Yakha bodwa eRashiya neentlobo zayo

Igama elithi "bodwa" kuthetha ubukho lomthengisi sole emarikeni okanye umenzi we mveliso. Loo qumrhu lonke neshishini, yaye limisela ixabiso lemarike kwemveliso yawo, kwaye umthamo walo izibonelelo kubathengi. Bodwa na imveliso kokwandiswa kobuhlobo nkulu. Ngaphezu koko, ubukho babo kanye eyenza i umqobo ukwenza imeko nayiphi na kutshintsho lwezoqoqosho.

Musa ukunika uphuhliso ngokupheleleyo kobudlelwane zeemarike kunye iintlobo ezahlukeneyo bodwa eRashiya. Kwaye lo msebenzi kakhulu, nto leyo bazama ukufumana izidumbu karhulumente afanelekileyo.

ulwazi zembali

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. eminyaka-elide uphuhliso imarike unenzondelelo iinguqu ezibalulekileyo. Baya anxulunyaniswa isoyikiso ukhuphiswano. Nangona kunjalo, indlela enjalo attribute eyimfuneko emarike kwakukho mqobo kakhulu, nto leyo iintlobo ezahlukeneyo lombutho bodwa.

Imbali kwezolimo okunjalo kwaqala kumaxesha amandulo. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo iimonopoli kunye zazivelela bawo kunye phantse zonke izigaba zophuhliso unxulumano emarikeni. Noko ke, imbali yabo yakutshanje yaqala kuphela wesithathu yokugqibela-19 c., Ngaba lubonakala ngokukhethekileyo ngexesha lokudodobala ngo-1873

Uphawu yedwa imfundo

Yintoni na le nto? Umzekelo, uhlobo oluthile abadibeneyo mveliso - namnye ngaphandle kumashishini ezazinemidla kunye nemibutho yabo, kwakunye nentsebenziswano zoshishino, ukuvelisa izixa ebonakalayo imveliso ethile. Le meko yenza ukuba imibutho ukuba athathe isikhundla ku lawula kwimarike kwabathengi kunye ukucwangcisa amaxabiso aphezulu ukuba zazise inzuzo enkulu.

Kungenxa yoko le nto iphambili kukuba bodwa indawo yayo kuphela. Iinkampani ngokobuninzi efanayo imiqathango kakhulu kuvela ukhuphiswano emarikeni ngayo imveliso. Kakade ke, lo yedwa umnqweno ukuba umenzi nganye. Enyanisweni, kule meko ezandleni zakhe uya kujolisa amandla athile nezoqoqosho babengayi ezininzi iingxaki kunye neengozi.

bodwa yemvelo

Isimo isikhundla lubalaseleyo kwi kwimarike zihlelwe ngokuhambelana iintlobo ezahlukeneyo. Kukho ububange kangaka, njenge zendalo, ngokunjalo yolawulo kunye nezoqoqosho. Cinga kuqala kubo.

Ukuvela abadla bodwa yendalo kunegalelo eziliqela yezizathu njongo. Ngelo xesha linye imfundo enjalo ibonisa imeko kwimarike apho imfuno impahla ethile kunokwanelisa inkampani enye okanye, kwiimeko ezigabadeleyo, nje ezimbalwa. Xa intliziyo ububange kangaka luphawu yemveliso, okanye ukubalasela kwimithetho yoncedo lwabathengi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, olu khuphiswano nje akunakwenzeka okanye engathandekiyo kakhulu. imibutho enjalo unikezelo lwamandla, ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo zefowuni, njalo njalo .. Xa kumashishini imisebenzi enjalo nokuba elinye okanye inani eliqingqiweyo neenkampani.

bodwa Administrative

Kwesinye okanye omnye umbutho kuyaqala ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ebhudla kwimarike enkosi izenzo ezithile ngamaqumrhu karhulumente. Le bodwa solawulo. Eyona nto ifunekayo ukuze livela kukunika imo amalungelo awodwa ukwenza imisebenzi ethile. Ngaphezu koko, ngokuqhelekileyo izakhiwo ezinjalo luqulathe kumashishini aphantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente, subordinated ukuba imibutho eyahlukeneyo, ulungiselelo kunye neebhodi central.

Le bodwa yolawulo luquka iqela kwezolimo ishishini enye, bakhonza kwi emarikeni xa iyonke. Iziseko fanayo ebhudla lalisakuba yiSoviet Union.

bodwa kwezoqoqosho

Olu hlobo lwemfundo yeyona common kakhulu. Uvela zokuqhambuka yezizathu ezithile kwezoqoqosho kwaye yakhiwe ngokunxulumene nemithetho zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho.

Ngoko ke, ulawulo lwezoqoqosho ukuthetha kwezo meko apho amashishini ningazuza indawo lubalaseleyo kwimarike ngeendlela ezimbini:

• uyondelelwano lwee- eyinkunzi kunye ukunyuka okuthe chu isikali lweshishini;
• mandla lonke ulawulo eyinkunzi kunye kongezwe okanye nokufunxwa iifem yimali.

Ngama- yokuqala okanye yesibini, inkampani ufikelela abanjalo ibathwana evumela ukuba ngegqudu emarikeni.

bodwa ngamazwe

imfundo enjalo ibhekisela uhlobo olulodwa. Oku kwenzeka xa iqondo eliphezulu ngokwasentlaweni yemveliso longxowankulu kunye nophuhliso iinkqubo zelwe ubomi kwezoqoqosho.

Ziziphi iintlobo abadibeneyo kunganxulunyaniswa uhlobo ngamazwe? Eyokuqala kuzo - bezizwe ngezizwe. Loo yedwa amaqela yesizwe eyinkunzi kunye nolawulo phezu kwayo, kodwa ngamazwe ngokomda yalo msebenzi. iintlobo enjalo abadibeneyo nkulu, ezifana ngamazwe, ngaba ityala point. Umzekelo:

1. Inkxalabo "Standard Oli of New Jersey." Le nkampani oyile yaseMelika, ogama amashishini zifumaneka kumazwe angaphezu kwamashumi amane ehlabathini lonke. Aphesheya, inkxalabo iye ibekwe 56% ee-asethi zayo, eqonda kukho 68% yentengiso, abafumana 52% yenzuzo.
2. "Nestle" inkxalabo ukutya Swiss. Isambuku iindawo zalo ezenza imveliso kunye nemibutho yokuthengisa elise kwamanye amazwe. E Switzerland wenza ingxenye encane kuphela ingeniso iimpahla (2-3%).

abadibeneyo ehlala okunene ngamazwe. Zonke iinkampani kunye trust, nabanako ezichazwe kule kota, eziliqela iimpawu.

iiyantlukwano zabo ikakhulu ilala into yokuba owned inkunzi share i sine-lonikezelo ngamazwe. Ingxam engundoqo yabasebenzi - bona abantu beentlanga ezahlukeneyo. Umzekelo yale umbutho:

• inkxalabo Anglo-Dutch, "iUnilever", esebenza kwicandelo kwemichiza kunye nokutya nemveliso;
• ithemba Belgian-German "Agfa-Gevert" ukuvelisa iimveliso nomsi.

Inani lemibutho monopolistic loo incinane, ngenxa yobunzima umbutho eyinkunzi, xa imvelaphi yayo various national - ukuba iiyantlukwano kwiqela le-mthetho kunye ukurhafiswa kabini kunye ukulwa amagosa karhulumente, kwaye ngaphezulu.

ifomu nabanye

Kukho aba zokuhlela wemibutho yomxhaso indawo lawula ezivenkileni. Olu luhlu luquka iqela asisiseko, leyo zinokudityaniswa amashishini monopolistic. Elula kubo yavela kwicandelo ejikeleza. Phakathi kwabo:

1. Imboni - yindlela abadla bodwa, okuhlanganisa iinkampani ezininzi abasebenza kwicandelo elifanayo mveliso. Amalungu endlu yowiso-nkqubo onjalo abe ukuzimela yorhwebo, kugcina ubunini kwiindlela kunye nezixhobo, ngokunjalo wakhululwa ngokuzimeleyo ukulahla le mveliso. Abathathi-nxaxheba ka imboni bevumelana kuphela kwixabiso yesabelo yayo yemveliso, iimarike kunye namaxabiso emveliso elimisiweyo.
2. Syndicate - yindlela abadla bodwa, nto leyo ezitshatileyo iinkampani ezininzi kweli candelo mnye, othe ubunini bezinto zokuvelisa, kodwa akukho ukuzimela yorhwebo xa kungekho ilungelo intengiso yempahla. Ukuthengisa iimveliso kulo mzekelo lijongana-ofisi jikelele kwiintengiso.

