Yintoni cala? Wonke umntu kufuneka azi

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje imeko ihlabathi ukona ngamandla. Zonke ngoku uze kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi kukhazimla iingxabano zasekuhlaleni entsha, anamathele ngamazwe ngakumbi nangakumbi. Kwezi meko ezinzima, kumabonwakude yaye amaphepha iincwadi, ibinzana elithi "umgaqo cala axhobileyo 'amaxesha ngamaxesha izandi. Noko ke, asingabo bonke abantu baqonde ngokupheleleyo intsingiselo yalo, kwakunye nabo bathathe kurhulumente, wathi kulo status.

le nkcazelo

Igama elithi "cala" nesinempandla Latin. Eguqulelwe lithetha "akukho mntu okanye omnye." Eli gama uye wandiswa nomthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. Oku kusetyenziswa xa sithetha yokusilela kukarhulumente ukuba bathathe inxaxheba emfazweni ngexesha Kwiinzingo ngokujoyina ngomnye iiyunithi zomkhosi loxolo. Ngamanye amazwi, cala - kuxa urhulumente ethatha sengqondo onyanisekileyo izimvo kwamanye amazwe iqela le ungquzulwano.

iintlobo uhlangothi

Ubundilele urhulumente iintlobo eziliqela kwaye ingalungiswa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Lo gama kusetyenziswa amanani amane:

1. States ezifana eSwitzerland kunye Austria, agcine cala osisigxina. Le isimo Iqinisekile kwimimiselo lwangaphakathi kwaye ibonakaliswa kulo lonke ihlabathi. States iziveze abaxhasi cala esisigxina, akakwazi inxaxheba yimfazwe imifela kwaye ukugunyazisa ukwakhiwa endaweni yayo kwamaziko angaphandle emkhosini.

2. Amanye amazwe e-Asia, eAfrika Latin America ubambe cala positive. Bavakalisa ukunamathela kwabo uncedo nokhuseleko lwamazwe ngamazwe ekususweni ngeziqu, eli ligatya iingalo uhlanga. Kanye kwiminyaka emithathu, kwale Nkomfa kubanjwa, ngexesha apho lizwe kwakhona avakalise-isimo sabo.

3. Sweden lelinye lamazwe bebanga cala yemveli. osemqoka yalo esentloko kukuba urhulumente zange useka iwonga labo, kwaye ithobela-nkqubo cala ngokuzithandela. Ngelo xesha, ukuba unakho nanini na akutshitshise ukugcinwa izibophelelo, ngokuba ndawo akazange athi isimo sabo.

4. Amaxesha amaninzi urhulumente utyikitye amaxwebhu ngamazwe apho ukubhengeza amatyala abo. cala zezivumelwano - i njalo-ebizwa ngokuba eli hlobo. Umzekelo woku sivumelwano kufikelelwa yi-Russian Federation naseKhanada e Ottawa ngo-1992. Sithetha iSivumelwano Concord neNtsebenziswano phakathi kwamazwe vdumya.

bewenza abaninzi ngamazwe anegunya ekuthiwa uhlobo iphezulu cala isigxina, nto leyo isebenza kuzo zonke ukungqubana axhobileyo ngaphandle kokukhetha. State laqalisa le ndlela, oko kuthatha ukuzibophelela ebonakalayo kuphela kwempi, kodwa kwixesha loxolo. Ukongeza ekungakwazini ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kungquzulwano, inxalenye yunithi nokuvumela ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo izibonelelo wamajoni langaphandle, ukuba awukwazi ukusebenzisa last abaxhobileyo njenge indlela yokusombulula le ngxaki zosulele neAfrika.

Izithintelo sempi

Phantsi komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe, xa urhulumente epapashe cala layo ngexesha lemfazwe, kufuneka bathobele imithetho emithathu:

1. Makungaze naphantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko musa ukunika uncedo yasemkhosini kumazwe eziphikisanayo.

2. Musa ukuvumela ukusetyenziswa kumazwe nezingavisisaniyo nommandla wayo ukulungiselela iinjongo zomkhosi.

3. eyayifunwa amaqela ungquzulwano izithintelo enye unikezelo iingalo iimpahla zomkhosi. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ikheswa omnye amaqela achaphazelekayo yaye ngaloo ndlela kuye musa inkxaso.

Imbali ukuyilwa kweekhonsepthi

Xa siqwalasela cala ngokwembono nezembali, kuba abahlali ithi olwalukho Ixesha ihlabathi lamandulo, waba wasemzini. KumaXesha Aphakathi, le nto yaqala ukufumana intsingiselo yalo mihla. ilizwe medieval ibhengeze malunga commonality yeenkolelo zawo zonqulo nenkcubeko wazama cala, kodwa kwezinye iimeko ayenzi ukuthobela. Ngako oko, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, malunga iimfazwe kwisithuba elwandle. Kuphela ukususela ngenkulungwane XVI, uthi baqala ukuqonda ukuba cala - iwonga ekufuneka ilandelwe.

ukunika imizekelo

Ixesha lokuqala kwimbali, xa ilizwe njengomda cala exhobileyo, lisukela emva ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII. Nakule yehlabathi ushiye uphawu wayo ubuhlobo kwamagunya behlabathi, iyenzileyo ngokwabo ukuba bakhusele imigaqo ebhalwe kule Declaration of uCatherine II, yamkelwa ngoFebruwari 1780. Oku kuquka i-Russian uBukhosi, eFransi, eSpeyin, US States, Denmark, eSweden, Prussia, Austria, Portugal, eSisili. Le manyano sisebenza, kwakubon 'ukuba kukho imfazwe ukuba ukuzimela amakoloni aseMelika eNgilani. Emva kwemfazwe ngo-1783, oku inciphisiwe.

Ngowe-1800 ukuba utyikitye ekuthiwa-cala yesibini bexhobile phakathi Russian uBukhosi, Denmark, Sweden ne-Prussia. Oku kusekelwe kwimigaqo ye-declaration ka-Catherine kunye zikho bafakwa. Noko ke, emva kokufa Paul mna ukulawula ka-Alexander I, wayeka ukuya khona.

Ngamafuphi

Cala - iwonga somthetho ukuba lifikile indlela elide de, ekugqibeleni wazuza intsingiselo yalo mihla. igalelo elikhulu kakhulu kokuhluma yalo Russian uKumkanikazi uCatherine II, owathi wabeka ngaphandle ezininzi nemigaqo ekulo mgaqo-Declaration of 1780. Ukuba urhulumente utsho cala layo, oko amzonde iimfanelo ezibalulekileyo. Oku kuyinyaniso ngokulinganayo ukuba loxolo kunye lemfazwe. Ngoko ke, le meko ayikho exhaphakileyo ehlabathini njengoko sithanda.