Yembeleko noHermogene. UMphathi eMoscow All Russia noHermogene

Saints eRashiya ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, nibe madoda oyika uThixo, abalimi ezilula kunye Abarhwebi abazizityebi, nabafazi yokuziphatha kakhulu onesidima, kunye nabalawuli ibalulekileyo. Russian uhlanga Orthodox reveres umxhasi wakhe uThixo, ithemba ekukhuseleni abangcwele zasezulwini, sifuna kwaye ufumana kuzo inkxaso kwindlela yabo yokomoya.

biography Brief kuphole Lords

UbuKristu Russia eninzi yabangcwele omkhulu abavikeli. Ubhishophu noHermogene ngokungathandabuzekiyo ngomnye babantu abaninzi kwembali Russian of Christianity. Kakhulu ngobomi indoda nje ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo. De kube ngoku, ngembali iingxoxo olunzulu malunga milestones ezibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe kunye nekamva lethu.

Biography Ubhishophu noHermogene ezele inawo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba wazalwa e Kazan, wabizwa ngegama Ermolay. Umhla ngqo embonakalweni wokuzalwa kwakhe ayaziwa, ababhali-mbali kutsho ku-1530. On imvelaphi nomphakathi uBhishophu data esichazayo ayifumaneki. Ngokutsho kuguqulelo mnye, noHermogene bobabo sodidi Rurik-Shumsky, kwelinye - akungena evela Don Cossacks. Ababhali-mbali bayiqonda ngakumbi ukuze bakholwe ukuba St. noHermogene elizayo, uMphathi eMoscow engekazani commoner, mhlawumbi kube lula lweenkobe "zabantu."

Amanyathelo okuqala e-Orthodox noHermogene

Ermolai inkonzo yakhe yaqala Kazan uMsindisi-yoTshintsho Monastery umfundisi zesiqhelo. Umfundisi wakule ibandla St Nicholas Kazan, uba ngo-1579, bathatha inxaxheba kulo msitho kukuzuza ubuso Kazan uMama kaThixo wabhala "I Tale of isenzeko kunye nemimangaliso ezinyibilikayo umfanekiso Kazan nguMama kaThixo" wathumela ngaxesha Tsar Ivan labangcangcazelisi.

Kwiminyaka embalwa kamva noHermogene ithatha monasticism yaye kungekudala iba umphathi kuqala, uze emva koko Archimandrite Kazan uMsindisi-yoTshintsho Monastery. NoHermogene kokwakhiwa ubhishophu kunye nokuqeshwa Metropolitan Kazan kunye Astrakhan yabanjwa ngoMeyi 1589.

Kule ndima ixesha elide, kwaye phantse-18 eminyaka ubudala, noHermogene ukusebenza nzima. Ngoncedo wakhe, sidalelwe ngokuba ingcwaba labefundisi wengingqi, ngenkuthalo yazi (rhoqo nogonyamelo) ubuKristu phakathi kwezizwana iVolga. Kuguqula iintsapho ayephinde ematyotyombeni ezizodwa phantsi kweliso Orthodox Russian.

UbuKristu lihanjiswa eRashiya, makayixhome ngokuzolileyo, lithetha abanyaniseka kakhulu kwaye nobuntu, ukuba "abahedeni" ukuvukela yavunyelwa ukusebenzisa isohlwayo emzimbeni, zokubhala kunye nokuvalelwa entolongweni. Ku maphepha, yomhla we-Januwari 1592, Metropolitan Job ngomawokhulu lizisa ukuzingisa ukuba kuzo zonke amabandla Orthodox zasekwa ukukhunjulwa ukholo abangamaKristu amajoni abo babeka phantsi iintloko zabo ukhuselo Kazan ngo-1552.

Uyise noHermogene wathabatha inxaxheba kulo msitho lokutshintshela izinto ezingcwele Germana Kazanskogo ukusuka kwikomkhulu kwisixeko Sviyazhsk, lwenzeka ngo-1592. Ibali kasolusapho Hermogen kuba akapheleli ngaphandle kukhankanywa ngegalelo lakhe elikhulu kulwakhiwo emhlabeni Orthodox Kazan nezigodlo, malunga inxaxheba yakhe ibekwa Borisa Godunova kunye noluntu, kunye inxaxheba inani elikhulu labantu ithandaza kwi eludongeni Novodevichy Convent.

