Francis Bret Harte: engobomi, iincwadi, iifoto

Ekubeni ukufa umbhali odumileyo Bret Harte waba ngaphezu kwekhulu. Kodwa zibhalwe kwi-imi- 60-70 kwinkulungwane XIX kude kube ngoku imisebenzi yakhe yokuba ixabiso uluntu ehlabathini.

aziwayo ukusuka biography of umbhali American

Agasti 25, 1836 kwi-State of New York e Albany wazalwa Francis Bret Harte - umbhali odumileyo ukubhala sengqiqweni kunye nemibongo. Yena igama emva uyisemkhulu wakhe. uyise Francis xa wayesebenza umfundisi isiGrike kwi ziko. Ukususela kwiminyaka ekuqaleni Bret Harte wayekuthanda ukufunda iincwadi. Ebekuthanda imisebenzi ababhali ezifana Shakespeare, Dumas, Dickens, nto leyo ngokungathandabuzekiyo nefuthe umsebenzi wakhe.

Ngowe-1845, xa wayeneminyaka eli-9 kuphela ubudala, uyise wafa. Usapho kwafika iingxaki zemali ziye zakhokelela ekubeni utshintsho rhoqo yokuhlala. Nesazi kufundwe esikolweni de ubudala-13, uze emva koko ndafumana uyise kunobhala wenkundla ukuze baziphilise nokuxhasa intsapho yakhe.

Umama wakhe, okwesibini watshata, ngo-1854, Bret Harte waya kuhlala naye e-California e San Francisco, apho kwendyebo yasekuqaleni kweminyaka ye rush yegolide. Kulo mzi, umbhali kwafuneka ukuba bafumane utitshala kunye wemithi, ngesigidimi kunye newspaperman. Kwakhona wayengumfundisi kumakhaya abantu, intatheli kunye prospector.

Qala umsebenzi wokubhala

Imisebenzi e San Francisco kwi The phephancwadi California wavumela Bret ukupapasha amabali abo okokuqala ngo-ngo1856-m. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva waya Uniontown zikhangela ubomi obungcono, yahlulahlulwe kupapasho "Notern California" intatheli. Kodwa kulo mzi umbhali American ayizange ihlale ixesha elide. Kwafuneka ukuba abuyele San Francisco kwangethuba 1860, ngenxa kupapasho manyundululu ekubulaweni abangaphezu kwama-50 amaIndiya kufuphi lodaka umlambo.

Ekufikeni e California waqalisa ukusebenza njengoko ngumbhali kwiphephandaba "Era Golden" Typewriting, yaye ngamanye amaxesha wayevunyelwa ukuba babhale amanqaku akhe. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi umbhali amanqaku baqalisa ukuba kuvela utyikityo - Bret Harte.

Iminyaka emithathu, ongumbhali benza kokupapashwa libalulekileyo ekuqaleni-imi- 70 phephancwadi Western American I yasezweni Monthly ( "yasezweni Monthly"), yaye emva koko esuke udumo. Ngowe-1871 Gart Bret olahla California ukuba kulunge. Yena uya wakhenketha Eastern America kunye Canada. Ebudeni hambo, unika izifundo, ezo zisekelwe kwingxaki imo California.

Ekugqibeleni, eneminyaka iminyaka emashumi mane anambini, Bret Hart wemka US yaye wafudukela eYurophu. Umbhali wazama ngokwakhe indima Unozakuzaku American eJamani kunye UK - kwizixeko Krefeld kunye Glasgow. Meyi 5, 1902, eneminyaka engama-66 Gart Bret wafa eLondon.

I eyaziwayo lokuqala

World Umbhali odumileyo American Francis Bret Harte bayizisa "Amabali California". Kubo bonke ubomi bakhe, wamtshabalalisa imibhalo olusengqiqweni. Nesazi lathembela izibakala oluchanileyo itsale ingqalelo uluntu ngokubanzi ukuba umsebenzi wakhe.

Ukuhlala e San Francisco, Bret Harte, ogama iincwadi ixesha lethu ukuba inani elingu, wabhala imisebenzi yakhe emihle. Ngowe-1870 wapapasha ingqokelela osihloko sithi "Ulonwabo Ekubeni Camp". Le ncwadi iqulathe amabali ezinjalo: "Mliss", "kubathinjwa ugqugqisile Flat," "Yobuhedeni Wang Li". abalinganiswa Used in the amabali azikho etsomo ne yengxoxo. Umbhali iboniswe izibakala ubomi yokwenene baseMerika ngexesha kwegolide le ku California.

Isebenza akaphumeleli

Ukususela ngelo xesha, njengoko Bret Hart wemka California, waqala ukuba yayiyazi block yombhali. Kodwa ke, ukuba kwilizwe lasemzini, umbhali akazange abe ukufikelela izinto eziyimfuneko ukuze imisebenzi yabo. Enye iinoveli ilungileyo umbhali kade yi "Gabriyeli Conroy", ebhalwe ngo-1876. Le ngqokelela iquka amabali ezifana "Clarence", "emathafeni foundling" yaye "USuzy". Ngeli xesha, Hart yakhupha play 'ababini Sandy Bar ". Sikunye Mark Twain, wabhala isincoko "A Isono". Le misebenzi abaphumelelanga.

indumiso ezintsha ze umbhali American lwaba ukugxekwa ikrakra. Umhlobo wakhe Mark Tven wathi: "Umphi kunye nokuzila Bret Harte wafa e San Francisco!" Ukususela ngo-1878, umbhali we "amabali California malunga Gold lizoba" wabandezeleka ingxaki kwengqondo zemali. Waqhubeka ukusebenza eYurophu, hayi ukunikela ingqalelo yempilo enkenenkene, kodwa wayengakwazi ukuba kwimpumelelo ekuqaleni.

imisebenzi edume

inoveli abaninzi Garth abe paradigmatic. Nguye ke umbhali yeencwadi: "Le tramps abathathu Trinidad", "Fumana iinkwenkwezi ezibengezelayo", "Esmeralda amabali mwonyo enamatye.".

Kodwa ke kuqala udumo nozuko umbhali wenza ibali "Happiness Ekubeni Camp", nto leyo eye uthandwa kungekuphela eMelika, kodwa kude ngaphaya kwemida yawo. Xa umsebenzi wakhe, Bret Harte wachaza ibali theka eyayikho omnye kuluntu California likaThixo mgodi zegolide. Isixelela ngendlela nkqu oluye abemi lali kunye ulinxila wanyamekela umntwana, owathi washiywa wayeyinkedama.

Kangangexesha elide ngenxa yale bali, uluntu waseMelika iye ogama Bret Harte umbhali kwilizwe langaphandle, "American embi". Kodwa umsebenzi wakhe kweso zaye zasasazeka eYurophu, ukuba iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi.