Dzheykob Shiff - biography, imbali impumelelo, impumelelo kunye namanqaku anika umdla

. J. Schiff (Igama elipheleleyo: uYakobi Genri Shiff) yi-bhanki yamaYuda yaseMelika, van'wankumi kunye ngumququzeleli kwezentlalo. kwiinkalo ezininzi zobomi kwi-US, zezabelo yesibini Schiff ifihle imisebenzi yakhe enkulu esiza. isihlobo sakhe le mbali Tsarist Russian ukunika inkcazo 'imfazwe personal ". Imeko yamaYuda kwi Russian Dzheykob Shiff kuthelekiswa kunye neentlekele wooyise yebhayibhile eYiputa ebudeni imfuduko enkulu.

biography

UYakobi Henry Schiff wazalwa ngo-1847 kwintsapho odumileyo ezinxulumene negama eRothschild. UYise le bhanki yaba urabhi. Lo mfana wafumana imfundo elungileyo yehlabathi kunye nonqulo. Ngowe-1865 bathutha eUnited States, apho waqalisa ukusebenza ebhankini. Ngowe-1875, Dzheykob Shiff watshata intombi ka omnye nabaphathi ebhankini Kuhn, Loeb & Co, inxalenye kwimeko-mthetho, yaye ngo-1885 waba yintloko ye bank. Phantsi kobunkokeli yeziko Schiff ukuchuma ukunyuka, kuba kunokwenzeka ukuba zithathe inxaxheba kule ngezimali iiprojekthi ezinkulu kumacandelo ahlukeneyo kuqoqosho abaninzi. Shiff Dzheykob Henry ubomi bakhe bathathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi esiza.

Waba etshate Tereze Leb (intombi yomnini ebhankini, apho umfana owakhe umsebenzi). abantwana abatshatileyo wazalelwa: intombi UFrieda kunye nonyana Mortimer. Dzheykob Shiff wafa eneminyaka engama-73 ngo-1920. Ke wangcwatywa eNew York.

Dzheykob Shiff - sekuhleni

Eyaziwa bhanki wayengomnye iinkokheli zoluntu yamaYuda eUnited States. Bona ngemali iqela leeprojekthi: nokudalwa icandelo yamaYuda ithala leencwadi loluntu e-New York, "Hibri College Union", i Jewish Theological Seminary, kunye nabanye.

UYakobi Genri Shiff kwabaswele yayo wayalela kwakhona inani leeprojekthi non-lwamaYuda kunye namaziko. Ngenxa yoko, wanikela izibalo ebalulekileyo kumaziko emfundo American, Boy Scouts of America, umbutho iRed Cross njalo njalo. D.

Schiff iye wayebambe izikhundla ezahlukeneyo yekhethelo, ingakumbi, waba vice owayengumongameli Chamber of Commerce eUnited States, yaba City Council New York on Education.

Dzheykob Shiff: ukuthatha inxaxheba kwezopolitiko

Ngowe-1904, Schiff zawongwa abaphulaphuli uKumkani of Great Britain Edward VII. inkxaso esebenzayo yaseJapan emfazweni Russian-Japanese, le bhanki wafumana ibhaso evela kurhulumente Japanese: i-Order of the Treasure Engcwele, kwaye ilanga liphuma. Ngexesha nokhetho eUnited States (we-1909) Schiff William Taft inkxaso zomviwa.

Ngowe-1914, Dzheykob Shiff wenza njengelinye bemeko- i "Joint" (American IKomiti Distribution yamaYuda). Oziphethe yaba iqela Zionism, ebiza lo mbono nepaki.

"I Balfour Declaration"

Oku akuzange kumthintele Schiff ngo-1917 ukuza ngenkxaso "Balfour Declaration". Ngowe-1917, uNobhala Foreign British Arthur Balfour eNkosini eRothschild wathetha abamele British amaYuda, ephethe incwadi evulekileyo eya Zionist Federation. Le leta wathi novelwano kunye neminqweno Zionist yamaYuda karhulumente. Phakathi iinjongo ncwadi kwizityholo mbali ukubona xwebhu:

• Idala uxinzelelo kurhulumente US kwicala loluntu yamaYuda American ngenjongo yokukhuthaza ungeno yayo kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I njengelungu le-Entente.
• Idala uxinzelelo amaYuda Russian ngenjongo yokuthintela ukunwenwa iingcamango Bolshevism phakathi kwabo ukuthintela uphume eli lizwe ukususela kwimfazwe.
• Ukuqinisekisa ilungelo lokulawula kwintsimi wasePalestina ukusuka UK.

