Agglutinin kunye ne-agglutinogen ziiprotheni zegazi ezigcina ubomi

U-Agglutinogen yiprotheni yegazi. Ama-antigens akhiwe sele sele enyangeni yesithathu yokukhula komntwana. Kukho ekubunjweni kwamaqela e-2, 3 ne- 4 egazi. Kuyaziwa, ngokwemihla yanamhlanje, malunga nama-antigens angama-236, agcinwe kwiinkqubo ezingama-29. Iqela legazi lizimisele ngokusekelwe kwiinkqubo ezi-2 - i-ABO kunye neRhesus.

Ukubunjwa kwegazi. Agglutinogen yintoni?

Njengoko kwaziwa, igazi liqukethe amanzi, i-plasma kunye nezinto: i-leukocytes, i-erythrocyte kunye neeplatelets.

Agglutinogens nazo zibizwa ngokuba ngama-antigen (AH). Zikhoyo kuzo zonke iiseli zomzimba. Ukukhuselwa kwabo kuyimfuneko yonke indawo. Kwanjalo nasengqondweni. Ama-antigens afunyenwe kwiindawo zangaphakathi zamaseli obomvu. I-agglutinogens kunye ne-leukocyte (iingu-90 zeentlobo).

U-Agglutinogen yikhemikhali egcina kwaye ichonga ulwazi oluthile lomzimba lomntu othile kwaye ludibanisa neengqungquthela.

Ngokwemvelo yamachiza, bahlulwe ngo:

• Iiprotheni (i-Rh-protein, iColton, njl);
• I-Glycoproteins (iLutheran);
• I-Glycolipids (ABO).

U-Agglutinogen yi-gamma globulin, eyatluliselwa kwintsana ngokuzalwa. Yena, kunye ne-agglutinin ekhoyo kwi-plasma, inquma iqela legazi, njengoko kuya kuxoxwa ngezantsi.

Imisebenzi ye-agglutinogens kunye ne-agglutinins

Ukuba i-agglutinogens, i-antigens, ifumaneka kubazali, ngoko-agglutinins (iintsholongwane okanye i-AT) ziveliswa ngunyaka wokuqala wobomi bomntwana. I-antibody idibanisa isistim somzimba, kwaye idibanisa kuphela kunye ne-antigen ekujoliswe kuyo.

Ziyi-antibodies ezenza iimpendulo zomzimba. Zigqubutha (ngamanye amagama, glue) iiseli ze-microbes kwaye ziyabatshabalalisa. Emva koko ezi zihlunu kunye neeseli zasemzini ezifayo zinyanzeliswa kwaye zisuswe kuphela emzimbeni. Kwaye ama-antigens anika lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko. Ngoko i-agglutinogens, i-agglutinins yegazi igcina umzimba ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Ngaphandle komsebenzi wabo, ukusinda kwindawo engenakwenzeka.

Iigazi zegazi

Ukwahlula amaqela ngobukho okanye ukungabikho kwama-antigens kunye nama-antibodies. Kukho ama-antigen amaninzi. Nangona kunjalo, i-antigen A ne-B, kunye ne-antibodies Alpha ne-Beta, zibaluleke kakhulu oogqirha.

Uphawu lwesibini olubalulekileyo lwegazi lomntu yi-Rh-protein yegazi, oko kukuthi, ubukho bayo okanye ukungabikho.

Ngoko kwahlula amaqela egazi; I-Agglutinogens kunye ne-agglutinins zithathwa ukuhlelwa kuphela kwezo zinto ezinxulumene nomdla.

Ukumisela iqela, ukuqhuba olo hlobo. Xa i-serum yegazi ixutywe, ukuphendulelwa kwamanzi kuvele (okanye kungenzeki). Esi sigqibo abasenzayo.

I-agglutination yindlela yokusabela ngayo i-antibodies kunye nama-antigens awahambelaniyo kunye nomnye. Ngokomzekelo, i-agglutinogens ye-erythrocytes yeqela lesi - 2 legazi lidibaniswe ne-Beta antibodies e-plasma. Ukuba ama-antibodies e-Alpha angena kweli gazi, aya kuhlanganiswa. Iiseli ziyafa. Kwaye i-Beta antibodies engumngcipheko kwiphubhu yokuvavanya ne-serum, ene-antigen B, iya ku "qalisa" impendulo engentla.