Formation kasolusapho

Ngowe-1605 itrone Russian gqaba wathabatha False nguDmitry I - elinamandla, ngathi ukuba Prince nguDmitry, kwaye enyanisweni ubalekile Chudov Monastery umdikoni Grishkoy Otrepevym. Metropolitan noHermogene wayebizwa nouveau "bakhululeke" enkundleni ukusebenza kwi elikwinqanaba leNdlu yeeNgwevu, kodwa yathotyelwa kwimeko ihlazo ngenxa yokuba inkosikazi Polish wafuna ubhaptizo Lzhedmitriya Mariny Mnishek phambi 'bazimele' ukutshata naye.

May 17, 1606, emva kokuba zolawulo elifutshane, False nguDmitry ke bagxothwa etroneni Russian nendawo yakhe sathathwa wokugqibela uhlobo Rurik - Vasiliy Shuysky. Omnye izigqibo yakhe yokuqala wahliswa uBhishophu Omkhulu uIgnatius (ngasendleleni, owayesakuba uTimoti Polish) kunye nokwakhiwa Metropolitan Kazan kunye Astrakhan ukuya kutsho kwisikhundla uMphathi All Russia. UMphathi eMoscow All Russia, imiqobo ebangela ukuba esi sigqibo azizange kulungiswa. Kwesi sikhundla, uMphathi noHermogene yaba ibandla esebenzayo imisebenzi yezopolitiko ezijolise ekolulweni Orthodox sikarhulumente Russian.

uTimoti oMkhulu ukholo lwamaKristu, kuphela ngokuchasene umkhosi lonke iintshaba Russia, uMphathi noHermogene, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu elifutshane ayikho nako ukulungiselela inkcazo yobomi bakhe, izinto ezinkulu, ziingqaleko ke, ukholo lwakhe olukhulu olungagungqiyo kuThixo, nokuqina kungenakugqithwa ngayo iinkolelo zakhe, njengokubizwe ekunene mbali 'diamond nzima' yaye 'umprofeti omtsha "yelizwe Russian.

Imeko yezopolitiko Russia

Ubhishophu noHermogene, photo icons eqaqambileyo;

Imeko yezopolitiko kwi Russian State ngelo xesha sasiba sibi kakhulu. Itrone udlule esandleni omnye komnye, ngesantya avela. Logama nje omnye ubusuku ngoMeyi 1606 i izinduna iphezulu, ikhokelwa ngu Vasiliya Shuyskogo (ummeli omnye iintsapho enkulu njengenkosana, inzala abathetheli Suzdal, ummeli yokugqibela uhlobo Rurik) akukho yelenqe umbutho.

Injongo ukubhukuqwa itrone Russian kunye False nguDmitry I kwaye ubukhosi Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Ukuze ukugqibezela lo msebenzi kuzo zonke casemates lwenqila amabanjwa wakhululwa ngasese banikwa kubo izixhobo, yaye kusasa ekuqaleni eMoscow ingqine alam yingozi, Ndibamemile abantu kwi-Red Square.

abantu Russian, udiniwe phantsi Polish, isihlwele echithwa ezitalatweni iingalo elinde kunye izinduna. Ngelo xesha, lo gama enkulu, isihlwele amagazi wabalekiselwa kwabulawa zezibonda, ngumqolo nabavukeli, ikhokelwa ngu Shumsky, waphula kungena izindlu kakumkani, ngenkohlakalo babulala nguDmitry False I. 1 Juni 1606 Shuya ngokusesikweni wathabatha itrone kwi inkxaso ngokungagungqiyo zeCawa Orthodox Russian. Ukuze be- yisele abantu ukuchaneka esi sigqibo, i uMphathi eMoscow All Russia, wabanika imvume ezithumela Uglich ukuya elikomkhulu izinto ezingcwele i Tsarevich nguDmitry, abo nxiba kuboniswa obala nge-3 Juni kunyaka omnye.

kwamaxesha

Noko ke, le ndlela yokulinganisa akazange ukuvelisa isiphumo efanelekileyo. emva kokuba iziganeko ezichazwe ngaphantsi kweenyanga ezintathu, bobabini eRashiya waqalisa Wayaneka udaba malunga nangokumsindisa nguDmitry, ukuba kusolwa wakwazi ukubaleka ezandleni nabavukeli. Kwakhona Kwahleka abenoburhalarhume ilizwe Russian. Abantu bahlanganisana kumantla urhulumente engavumi ukuthobela ukumkani. Ngokhokho noHermogene kuphela ngexesha ziyasika ilizwe Russian yayikufuphi umthanjiswa kaThixo, ukumkani Basil.