Ngokutsho vo uluvo loluntu kuqhutywa ngo-2004 phakathi ngaphezu kwamawaka-20. Abameli zizifundiswa uhlanga Arab kumazwe ahlukeneyo, "Balfour Declaration" kucingelwa ukuba kwixesha leminyaka elidlulileyo, "kuxwebhu olunzima kakhulu ezimbi."

Russia

Theme "Schiff neRashiya" bazinikela zemisebenzi yabo mbali abaninzi. Abaninzi kubo Dzheykob Shiff echazwa iqela komsindo lobuzwilakhe Russian. Oku kwakungenxa, ngokuyintloko, nemigaqo-nkqubo calulo lukho ngurhulumente tsarist ekuyeni amaYuda.

Schiff ithabathe wasebenzisa igunya lakhe kunye nempembelelo iibhanki kunye necandelo zemali US ukufaka uxinzelelo phezu abasemagunyeni Russian. Ukuze ukunyanzela urhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya ukunqanda ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo oluntu kunye nembambano amaYuda Schiff esilala ukufikelela ilizwe mboleko evela kwi US bezinye iintlanga, Japan ngemali umkhosi kwi Russian-Japanese War, waba yimbangi iqela lamalinge nkqubo langaphandle enokukhokelela ngezimvo unxulumano lobuchule phakathi kwe US naseRashiya. nkqubo Biographers wabiza izenzo zakhe Russia "imfazwe lobuqu" ukutshintsha "ibe inkanuko lonke-kudla. ' Indawo yabantu yamaYuda kweli lizwe Schiff wathelekisa kwintlekele ookhokho yebhayibhile singangaso eYiputa, kususela imfuduko enkulu. Ngokwakhe kubonwa njengendlela uMoses entsha. It lwabhengezwa Schiff impi lobuqu nxamnye neRashiya, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa, negalelo ekuphakameni kwakhe, engaqhelekanga ukuba umphathi wamaYuda.

Emva kokuba uloyiso February Revolution Schiff watshintsha nesimo sengqondo ukuya Russia. Wamkela imigaqo-nkqubo karhulumente yethutyana, ethe yarhoxiswa iinkonzo izithintelo kunye nenkxaso yemali-mboleko zawo zokulwa.

Le revolution Russian

Zininzi izinto zembali zibonisa ukuba kusenokwenzeka ukubandakanyeka Schiff ukuxhasa revolution eRashiya ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX. Esi sihloko ngokukodwa ngokubanzi kuxoxwa ngexesha izangqa pravomonarhicheskimi emigre. Noko ke, imithombo ezinokuba ngokuqiniseka ukungqinelana okanye ukuchasa ezi zityholo, njengoko enikwe kwaye kwakungenjalo. Ngaphezu koko, ababhali-mbali amaxwebhu bobuxoki elungiselela ukunyhibhela Schiff afunyanwa, ebonisa inxaxheba yayo ngezimali Russian Revolution.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ngowe-1919 omnye iimpapasho monarchist e Rostov-on-Don wakhutshwa uxwebhu lwenkohliso, echaza ukuba iiBolsheviks Isibonelelo multi-sigidi se dollar zafunyanwa ukusuka bhanki Schiff, nto leyo yanceda ukuba aphumelele revolution.

Umzabalazo amalungelo amaYuda

Schiff ingqalelo imeko yamaYuda Russian babuyiselwa apha ekuhambeni zaqalwa ngo-1881. Kwinkulungwane yama-20. kwi yokugcina izixhobo, kwavela uluntu US yamaYuda ngomzabalazo wayo oqhubekayo amalungelo amaYuda kwamanye amazwe, ngempumelelo kakhulu ukuyilwa uluvo loluntu uxinzelelo kurhulumente United States. Ekuqaleni yokugcina kwenkulungwane yama-20 kwakhona. Schiff kuye into entsha Kongezelelwa - uxinzelelo zezimali ukuya bodwa ongunozakuzaku Russia.