Imbali yophando

Ngexesha lokuqala amaqela egazi ahanjiswa ngokwemiqathango ye-ABO. Oku kwenzeka ngowe-1901, xa iK. Landsteiner ifumene izixhobo zokulwa. Ukwahlula kwaveliswa nguK. Landsteiner noJ. Yansky. Bafika kwisigqibo sokuba i-agglutinogen yile ngqungquthela, engazi iziganeko ezingenakwenzeka ukuqhubeka nokuvavanya. Kwaye saqhubeka sisebenza kule ndlela. Ngowe-1903, amaqela amane atyunjwa.

Kwaye ngo-1940, u-A. Wiener noK. Landsteiner bafumene i-Rh factor. Le protheni itholakala malunga nama-85% abantu abanombala wesikhumba omhlophe. Ukuba iprotheni ikhona kwigazi, iR Rh (Rh +) enhle, kwaye xa kungekho-negative (Rh-). Ukususela ngoko, igalelo legazi lihlelwa ngo-2 kwezi nkqubo.

Imithetho yokuTshintshiselwa

Ukuxilongwa kwegazi nangethuba lethu, kunye nolwazi lonke lwezonyango lwenkulungwane yethu, luyingozi. Ukutshatyalaliswa kusetyenziswa kuphela xa ukulahleka kwegazi ku-25% okanye ngaphezulu kweyonke. Kukho iingozi ezininzi - iintsholongwane, ukutshatyalaliswa kwe-posttransfusion - nantoni na.

Bazama ukufumana igazi elifanelekileyo kakhulu, kungenjalo kungabakho iingxaki zokumpontshelwa igazi. Nangona ngokuqhelekileyo kwaziwa ukuba abantu abaneqela elilodwa - abaxhasi bahlala kwihlabathi jikelele, kodwa ukuba imilinganiselo yegazi egaziniweyo ayikhulu kakhulu, kungcono ukushiya elinye iqela legazi. Kuyafana nakwabantu abaneqela le-4 abafumana amanye amaqela.

Abathwali beqela eli-1 bafaneleke ngokufanelekileyo kule nto kwaye babizwa ngokuba ngabanikeli behlabathi jikelele, ukuba akukho mali ye-agglutinogens ephawulekayo yokumpontshelwa. Emva koko, akuyi kuba nempembelelo yecala kulo mzekelo.

Ngokubanzi, imithetho yokumpontshelwa igazi ilula. Kodwa ke akukho namnye onokukwazi ukuxelela okanye ukuthetha ngemiphumo yokumpontshelwa kwangaphambili. Egazini apho kunokufihla i-agglutinogens, kwaye kuhlalutyo kunokwenzeka ukuba abayi kufunyanwa. Emva koko umntu emva kokumpontshelwa kwimiqulu emikhulu yegazi uya kufa. Sekunjalo, iqela lakho lifuna ukwazi kakuhle wonke umntu kwaye, ngokuqinisekileyo, uyazi ukuba khona kwe-Rh-protein.

I-Rhesus kunye nokukhulelwa

Ukuba ibhinqa inegazi elibi le-Rh-protein , kuthetha ukuba ngexesha lokukhulelwa kungakhula. Umntwana obunayo kule protoyinti uya kuba ngumntu ongeyena mnye kumzimba womama.

Ngesinye isikhathi, abafazi babelulekwa ukuba bangatshati indoda eyayine-Rh-protein. Amanqindi omama aya kutshabalalisa iiseli ezibomvu zegazi. Emva koko, yonke i-agglutinogen inxalenye yenkqubo "yokuhlaselwa" kwiiseli, ezibonakala zingabangaphandle kubo.

Xa kukho inkqubela ye-rhesus , ezinjalo iingxaki:

• Isifo se-Hemolytic kumntwana;
• Jaundice ekuzalweni;
• Ukutshatyalaliswa.

Nangona kunjalo, ukuba ibhinqa lizinyame kwaye lihlala liphantsi kolawulo loogqirha, umntwana uya kuzalwa enempilo.