni Sizibekele iziphumo kwimeko yesiqhelo kunye nonyango lwabantu abakhubazekileyo, kwaye ekuhambeni kwexesha baye kwimicimbi yezemidlalo-level eliphezulu yinxalenye, kwaye ngenxa yoko, kwakudingeka umzimba wayo olawulo. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ngo-1982 i-ICC wabonakala - The Coordinating Council of imibutho emidlalo ukulungiselela abantu abakhubazekileyo ezahlukahlukeneyo, kwaye IPC, eyaziwa ngokuba International Paralympic Committee, eziye zidluliselwe ngokupheleleyo kwigunya webhunga ezinxityelelanisiweyo, kwakukho kuphela iminyaka esixhenxe kamva.

upelo oluchanekileyo

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba upelo elithi "Paralympic" ekhuselwe kwi-magama Russian upelo, kwakunye nezinye iincwadi ezininzi zobugcisa. Kulo mzekelo, kakhulu ezininzi ingafumaneka upelo eyahlukileyo - "Imidlalo Paralympic". Imidlalo (ihlobo nobusika) ngokuba kunqabile kunjalo, kuba igama etenxileyo kwizichazi alukhankanywanga, nangona ukusetyenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo amaxwebhu asemthethweni amagunya namhlanje zoluntu, nto leyo ikopi efana nqwa kwegama ezisesikweni ulwimi IsiNgesi, ebhalwe njengoko Paralympic Games .

Ngokuhambelana nomthetho Federal umisela yingcamango esihlangeneyo ekufuneka isetyenziswe kwemithetho Russian Federation, ngokunjalo zonke amabinzana ukuba kuyilwe esekelwe phezu kwazo. Ngoko Paralympic ezemidlalo iimfama abangaboni kakuhle, kwakunye nezinye iindidi kweembaleki, wathi loo ndlela.

Imithetho upelo yangoku la magama kunikwe ngokungqinelana nemigaqo emiselwe imibutho yezemidlalo yamazwe ngamazwe kunye eli ligatya elithi lokuqala masikhokelwe into yokuba ukusetyenziswa kwegama elithi "Olimpiki", yaye nayiphi na nezakhi zayo urhwebo okanye naziphi na ezinye iinjongo zorhwebo kufuneka kusoloko lungqinelane IOC, nto leyo kakhulu alale.

ikomiti ngamazwe

I-International IKomiti Paralympic is non-ngeniso kunye Umbutho engekho phantsi kukarhulumente, nenoxanduva nokulungiselela, kunye ezilandelayo ebambe Imidlalo ezahlukeneyo ihlobo nobusika, Championships zehlabathi kunye nezinye ukhuphiswano ezininzi ngamazwe kubantu abakhubazekileyo.

Umzimba otshatsheleyo IGC nguye yiNdibano yeZizwe eziManyeneyo, ihlangana qho emva kweminyaka emibini kwaye kuyo ngamnye lilungu lombutho. Njengoko isishwankathelo jikelele loxwebhu, njengoko apho mmiselo imibuzo Paralympic Movement wenziwe, wagqiba ukusebenzisa ikhowudi ye imithetho IPC.

IKomiti awenzi nje kuphela imiba lwamacandelo ezikhoyo - kukho kwakhona imidlalo ezintsha Paralympic esoloko idityaniswa rhoqo. Ukususela ngo-2001, ngentsika umongameli kwalo mbutho kuthatha Sir Philip Kraven (eliNgesi), ngubani na inxalenye ulawulo British Olimpiki Association. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba le ndoda uyintshatsheli ehlabathini kabini waba amatyeli amabini Intshatsheli yaseYurophu yomnyazi abahamba ngezitulo ezinamavili, kwaye uqeqesho lwabo ixesha elide wakhonza njengomongameli International Federation.

Phantsi kwesikhokelo uPhilippe Kravena baqalisa iinjongo luhlaziyiweyo ngobuchule, ngokunjalo kubume esisiseko kunye nenkqubo yolawulo ye-IPC. Ekugqibeleni, ukusetyenziswa kwale ndlela ezintsha eye wavumela ukuba liphuhlise umgodlo kwezindululo, ngokunjalo ukusebenzisa umbono omtsha nomnqophiso intshukumo lonke, kangangokuba ngo-2004 i-siseko wamkelwa yi-IGC omele namhlanje.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba i-USSR iqela lesizwe okwesihlandlo sokuqala awayiphethulela ngayo ingqalelo kwalo umdlalo "bocce" Paralympic kunye nabanye kuphela 1984, bafika e-Austria kwezi ukhuphiswano. iqela lakhe bt saqala iimbasa ezimbini zobhedu iphumelele Olgoy Grigorevoy, ngubani abangaboni kakuhle. Kukhuphiswano zasehlotyeni iimbaleki Soviet enze bt kuphela Imidlalo e Seoul, ezenzeka ngo-1988 - apho ke phezu ukhuphiswano endleleni nasebaleni kunye nokuqubha, ukwazi ukuthatha naye ukuya ekupheleni iimbasa 55, apho 21 yayiyigolide.

imifuziselo

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala phantsi komGaqo-ngumfuziselo khuphiswano 2006 eyayibanjelwe, apho ngamnye ubusika Paralympic kwezemidlalo. Track and endle, ukuqubha kunye nezinye ingqeqesho zasehlotyeni waqala kwenziwa phantsi kwale logo sele ngoko, kodwa yena uhlala ayitshintshanga unanamhla. Le logo ubandakanya ikhweyitha imibala eluhlaza, obomvu, kunye noblowu ezithi zibekwe malunga embindini. Olu phawu yenzelwe ukubonisa indima ephambili ye-IPC ekuziseni kunye iimbaleki abakhubazekileyo ababemhlonela kunye nabantu ukulungiselela impumelelo zabo kulo lonke ihlabathi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imibala omfuziselo zimelwe kakuhle iiflegi various national lwamazwe ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, kwaye zimele Elilawulayo, Ingqondo noMoya.

Imidlalo Kwakhona iflegi Paralympic, nto leyo ebonisa ukuba ngumfuziselo IPC kwisiqalo emhlophe, kwangaxeshanye inokusetyenziswa kuphela izihlandlo olusesikweni, tentatively igunyazisiwe sisigqeba se-IGC.

Iculo ngumsebenzi iculo okhestra de l'avenir, yaye babhala ezaziwayo-kakuhle umqambi yakhe French ogama icherri Darni ngo-1996, yaye phantse kwaoko ke samkelwa yiBhodi IASC.

Isaci Paralympic njenge "Moya Motion", kwaye kwakhona ngokucacileyo kakhulu kwaye ecacisa lithetha umbono esisiseko kwicala - ivumela naziphi iimbaleki abakhubazekileyo ukuba ukuziyolisa nokukhuthaza ihlabathi kunye ngempumelelo yabo, kungakhathaliseki imvelaphi yomntu kwakunye nemeko yempilo yakhe.

iintlobo umdlalo

Paralympic Games (ezemidlalo) zahlulwe ngokweendidi eziliqela.

• Summer. Ziquka off-lonyaka kunye zasehlotyeni Paralympic Games (Sports), ebibanjwe emva kwesithuba seminyaka emine phantsi kolawulo i-IOC. Oku kubandakanya, ukongeza imidlalo ezidwelisiweyo, kunye imidlalo eselula ezifana Goalball, ngesikhephe kunye nabanye.
• Winter. Ekuqaleni wawuquka kuphela imidlalo ski, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha longeziwe isileyi Hockey kunye yokudlula Curling. Okwangoku, i-Winter Imidlalo ziyabanjwa kuzo zonke iinkalo 5 ezinkulu.

edluliselwe umlilo

Njengoko yaziwa, umlilo umgangatho ilunyekwa Olympia, yaye kuphela emva koko iqala kukhuphiswano lokubaleka ugqatso lothathelwano, ngexesha apho kusiwa ngqo kweso sixeko-ikomkhulu kubanjwe imidlalo. ezemidlalo Olimpiki kunye Paralympic kule nkalo ahlukeneyo, kwaye apha ndlela esingaqalwanga ukusuka Olympia - abaququzeleli ngokwabo isigqibo isixeko apho iya kuqalisa mngcwabo, kwaye umendo umlilo elikomkhulu, kakade, usoloko thile mfutshane.

Umzekelo, i-2014 relay yathatha iintsuku ezili-10, kwaye ngeli xesha itotshi olwenziwe ngabantu 1,700 abavela eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe, kuquka i-35% yabantu abakhubazekileyo. ingqalelo eyodwa kufuneka ihlawulwe yokuba inxaxheba kolu gqatso relay njengoko amavolontiya amawaka amane, waza lasiwa umlilo ngemizi 46 kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo Russia. Ukongeza, ukuba okokuqala Ebudeni benye yezo amanqanaba relay ukuba kubanjwe e Stoke Mandeville, yiloo nto kanye apho kuqala kuqhutywa Paralympic Games, nangona kodwa qho olusesikweni. Ukususela ngo-2014, emlilweni isixeko iya kuqhubeka okokoko.

uhlobo Biathlon

Iimbaleki ngokuthatha inxaxheba kukhuphiswano Paralympic kwiminyaka engamashumi lwamacandelo ezahlukeneyo zonke ezintlanu ubusika - isileyi hockey, Alpine, Biathlon, isitulo esinamavili ukugoba kunye cross-lizwe Ukuskiya. Akukho ezahlukene imigaqo esisiseko iziganeko ezinjalo kukho kancinane, kodwa kukho ezinye ezicacileyo.

Ngaloo ndlela Paralympic Biathlon inika umgama azezi kujoliswe, kwaye 10 kuphela mitha, ngoxa Biathlon standard inika ekujoliswe indawo neemitha ezingama-50 ukusuka gunner. Kwakhona iimbaleki ongaboniyo, emsebenzini imipu ezizodwa zixhotyiswe inkqubo optronicheskoy osuswe ngexesha abalibona. Le nkqubo ibandakanya ukusetyenziswa electro-amanqaku, ezo aqalile ayikhuphi beep elikhulu xa emehlweni mbaleki esondela embindini ithagethi, evumela ukuba uhambe ngcono ukuze aqhube kuqhume echanekileyo target.

Kwakhona kwezemidlalo ezahlukeneyo wasebenzisa kwezinye iimeko ezincedisayo kunye nobuchwepheshe olulodwa lula ukuphunyezwa iintshukumo ezithile kwiimbaleki abakhubazekileyo, ngoko ke asikwazi kuthelekiswa nomgangatho kwezemidlalo, nangona ngeendlela ezininzi ayefana ngokwaneleyo.

Paralympic Games ezininzi umahluko ukusuka Olympics, kodwa ngendlela enye okanye omnye, Usukele injongo efanayo - kukuphembelela kwisikali obude ezintsha. Ngokuba bonke abantu ababukela le zokhuphiswano, abakhubazekileyo, khange unikwe phezulu, kuba nakanjani a umzekelo ukuyilandela.