Imeko ukumkani omtsha Russian mandundu eBurma, angqinelana Shuisky phambi izinduna kunye abefundisi baye ubuyile kuye noHermogene kuphela, uMphathi eMoscow, abo baye phantsi ukuhlaselwa kunye nokuthotywa, stoically waqhubeka kukhusela kukumkani. Umzekelo isiganeko esenzeka ebusika 1609, xa xa ezama Shuisky nokufumba isihlwele wabalekiselwa yesicelo efaka isicelo izinduna ukususa Basil umlawuli, uMphathi noHermogene wathathwa wasiwa kunye nendawo kubulawa.

Yaye ngoku, phakathi kwesihlwele yokuguguma umntu omdala wayezama ukubazolisa ilizwi abantu bakaThixo amalungisa, ukuze eyisele 'ukuba singaweli ukuhendwa kaSathana. " Eli xesha, lo akazange aphumelele, ubukhulu becala ngenxa ubulumko nokuqina yokuthetha, lo yathini. Kodwa ukuze abantu ezingamakhulu amathathu wakwazi ukubaleka amaqhophololo kwi inkampu esitsha Tushino pretender.

Zaguquka Iingxaki Russian

Ngelo xesha, urhulumente waqalisa ukuba kwenzeka iziganeko igalelo utshintsho nokuqukuqela Troubles. iintsuku Enye Ubusika obubandayo ngoFebruwari 1609 Vasiliy Shuysky lingena kwimvumelwano kunye umlawuli Swedish uCharles IX. iqembu Swedish wamajoni wathunyelwa Novgorod kwaye ibekwe phantsi umyalelo ngomtshana kakumkani zooMantyi Skopin-Shumsky.

United amabutho ngaloo Russian kwaye Swedish bexhobile bahlaselwa ngempumelelo umkhosi Tushino pretender, wagxothwa ukusuka emantla-ntshona eRashiya. Ukungena Shumsky noCharles IX kwesivumelwano kunye ungeno ilizwe Russian imikhosi Swedish exhobileyo wanika yokukhawulezisa ekuqaleni offensives open wamajoni Polish ukumkani eyathatha iRussia. Xa ekwindla konyaka omnye, umkhosi Polish waya ESmolensk, ngethemba lokuba uza bamba lula kweso sixeko. Kodwa ikhona!

ESmolensk isibindi futhi kweyisa, phantse iminyaka emibini emide, baqhanqalazela le Ukuhlasela zezibonda. Ekugqibeleni, uninzi Polish Army kwenye indawo ngaphandle Tushino ukuya ESmolensk wayingqinga, yaye ekupheleni konyaka ukusuka Tushino ukuya ukulungela wabaleka uzenza mkhohlisi. Kwentwasahlobo inkampu 1610 wamvukela yatshatyalaliswa ngokupheleleyo yaye ngoMatshi 12, abantu ikomkhulu wadibana ngomdla nomkhosi Skopin-Shumsky. usongo ngokuzidela-abenzi e Moscow, kodwa loo nto ayithethi kuthi ekupheleni kwemfazwe kanye kanye uchuku ezimbini - ihleli ukulungela bhedengu lowo izinziswe ngokuqinileyo kwi ESmolensk eyathatha kunye.

Shumsky isikhundla ngeli xesha thile ndomelezeka, xa ngesiquphe esifa umtshana wakhe Hero Skopin-Shumsky. ukufa kwakhe kukhokelela iziganeko zentlekele ngokwenene. umkhosi Russian wadlulela ESmolensk ngokuchasene nezibonda, phantsi umyalelo womntakwabo umlawuli zitshatyalaliswe ngokupheleleyo kufutshane nelali Klushino. Getman Zolkiewski wakhokela imikhosi Polish baba eMoscow ahlala Mozhaisk. Pretender, kukuqokelelwa iintsalela eentloko ezaxhobela ngokukhawuleza bafudukela esinga kwelasezantsi wezinto zakomkhulu.

Tsar Vasily isimemezelo. yihakinto uMphathi

Zonke ezi ziganeko ezibulalayo atywinwe okumiselwe Vasiliya Shuyskogo. Phakathi ku-ehlotyeni 1610 abavukeli bangena yesicelo nisithimbile izinduna, Ubhishophu noHermogene uhlaba ukubhukuqwa kukumkani, yena ngenkani evela yesicelo. Nkosi eCawa ngokungeyompumelelo kwakhona ukubazolisa isihlwele ehlokomayo, eli xesha zange bamve. Ukumkani wokugqibela uphuma uhlanga yamandulo Rurik wahliswa etroneni Russia, ngamandla yimonki kunye 'abathinjiweyo "kwi Chudov Monastery, ibekwe (phambi kokuba ngentshabalalo) kwinxalenye esempuma ye yesicelo kwi-Imperial Square.

