Akhona amaqela Zingaphi igazi? Kuthetha ukuthini lwegazi features ehambelanayo

Umzimba womntu omdala gqolo ujikeleza malunga 5 iilitha igazi. Ukusuka intliziyo lithe laqhenqetha ngomzimba ngokwaneleyo net branched nemithambo. Heart udinga umzuzu, okanye imivumbo 70 ukutsiba lonke igazi, obubonelela onke amalungu omzimba kunye izinto ezibalulekileyo.

njani kwegazi?

Iinkonzo ioksijini kunye nemveliso bokukhanya eveliswa izondlo wokugaya apho zifuneka khona. Igazi ukwathutha ukuba hormone khona ukuze kudaleke ukuba kukuyeka iimveliso ukubola komzimba. Ukukhanya ahlanganiswe ioksijini, kunye zokuphuma icarbon dioxide kulowo emoyeni, xa umntu exhales. Azithuthayo ubutyobo yeselula kwi amaziko zinomgutyulo. Ngaphandle yokunyamekela igazi emzimbeni bekusoloko ngokufanayo eshushu. Ukuba umntu iinyawo okanye izandla ezibandayo, nto leyo ethetha ukuba ubonelelo igazi elanele.

Erythrocytes kunye leukocytes

Ezi ziiseli kunye neempawu zabo ezizodwa yaye 'imisebenzi'. egazi abomvu (erythrocytes) akhiwa kule umongo kwaye zisoloko zihlaziywa. I-1 mm ³ begazi million 5 iiseli ezibomvu. umsebenzi wabo - ukuhambisa ioksijini kwiiseli ahlukeneyo emzimbeni. iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi - leukocytes (6-8 amawaka nganye 1 mm ^3). Bathi anqanda kwamagciwane ukungena kwi emzimbeni. Xa iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi ngokwabo bachatshazelwa sesi sifo, umzimba ulahlekelwa umsebenzi wayo zokuzikhusela, yaye umntu uyafa ukusuka nkqu izifo ezifana ne- influenza, nto leyo kwinkqubo yokhuseleko eqhelekileyo ukuba ukumelana ngokukhawuleza. Iiseli kokumhlophe isigulane AIDS bosulelwe yintsholongwane - umzimba naso esi sifo ngokwaso. iseli nganye, kukho iiseli ezimhlophe zegazi okanye elibomvu - inkqubo ephilileyo, umsebenzi wayo lubonisa zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo apha emzimbeni.

Yintoni na igazi?

Blood ukubunjwa yohlukile phakathi kwabantu, kanye njengoko imbonakalo, umbala weenwele nesikhumba. akhona amaqela Zingaphi igazi? Kukho ezine: O (I), A (II), Ngo (III) kunye AB (IV). Enyanisweni, apho iqela le okanye elo gazi iphenjelelwa iiproteni eziqulathwe iiseli ezibomvu plasma.

Neeproteni awakwazi kwi erythrocytes kuthiwa agglutinogens. iiproteni zeplasma ngokuba agglutinins. Agglyutinogeny kukho iintlobo ezimbini: A and B, agglutinins, kakhulu, yahlulwe - kunye.

Nantso loo kwenzeka ntoni. Thatha abantu 4, umzekelo, uAndreya, Alla, Alexey kunye Olga. Andrei lwegazi A kunye agglutinogen A iiseli kunye agglutinins plasma. Alla - Group B: The agglutinogens kunye agglutinins kakuhle. Alexei Group AB: impawu amaqela igazi 4 anokufumaneka kuyo agglutinogens A no-B, kodwa ngokupheleleyo akukho agglutinins. Olga has iqela malunga - ayiwenzi agglutinogens langoku, kodwa plasma ezi agglutinins a kunye b. ephilayo ngalinye liziphatha namanye agglutinogens zombini umhlaseli amazwe.

ehambelanayo

Ukuba kugalela Andrew neqela A lwegazi B, agglutinins akuyi kwamkela into amazwe. Ezi seli azikwazi ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo ngawo umzimba. Ngoko ke, ayiyi kuba nako ukubahlangula umoya ezithweni ezifana ingqondo, yaye ubomi babantu busengozini. Into efanayo eyenzekayo xa udibanisa amaqela A no-B. Substances In dudula kweziyobisi A, nangenxa G (I) iqela ayifaneleki zombini A no-B Ukuze kuthintelwe iimpazamo phambi izigulane ukutofelwa ngaphambili avavanyelwe lwegazi. Abantu abane lwegazi mna, ingqalelo babaxhasi best - ilungelana nabani. Mangaphi amaqela igazi apho - bonke bephela ezincomekayo malunga iqela igazi Owu, akukho ibe ezibomvu iiseli zegazi agglutinogens, ukuthi alikwazanga "like" nabanye. Abantu abanjalo (njengoko kwimeko yethu, Olga) ezi abanikeli jikelele. Group AB iqulethe zombini uA no-B-iiprothini, inokubuyiselwa enxulumene kunye nabanye. Ngoko ke, Kwisigulane esine-4 lwegazi (AB), kunye nesidingo gazi na ngokukhuselekileyo ukufumana nayiphi na enye. Yiloo nto abantu abafana Alex, zibizwa ngokuba "abasebenzisi jikelele."

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu ezama ukutofelwa ukuba isigulane ukusetyenziswa lwegazi, akhoyo kwi kumguli kuphela kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo, ungasebenzisa i lokuqala jikelele. Enoba kunjalo, kufuneka baqale bazame ukufumanisa bayafanelana, kungekhona ukwenzakalisa isigulane.

Yintoni RH factor?

Red corpuscles abanye abantu ziqulathe iproteni ekuthiwa RH into, ngoko babe RH into entle. Kwabo abangenazo iproteni enjalo, bathi banalo ezimbi RH into, kwaye bavumelekile ukuba uthulule kuphela igazi ngqo efanayo. Kungenjalo amajoni omzimba iyakulikhaba emva ukutofelwa yokuqala.

Kubalulekile ukujonga RH into ngexesha lokukhulelwa. Ukuba umama negative iqela lesibini, lo gama uyise HIV, umntwana ilifa likayise RH factor. Kulo mzekelo, ii-antibodies yande, nto leyo inokukhokelela kokutshatyalaliswa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi egazini koomama. Iqela lesibini foetal RH-ungquzulwano HIV ziyingozi ebomini kunye nempilo yomntwana.

Iqela transmission Genetic

Ngokufanayo, njengomthunzi iinwele, igazi, abantu ilifa kubazali babo. Kodwa ke oku akuthethi ukuba umntwana uza kuba isakhiwo esifanayo njengokuba zombini okanye nokuba umzali. Maxa wambi lo mbuzo ngenxa yokungazi uba unobangela umkhaya uxabana. Enyanisweni, ilifa igazi ixhomekeke kwimithetho ezithile imizila yemfuza. Ukuze siqonde ntoni kwaye kangakanani zikhona amaqela yegazi ukuyilwa ubomi obutsha, uya theyibhile ingezantsi.

Umzekelo, ukuba igazi kwamaqela-4, kunye noyise wakhe wokuqala kunina, umntwana akayi kuba igazi efanayo unina. Ngokutsho etafileni, kungaba indlela yesibini, kunye neqela lesithathu.

ilifa umntwana igazi:

into Rhesus nalo ilifa. Umzekelo, xa zombini okanye omnye wabazali abe iqela lesibini HIV, umntwana kuyenzeka kuzalwa rhesus akhabayo kunye navumelanayo. Ukuba umzali ngamnye engemihle Rhesus, ngoko kwadala imithetho yofuzo. Kuqinisekiswe ukuba umntwana lowo wokuqala okanye wesibini elibi qela.

Ukuxhomekeka kwi imvelaphi yabantu

Ingaba zikhona amaqela amaninzi igazi, yintoni na ubuhlobo babo kubantu ezahlukeneyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo yabo imvelaphi. Kukho abantu abaninzi kangaka uphumelele uvavanyo ukuqinisekisa iqela igazi, oko kwavula ithuba lokuba abaphandi ukubona indlela azifani amaza ezishiyanayo ngokuxhomekeke kwindawo wejografi. Europeoids US uye 41% kwiqela igazi A, njengoko kuthelekiswa 27% abantu abamnyama. Phantse wonke amaNdiya e Peru iqela mna, yaye Central Asia, aziwayo kakhulu iqela III. Kutheni kukho mahluko - akukaqondwa ngokupheleleyo.

Ukuboniswa kwizifo ezithile

Kodwa oosonzululwazi baye baphawula ezithile ubudlelwane umdla phakathi kwiiseli zegazi kunye nezifo ezithile. Abanini group igazi mna, umzekelo, basengozini ephezulu sisifo isilonda. Kwaye abantu iqela lesibini umngcipheko umhlaza isisu. Kuyamangalisa kakhulu, kodwa kwiiproteni ezibangela igazi, ziyafana kakhulu kwiiproteni safumaneka kumphezulu iintsholongwane ezithile yayintsholongwane eyosulela kunye neentsholongwane. Ukuba ngaba umntu wosulelwe ngulo iiproteni yintsholongwane umphezulu, njengentliziyo yakhe, amajoni omzimba banokungasiboni nabo abo kwaye ubavumele ukuba ukwanda yokhangelo ingakhangelwa.

Umzekelo, surface iiproteni ezincinane ebangela isibetho ukudumba, efana kakhulu kwiproteni iqela lwegazi. abaphandi Scientific barhanela ukuba aba bantu zingaba semngciphekweni ngokukodwa kule usulelo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba sifo e-mpuma Asia kwaye kwafikela entshonalanga. Xa efika eYurophu, iye watshayela yesine yenani labantu bayo kwinkulungwane XIV: ukuba isifo ebizwa ngokuba 'ukufa emnyama. " E Central Asia na nani lisezantsi labantu kwiqela I igazi. Ngoko ke, eli qela 'ukungabikho' kwiindawo apho isibetho ingakumbi ayakwenza, kunye nabantu kunye namanye amaqela banethuba elibhetele okuphila. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba kukho ubudlelwane izifo egazini. Isifundo le nenguqulo elizayo kuya kunceda States sisiqalo kwezifo ukutyhila iimfihlelo ukusinda kwabantu.