Cyril-Belozersky Monastery: imbali, iifoto, inkcazelo, izakhiwo, icon. Indlela ukuya eSt uCyril-Belozersky monastery?

Wonke ummi weli kufuneka bazi imbali yabo ukukhumbula imvelaphi yayo. bemi Modern of Russia ngcembe ubhaqa ubunzulu kunye namandla ilifa ilizwe, yinto ebalulekileyo kwimbali weemonki. Umdla kule meko kucingwa ukuba eSt uCyril-Belozersky Monastery. Yintoni ukubona woonongendi? Icons, izakhiwo ibandla, iindawo yobomi kunye nemithandazo yabantu abaninzi abadumileyo. Ngokusebenzisa bayahlelwa woonongendi kunokuba bhetele kakhulu ukuba ufunde indlela yokuphila nendlela Russia bavela imbali yayo.

isisekelo

Yenza imihla isigodlo uCyril Belozersky ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-14 emva kwexesha. Ngeli xesha eRashiya kwakukho naloo nokudalwa yoonongendi njengoko amaziko ezoqoqosho, enkcubeko kunye ngokomoya. Ekuqaleni kwale nkqubo lwaqaliswa yi Sergiy Radonezhsky, owadala Emnye-Sergeev Lavra ngo-1342. Isiseko kwamathanga emishini of Russia lenze uxwebhu okwenza ukuba yoonongendi okufumana umhlaba. Umzekelo wokuqala Radonezh phendula nguDmitry Prilutsky eyafumana uNicholas Monastery. Emva koko umzalwana Sergey Kirillov Belozersky ngo-1397 waseka eMonastri entsha. Cyril Belozersky isigodlo ukwakweli ngakuLwandle Siverskoye kwidolophu Kirillov, ummandla Vologda.

Ngasekupheleni yokuhlala ngenkulungwane ye-14 kwi Siverskoe Lake iza indela Cyril Belozersky, wemba lomqolomba elunxwemeni kwaye iqala kukuphila ubomi yodwa. Ngaloo ndlela kwaqalisa imbali enye yoonongendi ezinkulu eRashiya.

Life of St. Cyril

Malunga kubomi Kirilla Belozerskogo, kancinane uyaziwa. Kukho uguqulelo ukuba bavela usapho entle, kodwa kungekudala washiya wayeyinkedama kwaye afihla kuye inkosi Timofey Ilich Velyaminov, ababekhonza wenkundla Grand Duke nguDmitry Donskoy. mfana waba unondyebo ke igosa lakomkhulu, kodwa kakubi gqitha kubomi yehlabathi yaye wayefuna ukuya woonongendi, nangona Velyaminov yaye ngokuchaseneyo nayo. Mahrischskogo bambongozayo ngoStefano, umhlobo ka St. uSergiyo of Radonezh, wanceda lo mfana ukushiya inkonzo aye kukhonza kwi Simonov Monastery. Apha uMfundisi elizayo kwenzeka kumkhawulela uSergiyo, lowo udla wancokola elide.

Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala yenkonzo KIRILL wabonisa unenzondelelo enkulu ngenxa angqongqo ngqwabalala. Wayefuna ukuba iintsuku 2-3 kuphela, yaye zifaka ngokwakho umsebenzi onzima kunye nemithandazo. Kodwa umdala Michael Smolensky, ngubani uyise yokomoya kwindodana, wamxelela ukuba adle ukutya yonke imihla, kunye nabo bonke waza wayibeka kwi inkonzo yokubhaka. KIRILL wathandaza nzima kakhulu yaye basebenza nzima. USergiyo eyabelwe phakathi iimonki zayo futhi njalo utyelelo woonongendi bathetha naye. Indela KIRILL inzondelelo yabo yonqulo kwamenza ngokubhekiselele namaqabane akhe, yaye ngowe-1390 baza elimkhethileyo Archimandrite of woonongendi. inkonzo uCyril waqokelela inani elikhulu labantu (kuquka nalawo), nto leyo eshiya umnikelo omkhulu waza wacela iBhunga zihlaba. ingqalelo loo kwathathwa nabo iyasuswa, waza wafuna ukuba umthandazo wedwa.

Ngenye imini waba nombono apho Virgin walatha i-White Lake, apho kufuneka ukuba. UCyril washiya woonongendi kunye kunye nguMfundisi Ferapont waya elwandle. Embiweyo amaphenyane, uCyril waqalisa ukwenza umthandazo wakhe feat kunye FERAPONT woyika sandla ngokugqithisileyo ndawo waza waya kwenye indawo, apho naye wadala eMonastri. kwiminyaka embalwa Cyril kuphela ukuba siphila kwiimeko ezinzima. Yawa Umlimi pine wazama ukuba umlilo mbuso yakhe, wazama rob, kodwa zonke izigulo baqhubeka uMama ezingcwele zikaThixo. Ngokuthe ngcembe abunjwe malunga kuye ookhansila encinane, kwaye woonongendi iqalisa ukukhula. ISityhi uthenga ilizwe, yenza yitshata woonongendi, nto leyo luphawulwa kalukhuni enkulu, ziqokelela ilayibrari eMonastri elungileyo kananjalo wabhala iincwadi eziliqela kubazalwana bakhe elukholweni. Ngowe-1427 St. Cyril wafa, eshiya womyoleli ku Prince Andrew Mozhayskoe nesicelo ukugcina woonongendi kunye nomhlaba ekhuselekileyo wayithenga kuye. Ngowe-1547 uCyril laye lamiselwa njengengcwele yeCawa Orthodox.

Imbali woonongendi

Ummandla apho St. uCyril wadala eMonastri ngenkulungwane ye-14 yayikhethekile. Kwakuhlala abaninzi abantu ukuthenga ukwenza, kuba apha kukho kwindlela yorhwebo ohlawula kakhulu ukusuka emantla ukuya eMoscow. Xa kukho kwaba indela, abahlali bendawo baqala sikhathazeke ukuba uya kuthenga umhlaba wabo ukuzihlutha abona imivuzo yabo. ngokwenene uCyril waba injongo kunye nokukwazi ukuba bathenge umhlaba. Ngcembe ihamba ekuthinjweni woonongendi eninzi mmandla, yaye uqasha iqela ukwakha itempile, apho ibandla ngombono. Cyril isigodlo eyakhelwe phezu umfuziselo Simonov weemonki, apho wachitha iminyaka emininzi.

Imbali i St. Cyril-Belozersky weemonki lwaqala lendela ababini kufika ekupheleni kobomi ISityhi kwaba sele malunga 50 monki. Cyril ukuthembeka laliphezulu kakhulu, yaye wakwazi ukuxelela abantu balapha nokungazingci ngeenjongo zakhe. Ngokuthe ngcembe udumo lwakhe ngcwele, kunye nabasemzini ukuba woonongendi bafikelelwa yeminikelo kwenze ukuba sikwazi ukwandisa ubunini yalo woonongendi. Ebudeni benkulungwane 2 woonongendi waba inkosi inkulu feudal kummandla, wahlanganisa phantsi kolawulo lwakhe ezingaphezu kwama-20 amawaka kumafama kunye nomhlaba elikhulu. Iindonga St. Cyril-Belozersky weemonki ifuna ukwanda kwakunye nenani ziimonki nabasemzini ohlonelwayo.

i bemilingo

Umkhosi ngokupheleleyo impembelelo Cyril Belozersky eMonastri yabo ifike emva 1446, emva kokuba iziganeko ezibuhlungu kobhukuqo wetrone Basil II, owathi wabethwa kwaye kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukwamkela amandla yesifungo emnqamlezweni ukuba akayi afanelekele etroneni eMoscow. Emva koko wathunyelwa Vologda, apho waye wayeselubhacweni Ferapontov monastery. Ngexesha lotyelelo Basil St. uCyril-Belozersky Monastery umphathi kususwa kuye yale isifungo, usikelela ukubuyela ngamandla. Oku kwanika amandla kunye nesibindi disenfranchised, yaye wenza uhambo, ngexesha yena wabuyela etroneni. Emva Basil yanikelwa ngembeko olukhulu woonongendi kunye iimonki ngesisa embulela. Wabanika eli lizwe waza wabanika imvume lorhwebo umsebenzi-free ngaphesheya kaRhulumente eMoscow. Wanika woonongendi na amandla amakhulu, amandla negunya. Ngelo xesha, woonongendi iyayandisa imisebenzi yayo, ediniwe ziimonki ubomi buthathaka kancinane, kuthatha ixesha elininzi abantu abazizityebi, ogama iminikelo kwenza kube lula ukwandisa kakhulu ezibamb ilizwe, nokuba nokwandisa amandla weemonki.

Xa umphathi Tikhon ezinkulu zokwakha kuqala, nto leyo eyenza inkangeleko mihla woonongendi. Inkcazelo St. Cyril-Belozersky Monastery of ixesha ithi ukuba inkampani esebenza kakuhle. Lendela basebenza nzima, wathabatha nabasemzini, ukuba enze iinkonzo ezahlukeneyo ebandleni, befundisa abantu endleleni, wasebenza kunye netyuwa kunye nentlanzi, ukukhulisa imfuyo kunye nesonka. Yaba ngamandla amakhulu ezoqoqosho, leyo wathembela nabathetheli Muscovite kumlo ngenxa lokulawula imimandla wasentla.

Ngowe-1528 woonongendi watyelelwa Vasily lesithathu kunye nomfazi wakhe, bathandaza ukuba ukubonakala indlalifa, yaye ngenxa yoko, baye kwabonakala, igunya woonongendi lukhula kuphela. Lo mntwana, owathi kamva waba odumileyo Ivanom Groznym, ebomini ubabalweyo woonongendi, waba izihlandlo ezithathu waba kuye waza wanikela amazing $ 28 amawaka elandela umzekelo kayise. Ngaphambi kokufa kwakhe, wathabatha izibhambathiso kwi St. uCyril-Belozersky Monastery.

Ngenkulungwane ye-16 kwi woonongendi kwakukho enye injongo elibaluleke kakhulu kweli lizwe. iindonga ezakhiwe kunye iimboniselo wancedisa xa Ixesha Iingxaki ukumelana nasekuxinweni kunye nokuhlasela eziliqela strong abahlaseli iPoland Lithuania. Emva koko, lo kumkani, eqonda ukubaluleka woonongendi njengenqaba, imiyalelo ukwakha iinqaba ezimbalwa kwaye nokomeleza eludongeni. Ngenxa yoko, woonongendi waba imisebenzi yamandla ukuzithethelela.

Phakathi kwinkulungwane ye-17 kukho umjikelo omtsha weemonki impumelelo. Kwakhona lwenziwe ngokwakha ngokukhawuleza ngomnikelo enkulu Alexei Mikhailovich, owayefuna inqaba bagade iindlela zorhwebo ukuya kuLwandle White ukusuka balwa, kwakunye nokulungiselela apha yindawo ekhuselekileyo xa kuthe izixholoxholo. Kwaba apha ukuba ukumkani ukufukama umsindo bakhe abantu ngcebiso kunye isilwanyana Boris Morozov , yaye inxalenye izinduna, abantu nochuku. Kodwa iphela i "Golden Age" ye woonongendi ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-17.

Nqaba kunye nentolongo

Ngexesha kwakhe ngukumkani woonongendi ezityelelwe uPeter Omkhulu. Kodwa wahlala waqala ukuphelelwa ukubaluleka kwayo wesizwe njengoko lizwe kukho Fort omtsha phezu kwiBaltic kunxweme. Ngenxa yesizathu esifanayo, ukulahlekelwa ixabiso iindlela zorhwebo acandacanda elizweni weemonki. Ushintsho kaPetros Omkhulu babangela umonakalo ngamandla kuqoqosho weemonki. Ukongeza, umlawuli kwakufuneka kubasebenzi ukuba kuthatha ukwakha weemonki. Ngexesha le-18 kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane ye-19, woonongendi isabalulekile kwezoqoqosho kunye nexabiso nenkcubeko, izakhiwo ezininzi uhageleyo okanye ichithwa. Ngowe-1864 uCatherine II wasusa kuwo kumazwe weemonki kunye nokuhlaliswa, apho abakhonzi, yena ajike umzi Kirillov waphila. Ekulondolozweni isakhiwo inikwa yokuba inomsebenzi olongezelelweyo.

Nkqu ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha, woonongendi waqalisa ukuya kudlala indima iindawo lokuvalelwa, apha ekubhekiselwe izidwangube behlazekile kunye nabefundisi. Ngoko ke, apha ndafumana indawo yokufihla batshutshiswa Metropolitan Skripitsyn. Kuba Ivana Groznogo inqaba uCyril-Belozersky eMonastri yindawo ekhuselekileyo ukubhekisela elutshabeni, yaye Uyawathumela apha amanani amakhulu. Ezinye efanayo, esoyika isohlwayo esemnyango kwi ukumkani, weza Kirillov ngokwabo. Ngoko ngehlazo Metropolitan uSylvester wazimela apha xa wayebaleka intshutshiso. Phantse onke amalungu eyindoda emzalwaneni umphathi ezibalaseleyo Ivan Vorotynsky kwakhona yaphela imihla yakhe eMonastri. Waqhubeka yesiko Fyodor Ivanovich, ngubani waya Kirillov abanempembelelo Prince Ivana Shuyskogo. Ngenkulungwane ye-16 abathinjiweyo apha owayesakuba uBhishophu Nikon of Moscow, othe wahlala apha kule minyaka mihlanu idlulileyo yobomi bakhe nzima.

Cyril-Belozersky yoonongendi ebusika na emehlweni ingakumbi imbi, kunye nokufumana apha emva kokuba ulahlekelwe amandla lwezoqoqosho kunye nelwezopoliko, yaba isohlwayo kunokuba yintsikelelo. Njengoko indawo amabanjwa abaphezulu Kirillov eyasetyenziswa de ngenkulungwane ye-19. Ngoko ke urhulumente waseSoviet indiphilisile eli siko.

Ithuba Soviet

Emva kokuba revolution, yaqalisa wokulwa abefundisi, kwaye Umphathi eSt Cyril-Belozersky Monastery Varsonofy wadutyulwa ngo-1918. Iimonki monki, nto leyo elinesibini kungekho ngaphezulu kwe ezimbini, zabiwa kwezinye yoonongendi, okanye nje elubhacweni eSiberia, Kazakhstan kunye Central Asia. Ngowe-1924 woonongendi ekugqibeleni yavalwa. Le oluntsonkothileyo izakhiwo weemonki eyaguqukayo yaba imyuziyam, nto leyo ekupheleni kwale 60s yahlulwe yembali, zokwakha kunye Art Museum-Reserve. Oku kwasizi- amangcwaba izakhiwo ngamaplanga kummandla, oko liye lalungisa ingqokelela elungileyo kwemifanekiso neepleyiti ibandla. Ezinye izakhiwo Island Fire yayisetyenziswa njengendawo entolongweni. Le meko iyaqhubeka unanamhla.

ukuzalwa

Ngowe-1997, i-complex Cyril Belozersky weemonki yaqukwa kuluhlu lweendawo ezikhuselweyo lwezenkcubeko kweli lizwe. Kwaye ngo-1998, woonongendi yadluliselwa ukusetyenziswa esisigxina yeCawa Orthodox. Ukususela ngoko lolondolozo kunye sigodlo ngokukhuselekileyo yokuhlalisana kwi kwintsimi enye. Ngo-2009, ii icon, ezithatyathwe woonongendi wabuyayo, kodwa ilifa isekhona kwiimyuziyam enkulu kulo lonke ilizwe. Woonongendi baqhubeka izinto ezingcwele St. Kirilla Belozerskogo, ngubani bangamaqhawe yokuwasindisa iimonki zokoyika ukufa. Ukususela ngo-2015 weemonki waba ngumbingeleli celibate Anastasius.

Isakhiwo woonongendi

Ngokwembali, eSt uCyril-Belozersky eMonastri, ogama ngezakhiwo uye wayilondoloza iimpawu zayo ukususela ngenkulungwane ye-16, kuquka iindawo ezininzi zesakhiwo. The main Icandelo - Enkulu Inkolelo Monastery. Nazi zonke iinkonzo ezisisiseko woonongendi, iitempile eziliqela, iiseli lendela. Isigaba sesibini - a Ivanovsky monastery encinane. It kwaku iitempile nezakhiwo ukuze ubomi kunye nenkonzo abadala neemonki abagulayo. Kunye la malungu mabini babumba ekuthiwa-Old Town.