NoHermogene, uMphathi eMoscow kwaye akwalikhanyela inkonzo kaThixo ukumkani Basil, nto leyo phezu kwayo yonke ingqalelo lwenyaniso ukuya etroneni Russian. Izifungo ithe Shumsky akazange aqaphele ngenxa yokuba kukho imfuno ikhomishini nezibhambathiso yi yokubiza amagama izifungo ngokuvakalayo ngqo kwabo kwaba indela.

Kwimeko nezibhambathiso Vasily ilizwi kukulahlwa kwawo zonke izinto zehlabathi Ukhupha Tyufyakin Prince - enye bavukeli ngenkani wabhukuqa ukumkani etroneni yakhe. Hi ndlela leyi, uMphathi noHermogene kwagqityelwa Tyufyakina ebizwa indela. Xa yokulahlwa kwe Shumsky, ngokutsho kwababhali-mbali, kuza kwindawo ekupheleni kunye nemisebenzi zezopolitiko uYehova aze aqalise ubulungiseleli bakhe ngokunyanisekileyo Orthodox.

Amandla kwi ezinkulu kuthinjwa ngokupheleleyo izinduna. Ubhishophu iwela kukucukucezwa, urhulumente uye wafumana igama elithi "izinduna Ezisixhenxe" abangevayo ukuba zonke iimfuno, amanyathelo, iingcebiso kunye nezincomo noHermogene. Kanti ke, nangona izinduna ngesiquphe deafened, ngeli xesha isibheno sakhe weva kakhulu kakhulu kwaye ngokuqinileyo, enika negalelo ongqingqwa ukuvuseleleka of Russia ukusuka 'ubuthongo kaSathana. "

Umzabalazo ngokuba isihlalo sobukhosi

Emva yokulahlwa kwe Vasily izinduna bema phambi umbuzo obalulekileyo - abenza tsar omtsha eRashiya. Ukuze kulungiswe le mba Zemsky Sobor owaba, apho ngengcamango, yahlulwa phakathi kwabalawuli. NoHermogene baphikelela yemboniselo ukubuyela etroneni Vasiliya Shuyskogo, kakuhle, okanye ukuba oku akunakwenzeka xa kwathanjiswa omnye wakubathetheli Golitsyn okanye unyana Rostov Metropolitan minor uMikhail Romanov.

Njengoko sasibangelwa solusapho kuwo onke amabandla Orthodox abakwenzayo ekundithandazeleni kuThixo ngenxa yokukhethwa ukuba tsar Russian. Izinduna, ke, yimani up unyulo etroneni Russian, unyana ka nomlawuli Polish eyathatha, isikhulu Vladislav. Izibonda kwabonakala kubo ububi sincinane kuthelekiswa ezizibiza Dmitri False II kunye Tushino wakhe 'umkhosi. " Enguye yedwa baqonde indlela yintlekele iRashiya izakubangemendo wanyulwa nokunyulwa ngawo izinduna.

Musa ukubaphulaphula noHermogene izinduna ingxoxo kunye norhulumente Polish. Isiphumo yezi ntetho yaba kwisivumelwano elucweyweni ezisixhenxe phezu intambiso Prince Ladislas ukuba ngukumkani kwakhe. Yaye usolusapho wambonisa lonke nokuqina bobuntu bakhe apha. Wabeka phambili iimeko ezininzi engqongqo - Vladislav akanako tsar Russian ngaphandle kokuthatha ukuba ukholo Orthodox, Prince ubhaptizo kufuneka lwenzeke phambi kokufika Moscow, watshata Vladislav iya kuba kuphela intombazana Russian, Ndoluphelisa lonke unxulumano yamaKatolika Pope katolizizmom kuzo zonke obubonakala. Ithunyelwe ku nezibonda nezi mfuno, yoosaziwayo babuya ngaphandle impendulo ecacileyo kulo solusapho wathi xa kwaliwe Prince ndabhaptiza iintetho engaphezulu amthambise intetho itrone asiyi kwenziwa.

Ukunikelwa Semiboyarshina

Ukubuyela eyathatha athume isigidimi ekhokelwa Metropolitan Filaret nePrince Golitsyn kunye imiyalelo ecacileyo ukuba uMphathi kakhulu yenziwe Vladislav ukwamkelwa Orthodox. NoHermogene wabasikelela izigidimi ngokunika igunya ukuma siqinile kule imfuno, kwaye siwele nayiphi nezimbo yokumkani Polish.