Xa 1890s yokuqala, Schiff uqhuba inkxaso zemali ngenxa kokupapashwa ngenyanga "Free Russia", nto leyo umbutho wezopolitiko ibandakanyeka kulwabiwo i "iinzuzo ngcathu" mfihlelo SRs. Ngeli xesha inani baba zizihlobo uYohane. Kennan, i intatheli yaseMelika, eyaziwa ngokuba nenkxaso yalo olwela eRashiya. exposure Public Kennan iimeko ezinzima apho bavalelwe elubhacweni amabanjwa zaseSiberia ezopolitiko, aba negalelo ukusasazwa eUnited States ujongo yayisinda kakhulu kwindawo yolawulo ekhoyo kuBukhosi Russian.

Kwi-ajenda nomngeni olukhulu ngakumbi ekuphuculeni imeko yamaYuda Russian ibimiselwe. Lo msebenzi - nokulawulwa ngokwentando Russian ngokusebenzisa ngokubhukuqwa Romanov ubukhosi.

Russian-Japanese imfazwe

Ngowe-1890, ngethuba bekutyelelo New York Port Russian isitya yomkhosi wamanzi, Schiff walungiswa iphulo iCity isiganeko luluntu yamaYuda. Kumzabalazo wokulwa Russia na ingqalelo yokuziphatha asilinganiseli yena uYakobi Genri Shiff.

Cyrus Adler, mbali, wabhala kwincwadi yakhe malunga nale lomzabalazo: ngoFebruwari-1904 i-Schiff yokuqala bahlanganisana endlwini yakhe abameli bemibutho abangamaYuda waza wabaxelela ukuba akukho ngaphezu kweentsuku ezimbini phakathi Japan neRashiya ukuqala imfazwe. Le bhanki kwakhona wathi yena wasondela isicelo semali-mboleko ukuba urhulumente Japanese. Schiff wayefuna ukuva izimvo kwababekhona, njengoko oku kuchaphazela indawo yabo Russian co-nkonzo. Kuyabonakala ukuba, ababhali-mbali bathi, isigqibo esifanelekileyo senziwe kwintlanganiso. Ngaba wakha Schiff kuzisola ngenxa umonakalo omkhulu odalwe ngezenzo zakhe Russia? Le imbali ayaziwa.

mboleko

Ekuqaleni kwemfazwe elawulwa Schiff American usebenzise (indlu zebhanki "Kuhn, Loeb kunye K ° kwiibhanki», zesizwe kunye nezorhwebo) zazikhutshwa yi-mboleko Anglo-American ukuba urhulumente Japanese (isixa kwaba malunga ne-110 yezigidi. Dollars. Kuye wadlala indima ebalulekileyo ngemali a Japan sokulwa nokuqinisekisa uloyiso yayo. Ukongeza, Schiff ngononophelo kwaye ngempumelelo wenza ekuphazamiseni ngokubeka mboleko Russian emarikeni US. Ayekholelwa ezinye iibhanki ezininzi US ukusuka noboleka kurhulumente Russian.

Schiff ke ngemali iprojekthi J. Kennan ukuba nokusasazwa a uncwadi ekhethekileyo revolution kwiinkampu POW Russian eJapan. Le projekthi wazenza kakuhle kakhulu. Ngentwasahlobo yowe-1917, buqu Kennan waxelela ngayo ukuba iintatheli. Ngokutsho kwakhe, eminqubeni, exhaswa Schiff ukuba kwenzeka ukubahlangula iitoni zoncwadi inguqu, ngoko wabuyela kwilizwe lawo malunga-50 amawaka. Nabavukeli azinikele.

iinzame Russian ukufikelela kwisivumelwano Schiff

iinzame ngurhulumente Russian wenza ukuba ukufikelela kwisivumelwano Schiff, "utsalo" yona ecaleni lakhe, okanye ubuncinane namandla. Akukho Ukunxusa ayiphumelelanga ukweyisela Schiff ayeke ukunceda intshukumo Russian yotshintsho olululo. World of the Romanovs ayikwazi kugqitywa, Schiff utshilo.

kwamaJuda

mbali abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba indawo esithathwe bhanki ngexesha leMfazwe Russian-Japanese, kunxulumene ngqo ngemeko emandundu yamaYuda eRashiya. Schiff, ababhali-mbali bakholelwa, wenza ngaphezu kwakhe nabani na ukuba iingxaki eziya zisiba yakhe Russian co-nkonzo, kuba ukufihla yokuba imfazwe Japan neRashiya yenziwe Bulelani ukuba imali kubalondolozi zamaYuda.