Isahlulo sesithathu - isixeko esitsha apho iindawo enkulu zibekwe izakhiwo ezahlukeneyo, ngenjongo ziindonga zamafu. Phakathi kwidolophu endala kunye ezintsha kanye wagcinwa Ostrog, nto leyo eye kwasinda ukusa kwixesha lethu. Namhlanje Cyril Belozersky Monastery, ogama iifoto wavatha zonke Izikhokelo eRashiya, yeyona inkulu e-Europe. On nommandla wayo wagcinwa iitempile 11, iimboniselo 11, iindonga yamandulo izakhiwo ezininzi zokuhlala kunye nezorhwebo.

Le sesakhiwo izakhiwo eziphambili

Umzekelo izakhiwo ibandla Orthodox inkcubeko Russian of zaphawula ezininzi uCyril-Belozersky Monastery. bahlala bokwakha aguquka ngokuthe ngcembe, ngokwamanqanaba. Esi sakhiwo yokuqala woonongendi - ngamaplanga vekeleke Cathedral, nto leyo wamisa amatutu ababazi 1397, iye yachitheka. naye yeplanga Itempile yesibini, yaye yanyamalala umlilo ngenkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha. Ngowe-1497 bezakhiwo Rostov lwentsebenziswano nkqo yecawa ilitye, leyo Liquka imisebenzi engcono yesikolo Rostov izakhiwo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho iindidi ezimbini kuphela amangcwaba kwesi sikolo. Kamva, itempile yakhiwa ngokutsha wambuyisela izihlandlo eziliqela, kodwa imbonakalo esibanzi ngenjongo magingxigingxi yaye alondolozwe. Cathedral na cubic, chetyrehstolpny angqukuva ukubuthwa lomculo. ngezakhiwo uyaqhubeka isithethe izakhiwo aphakathi eMoscow. ixabiso Yahlula yokuluka ke emasangweni amanzi kunye zasehlotyeni encinane Gate Church of the Kumbi. Zazakhiwe ngo-1595 ukuya ukuvula ufikelelo ngakuLwandle Siverskoye. Icawe ine wokuqala kunye esineendidi isakhiwo lwangaphakathi ezizodwa. Intsimbi ende yecawa kongezwa kamva, ngo-1759. Ngoko ke indlela zobuciko North Russian, is a bit enzima, kodwa ukongeza eyahlukileyo kwi lomculo isonto.

Kumsitho wokuzalwa kaYohane yeSine kwi umnikelo uyise Vasily III, ngubani ngaphambili wathandazela ukuba yindlalifa woonongendi, wakha ibandla ngamatye yesibini - le Church Arhangela Gavriila. Xa ngezakhiwo ufunda ngokucacileyo impembelelo izakhiwo Italian. Esi sakhiwo kade isahluko 2, i-original inxalenye ezintathu-kongqameko kunye neprofayili njengeqanda emhlabeni olungaphambili ubadlisa zokwakha engaqhelekanga. Ngentla lwesakhiwo obekwe iminxeba evela enamanqanaba ubeka kokoshniks - kwaba eqaqambileyo Nedlac abakhi Russian yezisombululo. Kamva, satshatyalaliswa phezulu, kwakunye portal ngasezantsi.

Itempile yesibini, nto leyo iyakhiwa ngokomlomo Basil isiThathu - oku ke icawe intloko kaYohane umbhaptizi e Ivanovo monastery. Ioann Predteche - i umxhasi angel yindlalifa. Le itempile anabo izahluko ezibini kunye nesakhiwo-intsika ezine apses ezintathu. Ekwakhiweni kwayo waziva ukusebenza elikude umyalelo bokwakha.

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 baqale ukwakha iindonga New Town kunye iimboniselo. Eyokuqala yakhiwa Vologda Tower, leyo yi ngezakhiwo efana iindlela Emnye-uSergiyo Monastery. Libe, isakhiwo-tiered ezintlanu lenyuka ukuya kwiimitha ezili-30 yaye ingongoma sentinel eyintloko. Ezinye kwenqaba zenziwa ngendlela isimbo ngqo ngakumbi isicefe. Kunye neendonga wakha izakhiwo eziphakamileyo umgca zokuzifaka apha oluthembekileyo. Iindonga weemonki kwingcinga ongekho ngaphantsi New Town ngokwemiqathango ukuthembeka, ukuphakama kwawo ezintlanu eemitha, kuba iileya ezimbini, engasentla yeyona uthotho amakroba. Ingqikelelo isigodlo inqaba une iinqaba ezininzi: clock nesindindeneyo, Merezhennaya, Mill (ngoku ezigcinwe), Cookbook.