Kwaye ngoko ke uBhishophu omtsha unenzondelelo kukothuka. Ngomhla wama-21 Septemba, ebusuku, izidwangube ngobuqhophololo kuvulwa iingcango kwekomkhulu ezaxhobela Polish ikhokelwa yi Hetman Zolkiewski. Nkosi wazama ukuba nigwilike senzo. Kodwa izinduna zonke basabela kunokujala kulo solusapho, ibandla nto ukuphazamisa imicimbi yehlabathi. Eyathatha ngokwakhe isigqibo ukuba itrone Russian, eneneni bajoyine nje eRashiya to Speech Pospolitnoy. Inani elikhulu izinduna babenqwenela ukuba bafunge ukuwugqalela kukumkani Polish. Ngenxa yoko, unozakuzaku Russian ngokuqinileyo wazalisekisa igunya kasolusapho, nakuqwalasela akhusela nomdla wesizwe karhulumente Russian kunye ubuKristu Orthodox.

Ngenye imini yeNkosi Germagen wabhenela ebantwini Russian, ebakhuthaza ukuba abeke ukuchasa unyulo yokumkani ngumlawuli Polish Russia. Hot, ezele ngentetho solusapho ulilungisa bafikelela usukelo wayo, wafumana indawo intlokoma kwi umphefumlo wabantu Russian.

Izinduna wathuma enye ileta nangemvume vzoshestvii kaKumkani eyathatha, kodwa ngenxa yokungabikho isiginitsha yakhe kuphole uMphathi oonozakuzaku Russian bavakalisa ukuba kudaladala kumhlaba Russian naliphi na ishishini, nokuba zezikarhulumente okanye wempangelo, waqala kunye neBhunga abefundisi Orthodox. Kwaye ke emhandzini kumaxesha yangoku nzima ukuhlala urhulumente Russian kungekho kumkani, koko abe elingabalamli iphambili ngaphandle kasolusapho Bole mntu nokusombulula ayikwazi kuba ngaphandle umyalelo wakhe naliphi na ishishini. Zinomsindo eyathatha wayeka yonke thethwano, yoosaziwayo babuyela eMoscow.

ngokuhlwa Winter ngo-1610 Bubuxoki nguDmitry II wabulawa, isusa ude ugcobe phakathi kwabantu langoku Russian. Iya isanda baqala ukuba iminxeba ukuba ukugxothwa zezibonda ezweni Russian. Ukuba wasinda izibonda ubungqina ngokwabo eli xesha. Bathi ukuba uMphathi eMoscow naa ngasese kuso nezigunyaziso umzi, ekhuthaza abantu ukuba lulwe, yaye kungekudala phambili ukuya kwikomkhulu ukukhusela Orthodox ukholo lwamaKristu kunye ukugxothwa abahlaseli.

Monument ukuba ngokhokho noHermogene kwi-Red Square eMoscow:

Ukuqina yokholo ubuqhawe kasolusapho

Wabuya waya uBhishophu noHermogene wayiba olukhulu. abangcatshi Polish nabalandeli bagqiba ukwahlula usolusapho ehlabathini lonke ukuba bayeke ingxelo izibheno ubhishophu ebantwini.

January 16, 1611 majoni ezifakwe kwi kwefama eyadini bamadoda ziphangwe, yaye iNkosi phantsi bengcikivwa nokugculelwa. Kodwa nakuba bodwa phantse epheleleyo, ubiza iCawa Russian yobu St. isasazwe phakathi kwabantu. imizi Russian, kuba kaninizi wavuka ekhusela karhulumente. Athathwe wabalekiselwa iindonga imali inkululeko yayo bahlaseli Polish. NgoFebruwari 1611, i-uMphathi abangcatshi zabhukuqwa entolongweni emhadini ezimnyama woonongendi Chudov, apho kulamba uze ngenye okubi.

Nkosi noHermogene ukholo 17 Januwari 1612 ngonyaka. Nangona mbali abanayo ukuvumelana ngalo mba. Ngokutsho kwezinye iingxelo, usolusapho babulawa yindlala, kwelinye - ngabom wadliswa carbon monoxide okanye ngenkohlakalo ekrwitshiweyo.

ixesha elithile emva kokufa labadala eMoscow yasindiswa bubukho kuyo zezibonda, yaye ngoFebruwari 21, 1613 itrone Russian ilawulwa uMikhail Fedorovich Romanov, lowo noHermogene ngokuqinisekileyo wathandaza kuThixo.

Ekuqaleni, lo solusapho wangcwatywa uMenzi Monastery. Emva koko, umzimba weNkosi, kwagqitywa ekubeni bafudukele kwingcinga Cathedral - kela ukuba abefundisi eziphezulu eMoscow. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba amandla saint wahlala incorrupt, ngokuba iintsalela abazange phantsi emhlabeni. Ubhishophu Ukumiselwa kwenzeka ngo-1913.