Yentsusa warlock ngqangi kwinkulungwane yeshumi Herbert Avrilakskogo

Ubuntu Herbert Avrilakskogo yavusa umdla omkhulu kwakhona ukusuka bexesha lakhe yaye iye yabangela inani elikhulu amavo, naxa ubomi eli nani yoluntu engaqhelekanga. Nkqu ngoku kunzima ukucinga ukuba umntu omnye akwazi ukusebenzisa ezi epithets ezahlukileyo njenge "Warlock," "Inzululwazi" yaye "Pope". Noko ke, konke oku kwaye kakhulu abahlala kakuhle umntu omnye. Ngubani kwakusithiwa warlock Herbert Avrilaksky ekhankanywe yi uMikhail Bulgakov emsebenzini wakhe awufi "iNkosi noMargarita"? Makhe zama ukufumana phandle inyaniso ngale ndoda ngokungaqhelekanga, owayehlala ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi.

iincwadi Russian le Warlock edume

Uninzi abemi bethu ukuba zange weva Herbert Avrilakskom. Kakade ke, musa nokuba abe nofifi malunga ngemisebenzi yayo kunye negalelo kuphuhliso yenzululwazi yaseYurophu. Inye kuphela apho abantu namhlanje kuliva igama lomzobo yathi kuthi - into ephuma emlonyeni Woland Bulgakov wakhe, esibe sithetha ngalo ngqangi lwantlandlolo warlock kwinkulungwane yeshumi uHerbert Avrilakskogo. ubhalo etsomo wathi ngokukhethekileyo wafika eMoscow zecomputer ukubonisa ezi ngqangi twi zilahleka bevaleleke kwigumbi elingaphantsi kwe-Library State.

Kodwa musa ukukhawuleza Voland, ekuthiwa Herbert saseReims (oku yenye amagama ayo ezininzi) 'warlock'? Ngaba abantu igama onjalo anyuke aye Bona oyiNgcwele, yamaKatolika iCawa ukuba akhokele eYurophu? Yonke le nto idityaniswe indlela enikelwe Scientist wakhe obonakala le ndoda ezinikelwe computing kunye neenkwenkwezi imisebenzi yakhe. Ngubani ngokwenene Herbert Avrilaksky? Yaye kuthekani amabali ngaye imida kwi eyinyani, yaye yintoni inkcazelo ingaqwalaselwa njengemeleyo? Nayo yonke le miba sikwenzele kula macandelo alandelayo kweli nqaku.

Ubutsha lento kwixesha elizayo

Wazalwa Herbert Avrilaksky ngenkulungwane ye-10, malunga novalo eFransi kwindawo bathuleyo Auvergne. Usapho lwakhe sahlukile intlupheko kakhulu, ngoko ke inkwenkwe wathunyelwa evela kwiminyaka yokuqala ukuya kumzi weemonki St. Gerald. Kukho umntwana ukwazi bafumana imfundo yakhe yokuqala, lendela nangoko waphawula kuye a Ukuthanda inzululwazi, ingqondo benelungelo kunye ukwazi engakholelekiyo.

Emva kweminyaka embalwa yoqeqesho, babona ukuba abazange bakwazi ukunika nenkwenkwe ulwazi olukhulu, apho isikhundla. Ukuze uvuyo lendela kuye ishishini ethile Nam saqhuba Count Borrell of Barcelona, bambongoza ukuba athathe inkwenkwana ngokugqithiseleyo ukwazi. Woonongendi kucingelwa ukuba Spain uya kukwazi ukuchukumisa Herbert ulwazi lwenzululwazi zehlabathi Arab, yaye ukuba oko kunjalo wayekulangazelela. Graf wamthabatha lo mfana nase-, apho isigaba entsha ebomini bakhe.

Lamabutho yokugqibela zeNgqobhoko

Kanye eSpeyin, umntu oselula wasiwa kumasipala ka-Vic, apho waye wathunyelwa uqeqesho Bishop Hato. Kwinkulungwane yeshumi, nase- yaba Isiqwenga okuncinane ngamaKrestu ehlabathini, engqongwe ngabantu Arab Caliphate. Oku erhangqwe Andalussiey olwaluvumela ukuba lo mfana ukuba kutyelela e Cordoba - isixeko ephambili yale caliphate.

Okubangel 'umdla kukuba ngeli xesha, eYurophu akazange abe kancinci ulwazi kunye Arabhu. Ithala inkulu Caliphate ekuthini ezingamakhulu amahlanu amawaka yesandla azibhala kwizihloko ezahlukeneyo zenzululwazi. Bonke bephela ziyafumaneka ukuze bahlole ukuba sisazinzulu eliselula ngokoqobo wendele ulwazi olutsha ukusuka kumthombo.

Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba iinkcukacha eziqulathwe ngqangi yamathala eencwadi Herbert Avrilakskogo phantse bathakathiwe. Yena ngokwam nako siyakrazula kubo, ehleli ixesha elide ukufunda. Ezi nyaniso evela biography kubafana kwixa elizayo zibe sisiseko ukubiza i "warlock." Ngapha koko, koko sebekwazi neenyumerali Arabhu, esebenze lula engqondweni babethanda bexesha lakhe. izakhono ezinjalo bathi kuphela ubuchule zobugqi amakhwenkwe. Apha eSpeyin, ulutsha kwafuneka ithuba ukusebenza kunye abacus, leyo ingaqatshelwa umatshini computing yokuqala ehlabathini. Ngenxa kuyo kamva kwavela amanqaku kunye nezinye izixhobo ezininzi ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza izibalo kakhulu entsonkothileyo.

Kwangaxeshanye, Herbert Avrilaksky waqalisa ukubhala azibhala kwizifundo ukusuka geometry umculo. Bonke kamva waba isiseko eenzululwazi yaseYurophu.

Oluya eRoma yaye uhlala saseReims

Ngeminyaka yenkulungwane yeshumi, umfana umxhasi wakhe baya eFransi, apho eqhelene kunye nentloko yamaKatolika iCawa kunye noMlawuli we-oyiNgcwele bonke uBukhosi baseRoma. Otto ndandizithanda gqitha ingqondo nolwazi lo mfana bazimisele kumenza lokufundisa unyana wakhe. Ukusetyenziswa data Herbert wachitha iminyaka embalwa, wandifuna ukwenza umsebenzi wakhe ngokuzifundisa umlawuli yonke elizayo wayekwazi yena. Kodwa emva komzuzwana waqonda ukuba kufuneka ukuba aqhubeke nokufunda yaye wacela imvume umlawuli ukuba saseReims, apho ezona ngelo xesha izikolo eFransi.

Apha warlock Herbert Avrilaksky, ngqangi ezibe ezisisiseko zokufundisa kwezinye izifundo, bachitha elininzi iminyaka. Yena wayenza ekwakheni umzimba, owokuqala eYurophu, i-abacus, wafundisa ubuciko, ngengqiqo kwaza kwaqokelelwa azibhala kunqabile zelayibrari.

Eli xesha ebomini bakhe ehamba amavo amaninzi, kodwa ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba uninzi lwazo ziyinyani. Ngokomzekelo, siyazi ukuba imini yonke, he phikisana kunye dialectician edumileyo evela eJamani, ekugqibeleni ediniwe soMhlekazi, bawavala ngokweso simo wakhe lembambano oosonzululwazi ezimbini. Kwakhona, oko Gerbert Reymssky ukwazile ukuba ndiseke scholasticism lwaseYurophu, kamva ke odumileyo kuphela eFransi, kodwa amanye amazwe. Kulo lonke elaseYurophu bathontelana kule abafundi ezikhethekileyo ngamnye, kodwa ngequbuliso wakhetha indlela yomfundisi.

Bathwala of Pope

Okubangel 'umdla yaye ayikholeleki ixesha ukuba nzulu, kunokuthunyelwa kuyo amaxesha ngamaxesha batyholwa ngobugqwirha kunye nonxibelelwano ziidemon, qinisekisa yenza umsebenzi ecaweni, ukufumana ukuqeshwa omnye emva komnye. Millennium Herbert yakhethwa uphapha, waza wayibiza ngokwakhe uSylvester II. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala intloko yamaKatolika iCawa i engumFrentshi ndiphuma kusapho oluhlwempuzekileyo, kuba akukho zemfundo ezizodwa.

Kule sikhundla Herbert ubukho kangangeminyaka emine, siya sijamelene rhoqo zizidubedube ethandwayo, nto leyo eyanyanzelisa i Pope, ekugqibeleni, hlukana eRoma. umfundi wakhe wazama izihlandlo ezininzi ukuba aphinde itrone komlawuli, kodwa abe nako ukufikelela oku kwaye wafa. Noko ke, ukuba sisazinzulu abanetalente kunye nani zoluntu emva kokufa kwakhe kwakhona baphinde isihloko kwentloko Catholic Church kwaye kungekudala wafa phantsi igama uSylvester II.

Black Legend: Herbert Avrilaksky

Ukusuka yonke into kuni ngayo, mhlawumbi, kunazo zonke yenkulungwane yeshumi ngamnye, kuye kube nzima ukuqonda isizathu sokuba nto basoloko bebekwa njenge warlock. Kodwa enyanisweni waya malunga amavo ezininzi, ngokoko athe ezinxulumene umtyholi kunye nabalandeli bakhe.

Ngamarhe Amazing sibangele ukuba unyulo Herbert saseReims upopu. Abaninzi ababephila ngexesha lakhe baxelelwa ukuba ukuqeshwa kwakhe wamkela emva kokuphumelela uMtyholi kwi ithambo. Kulo mdlalo ISAZINZULU akalingani, ngoko wakwazi ukuba siphumelele esihogweni isithunywa. Loo nto, wafunga ukuba win ukuzalisekisa nawuphi na umnqweno. Ngenxa yoko, intloko Catholic Church waba uSylvester II.