Kwakhona, imiba kwisakhiwo emishini ke izakhiwo ezininzi kwiinjongo ezahlukeneyo. yonke sesakhiwo eSt Cyril-Belozersky eMonastri na lomculo esimbaxa Liquka iimpawu iphawulekayo izakhiwo yamandulo. ubuhle bayo nemixawuka nobungangamela zibe abantu nabasemabeleni, nixhamle.

Museum of Cyril-Belozersky Monastery

Ukususela 1924 ukuya kuthi ga ngoku imisebenzi myuziyam kwi woonongendi. Kwaye namhlanje St. uCyril-Belozersky Monastery Vologda ukhenketho rhoqo, ngakumbi ehlotyeni, xa semvelo ukuze sibethwe ngumoya, yaye Eyokuqiqa. Ukongeza kwisakhiwo bokwakha, ibekwe kule myuziyam yeCawa of the Ukushiyeka lali eRobe Borodava (umzekelo izakhiwo ngamaplanga kwinkulungwane ye-15 emva kwexesha). Le yenye omdala lokusinda izakhiwo ngamaplanga. Oku kubandakanya Museum of esekelwe ye Ferapontov Monastery, ngomthi iphiko, savela kwidolophana Gorki, kunye nebandla ezintsonkothileyo Tsaplin.

Ukufumana apho

Umbuzo ongundoqo oqhubeka wonke ubani ofuna ukubona uCyril Belozersky Monastery: "Indlela ukufumana khona?" Ukuze ufumane apha indlela elula Vologda. Xa isikhululo sebhasi yasekhaya iibhasi rhoqo kwidolophu Kirillov. Kananjalo Vologda arhente ezininzi zinika excursions abalungelelanisiweyo eehambo ukuya loonongendi kunye myuziyam. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba inani elikhulu ngabomvu ukubona eSt uCyril-Belozersky Monastery. Indlela ukuya kule ndawo engcwele? Unakho ukunikela uhambo ngemoto. Vologda Kirillov exhuma lwengoma P-5, eyona kwi yiya indawo ye km 130.

Kukho ukhenketho lokuya ukuya eSt uCyril-Belozersky Monastery, apho uya kukuhlangula (ikakhulu ukusuka eMoscow), indawo yokuhlala inikezelwa esayithini, kunye nezinye inkqubo nokuhlala.

Ntoni ukuze ubone

Namhlanje Cyril Belozersky isigodlo, iifoto apho wabetha ubuhle lukhuni namandla, ukucela ukuba ahlole kuphela izibonelelo ezininzi etempileni, kodwa ingqokelela sisityebi lwemizobo abaculi, ingqokelela lokuthunga esizwe kunye nezinto ngenkcazo. It rhoqo zinginginya iintlobo lwemiboniso umdla. Kodwa eyona asethi ebalulekileyo - i icon uCyril-Belozersky Monastery. Apha ndawonye ingqokelela eninzi imifanekiso of Russia yamandulo.

apho ukuhlala

Ngoko ke ndigqibe ukuya kwi "eSt uCyril-Belozersky Monastery." Abezonxibelelwano seminyaka: ummandla Vologda, Kirillov, ummandla yimyuziyam-reserve. Iihambo Phone-odola: + 7- 81757-3-14-79. ixabiso lilonke itikiti ukuba omdala engange 500 abantwana kunye nabantu abakhubazekileyo banikwe izibonelelo.

Ufuna ukubona uCyril Belozersky monastery? ukuhlala phi, siye na kodwa isigqibo? Sinokuthi yonke into kakuhle ekupapashweni Kirillov. Kukho neehotele ezininzi kunye izindlu zeendwendwe. Kuba yokuhlala balundwendwe lwenziwa kwindawo woonongendi, abo banqwenela ukudibanisa ishishini kunye yokuhlala ubumnandi ezibonelelwa ngamaziko babakhenkethi apha kwindawo entle the North.