Ngo-Agasti nangoSeptemba ka-1904, ngo-Oktobha 1905 kwizixeko nakwiidolophu Ukraine, Belarus, yaye ngoko wonke ummandla eRashiya, nokulatyuza kwamaJuda ezimbi ezibangelwa izityholo inkanuko aloo maYuda, ukuba imfazwe kunye nolungiselelo revolution. Ngexesha zaqalwa ezingaphezulu kwama-800 amaYuda (kule nombolo ayibandakanyi abafileyo olimele). Umonakalo izinto kwabangela ukuba abantu yamaYuda, kuqikelelwa ngaphezulu kwama-70 mln. Hlikihla. Ngokutsho kweminye imithombo, uqhushululu zabulala abangaphezu kwama-4 amawaka. Yaye ababuleweyo malunga-10 amawaka. AmaYuda. Schiff iye inkxaso esebenzayo zemali ziiyunithi yokuzikhusela yamaYuda.

Ngenxa yoko, Schiff kunye neqembu yakhe urhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya uxinzelelo kwindawo ongunozakuzaku amaYuda Russian kuye Sikwimeko nangakumbi: kwixesha ukususela 1912 kude 1913th kweli lizwe imithetho abangqwabalala kwamkelwa, apho amaYuda, ndayihluthwa iintsalela amalungelo zentlalo kunye nenkululeko.

The World lokuqala

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwemfazwe, urhulumente Russian kwakhona wafuna uncedo kwiimalike zemali US. Schiff ayitshintshanga indawo yayo. Ubonelelo credit Russian, wacinga kunokwenzeka kuphela phantsi komqathango notshintsho nxamnye-nkqubo yamaYuda abasemagunyeni baseRashiya.

February revolution

Uloyiso February Revolution Schiff akukhuthazwa. Ummiselo ka-06.04.1917 amaYuda zokuqala banikwe amalungelo alinganayo kunye nabanye abemi beli lizwe. I-revolution, wayekholelwa Schiff - ummangaliso lenene, ngaphezu kokukhutshwa izinyanya eBhayibhileni yamaYuda kubukhoboka baseYiputa bade. inkxaso-mali kurhulumente olululo kungqineke ukuba ibaluleke kakhulu.

"Singazibandakanyi ngokwabo ukusuka ebomvu ..."

Ngowe-1918, Schiff wamangalelwa ngenxa yokuba, ngenxa imali yakhe eRashiya, kwiBolsheviks waphumelela. Schiff wathumela incwadi eya US Department of State, apho bhanki ozahluleyo ngokucacile wazikhuphulula kwezo Reds.

Abanye ababhali-mbali, Noko ke, zixhaswa ulwazi malunga ngezimali Schiff esebenzayo Lva Trotskogo. Ukongeza, kuyaziwa ukuba phantse amashumi eminyaka emva kokuba uloyiso kwe revolution, oonozakuzaku US kunye amagosa obungqondi lalibonelelwa ngemali Schiff wazihlanganisa.

Book Adler Cyrus

Mxhasi ngezimali zonke neziphithiphithi Russian Dzheykob Shiff, imbali kunye nembali nempumelelo ezo zichazwe kwincwadi ka-mbali nentatheli uKoreshi Adler, yaye namhlanje umdla. Le ncwadi yapapashwa ngo-2017 endlwini epapasha eMoscow "Tsentrpoligraf". iphepha 575 ziqulathe ezinye iinyani ezinika umdla nobomi le bhanki odumileyo American, van'wankumi kunye nani zoluntu, ebonisa iinkalo ezininzi zobuntu bakhe. Le ncwadi ifumaneka njenge Schiff imbalelwano kunye nezinye izinto ezingqina nsimbi iimfanelo zakhe.