Enye legend isixelela ngendlela Avrilaksky Herbert onolwazi lwakhe. Amanye French baye babonisa ukuba Cordoba, wafundiswa benza umlingo odumileyo ngubani ilifa i buku yo hlawuleka. Kuyo yonke ezaziwayo yomabophe bemilingo nabakhafuli lidala yaqokelelwa. Abanobuqili waseFrance wagqiba utshontsha ubutyebi, waza wakhohlisa intombi benza umlingo yakhe. Tameke luthando wazibekela umfundi ebusuku uyise incwadi magic, emva koko uHerbert wanyamalala. Ngentsasa elandelayo, usiyazi lowo wabanika Sukela, yena babeyibona yonke eyayikho emhlabeni, phantsi komhlaba kunye emoyeni, ngokulula ngoko wambamba abaphalaphalayo. Noko ke, wakwazi ukuba ukuzimela phantsi kwebhulorho, ngenxa yokusindwa phezu iingontsi eveleleyo. Ngaloo ndlela, lukhuselwe yi zonke-neso imilingo. Kwixesha elizayo, njengoko abantu bathi, incwadi magic ngaphezu ndancedwayo Herbert kwimisebenzi yayo.

ukuxoxa intloko

Inkxaso namarhe amaqhina entsha Pope kunye warlocks kunye ibali malunga intloko ithetha. Ngokutsho legend, waya Herbert Avrilakskomu yi adepts yoluntu omlingo imfihlelo olukhoyo kwezi ntsuku kwezinye marhe. Le ndlela Akumangalisi akwazi ukuphendula imibuzo elula efuna iimpendulo monosyllabic "ewe" okanye "hayi."

Kukholelwa ukuba le intloko wayethe kokufa Pope, emva uMthendeleko lwabhiyozelwa ngokuthi Land oyiNgcwele. Emva uqikelelo uSylvester II wala ukuya kwaSirayeli, kodwa ukufa wengcibi ngakumbi kunaye.

okumiselwe Kubala ye engumFrentshi yokuqala ukuya Bona Holy

Ukufa Herbert saseReims alaziwa ilivo kunye mfihlakalo. Abantu ababephila ngexesha lakhe ibango ukuba wafa nje emva kokuba kuqhutywa inkonzo yecawa encinane. Okumangalisayo kukuba, upopu wayengazi ukuba abantu wambiza "eYerusalem." Ngoko ke kuzaliseke intloko magic zokuqikelela. Ukubhubha, uSylvester II wayalela ukunciphisa umzimba wakhe ibe wayicola yaluthuli, wayisasaza phezu kumacala ahlukeneyo. Abantu abaninzi baye bathi kuba uzama ukuba bakope umtyholi, ngubani wathengisa umphefumlo wakhe.

Kunika umdla ukuba engcwabeni lika-nzulu enkulu andikwenzanga amagama aqhelekileyo. Bangakwazi uguqulelwe ukwenzela ukuba kukho uqikelelo ethile. Ngokutsho kwakhe, ngaphambi kokufa upopu elilandelayo engcwabeni a kwezinsuku ezimbalwa uya kuva kukugquma amathambo Avrilakskogo Herbert, ngubani na ukufumana uxolo engcwabeni lakhe.

Imibhalo-ngqangi sisazinzulu enkulu

Yaye kuthekani ngqangi? Ngapha koko, oko nabo, yaye saqalisa ibali lethu ngale ndoda ngokungaqhelekanga. Ngelishwa, emva kokufa kwakhe, akukho namnye ifumene na amaphecana, nto leyo olingene ulwazi eyimfihlakalo. Noko ke, ababhali-mbali bathi ukuba Prince Vladimir wabhaptiza Rus, wadibana nabantu uSylvester II. Ngoko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba Bulgakov wabhala umsebenzi wakhe phezu ngqangi kanye, apho zigcinwa iminyaka emininzi kwilizwe lethu.

Nangona imibhalo imilingo imbi, izazinzulu yaseYurophu ngokusebenzayo usebenzisa azibhala zenzululwazi, kanye wabhala uHerbert saseReims. Ngexesha lokudla kwakhe wasebenza kwizicatshulwa kwi ngeenkwenkwezi, geometry yaye liphuhlise inkqubo yokubala esekelwe kwi-abacus Arabhu. Kwakhona, ISAZINZULU wakwazi ukuba ndiseke umsindo, ukudala izixhobo zomculo ngendlela kaPythagoras. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo organ, eyakhiwe yi upopu elizayo saseReims, kunganxulunyaniswa yokuqala eYurophu izixhobo zomculo hydraulic.

Kakade ke, abo bafuna ngqangi yokuqala Herbert Avrilakskogo kunye neefomula umlingo kunye nolwazi badane eli nqaku. Noko ke, abaphengululi ixesha lethu ingqalelo ubutyebi wokwenene azibhala zenzululwazi, nto leyo yashiya ilifa izizukulwana zexesha elizayo benza umlingo kunazo zonke kwinkulungwane yeshumi.