Kukho uhlobo entsonkothileyo kakhulu bodwa. Ezi amashishini kukugubungela kwicandelo lemveliso ngqo. Enye tholo yayizezona zinto ze abadla bodwa kule hlobo - Trust. Ngokunxulumene ezinjalo kuquka iinkampani nokuba amasebe enye okanye eziliqela kwemveliso yoshishino. amalungu Trust awunayo ubunini bezinto zokuvelisa okanye imveliso eyenziweyo ngabo. Sukani kubo nokuzimela yorhwebo. Ngamanye amazwi, kukho ezitshatileyo yemveliso trust, ukuthengisa, ezemali nolawulo. Abaxhamla kule indibanisela kukuba ngamnye amalungu ayo inalo yezabelo share pro rata eyinkunzi imali. Loo iphakheji ilungelo ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kulawulo intembeko kunye ukuze afumane isabelo sakhe yenzuzo.

Kukho olunye uhlobo oluntsonkothileyo abadibeneyo - iqela ezahlukahlukeneyo. Luhlanganisa inqwaba okanye amakhulu iinkampani akwi namasebe ezahlukeneyo zamashishini, urhwebo kunye nezithuthi. Amalungu ezinjalo bodwa balahlekelwe ilungelo labo lokuba ngumnini izinto zokuvelisa, kwakunye imveliso eyenziweyo ngabo. Ukongeza, ngaphezu onke amashishini kwenziwa nolawulo mali olwenziwa inkampani engumzali i.

Ukuvela abadibeneyo e Russia

Education, eliquka iinkampani kulawula imarike, eyaqala kwilizwe lethu. Ke okokuqala kwi bodwa baseRashiya wathetha ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19. Ezi abahlali saveza indlela abayinqobo kuye, nto leyo luphawulwa yokungenelela ngqo kwimicimbi yabo lwemizimba karhulumente. kwifuthe lazo kuphuhliso lwamaziko karhulumente kwenzeke kwinkalo yokunyibilikisa isinyithi, ngezobunjineli, ezothutho, iswekile kunye namashishini ioli. Kungenxa yoko le nto iintlobo bodwa eRashiya, njengoko umgaqo, akuphelelanga uhlobo lolawulo. Noko ke, de kwenkulungwane yama-20. indima imibutho efana yayingabalulekanga kuqoqosho.

ERashiya sokuba impiriyali

Ngowe-1900-1903 gg. Ukuqhambuka zentlekele yoqoqosho lwehlabathi. Waba umfutho eliyintloko zakhokelela ubunzima okukhawulezileyo ukuyilwa bodwa eRashiya. Ukuze ubone indlela yokuphuma abavelisi ezaqala lihlangane kwiindibano shishino. Ngaloo ndlela yaye yasekwa iresiphi esisiseko zokusombulula le ngxaki. Kwakugcwele ekumiselweni yemibutho zorhwebo ngokudibeneyo nokufezekisa impahla eyenziweyo. Ngoko, kwakukho iifomu asezantsi bodwa eRashiya emele ukuthengiswa. Le mibutho ezigcinwe phantsi kweliso ixabiso lemakethi.

Wabazingeli, njengoko uhlobo lokuqala abadla bodwa, ziye zavela ngenxa imeko lwamaxabiso yokhuselo ukukhusela kwimarike yasekhaya eRashiya. Inkangeleko baloo maqumrhwana kwakhona negalelo neemvumelwano karhulumente xa urhulumente abaququzelela amakhuphiswano, lukhetha inkampani Ekumiseleni elona xabiso lisezantsi.

Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20. naziphi wabazingeli ezifana "Prodamet", "Prodvagon", "Produgol", "Roof".

Ngaxeshanye kunye neemanyano zabasebenzi waqalisa ukwenza uhlobo enjalo abadla bodwa, njengoko Trust. Ngcembe wabonakala nemfundo "uhlobo ephakamileyo", oko kukuthi inkxalabo. Unxulumano efanayo sele ziphuhlisiwe kwishishini cotton le. Kunye noosomashishini, baba eninzi ekuqaleni bababamba imizi egcina imali, waza waqalisa nokutyala imali yazo ekhoyo kwicandelo ngokwaneleyo. Ngelo xesha ke amanqwanqwa kushishino, izithuthi, umbane kunye imichiza.

iintlobo ngamazwe bodwa eRashiya ezisebenza kwishishini oyile. Baya bafika kwilizwe lethu ngohlobo trust, hlanganyela kwiimarike zehlabathi. I-Russian lake emithathu abameli esinakho enjalo. Phakathi kwabo:

• "Mna Banikela Royal Shell" - intembeko Anglo-Dutch.
• "Ubambiswano Nobel", ikomkhulu engundoqo ye-mveliso German.
• "Russian General Petroleum Corporation", wadala ngenxa yotyalo-mali Anglo-French.

Xa monopolists jikelele ukuzisa umonakalo izicacele kuqoqosho yesizwe lizwe. Ayekholelwa amaxabiso aphezulu kakhulu kwiimveliso zabo, maxa wambi kuthintele nezokukhupha amafutha kunye energy izixhobo. Kungenxa yoko le nto urhulumente Russian linyanzeliswe ukujongana le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa bodwa. Iintlobo kunye neentlobo mfundo baye bazama ukunciphisa izenzo ezahlukeneyo zomthetho. Kodwa konke lilize, njengoko uninzi amagosa karhulumente ngaxeshanye kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente abahlala kakhulu ihlawulwe izikhundla kwiinkampani ezahlukeneyo.

ukuhla kwezoshishino

Abanye bodwa lendawo eRashiya wayeka imisebenzi yayo ngokunxulumene kokuqhambuka leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi. Kodwa ngokubanzi, ngexesha impi inani maqumrhwana liye landa kuphela. Ezinye iinkxalabo, njengoko uhlobo iphezulu abadla bodwa, ziye qinile. Yaye uninzi lwabo baye banda kakhulu ikomkhulu labo ngoku khupha iimveliso zokuqhelaniswa emkhosini.

Emva kokuba October Revolution yaba phantsi kwesizwe beebhanki kunye noshishino. Ngenxa yale nkqubo nya lodwa eRashiya. Imbonakalo kwiziseko ezinjengezo kwakhona yaqala emva 90, xa ilizwe waqalisa ukuya oluya kuqoqosho emarikeni.

Wesimanje Isigaba

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, bodwa ecocekileyo eRashiya. Kukho iinkampani nje ezimbalwa ogama iimveliso babe nenxaxheba ebalulekileyo emarikeni (65 epesenti okanye ngaphezulu). Ifom ezisisiseko bodwa eRashiya unxulumano ezinkulu. Bonke basonta iintlobo imvelo. Loo yedwa adalwe ngurhulumente ngexesha nkqubo ezikhethiweyo, yobunzulu ingqalelo kwemveliso. Nangona kunjalo, umbhodamo kwezoqoqosho wakwenza kwacaca ukuba izakhiwo ezinjalo simbi kakhulu.

Ukongeza, eRashiya kukho uhlobo abadla bodwa, njengoko yendawo. Oku kuvela ngenxa unsaturation kwimarike, xa iinkampani ngamnye nxamnye yabo iya kuqalisa ukuba babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo lubalaseleyo. Olu luhlu zigula imibutho ebandakanyeka phambili iimveliso zolimo, kwakunye yorhwebo, ukhathalelo lwempilo kunye neenkonzo zoluntu.

Le bodwa inkulu eRashiya kuphela ezintathu:

• Rao "YO", abazibandakanya umbane kwaye inikezela ngeenkonzo ukwenzela ukunikezelwa kwayo kubathengi.
• "Gazprom", irhasi othwala ngemibhobho, athengise ngayo eluntwini.
• IPU ekhokelela zokuthutha.

"Rostelecom" yaye zifakwe kuluhlu efanayo. Lo mbutho unika iinkonzo nonxibelelwano lwamazwe ngamazwe kunye elide-kude. monopolists ezincinane, zinokuququzela imisebenzi yabo imizi, ukuba amashishini Vodokanal, Metro njalo njalo. D. Bonke bephela uyakwazi ukulawula ixabiso nemveliso yaso odla ngokuthi umda isiphakamiso sakhe.

amandla kakubi amaxesha lwe ezandleni zabo. Zicwangcisa ixabiso eliphezulu kakhulu, balebele kungekho iindleko ezifanelekileyo. Ukongeza, uqoqosho Russian kuye kwabakho unyango ecalula inxalenye bodwa abadlali yayo. Umzekelo isigqibo ulawulo kummandla laseKirov, ukudala kwishishini karhulumente, kuquka ngaphambili abaziqeshileyo ekhemesti, mveliso zamachiza, ledatha ekhemisti kunye kwelaborathri yohlalutyo. Kumbutho onjalo sele uphelile umsebenzi wayo sisigqibo seKomiti Antimonopoly State.