Umthetho federal kwi oomantyi ye Russian Federation

Inkqubo yezomthetho Russian emiselwe yi-Institute of kaMantyi. Ziintoni iimpawu zayo? Yiyiphi imithetho elawula imisebenzi zamaziko achaphazelekayo yenkundla?

Yintoni na le Institute of oomantyi?

Ngaphambi kokuba siqwalasele ukuba yintoni na umthetho oomantyi eRashiya, ukufunda ezinye iinkalo ziko zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda.

Okokuqala, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba bangaphi oomantyi abasebenza kwinqanaba yesigaba sokuqala. main yesifundo - ingqalelo neengxabano eziphathelele amatyala kunye umonakalo omncinane, nempahla ubanga nge ixabiso elincinane. Enye yeenjongo kwamaqela onyango kwimbambano iziko isenokuba kokugqitywa isivumelwano - isenzo esemthethweni ingqalelo-nxaxheba kwezomthetho ukungabikho ubudlelwane yamabango efanayo.

Umthetho we-Russian Federation kwiinkundla zoomantyi '

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele indlela apho imisebenzi amaziko zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda ilawulwa ngumthetho Russian. Lo mthombo uphambili mthetho apha - i-Federal Umthetho 188-FZ "On kaMantyi 'esamkelwa 17.12.1998 ngonyaka. UMthetho ngokubanzi zonke bokuqonda ezingundoqo lombutho umsebenzi abagwebi, nokuqinisekisa ukuba imisebenzi amaziko achaphazelekayo. Eneneni, ngumthetho zombini sokuqeshwa oomantyi kunye nesenzo yezomthetho ichaza kolawulo amatyala kwabasemagunyeni abafanelekileyo, kwakunye njengomthombo imithetho sichaza indlela apho amagunya kula maziko zabiwa indawo.

Ngoku ukuphanda nzulu ngakumbi amalungiselelo eziyintloko uMthetho Federal № 188.

Ukumiselwa oomantyi ngokungqinelana nomthetho

Umthetho on oomantyi ubheka kwiziko efanelekileyo obusemthethweni kwiinkundla eziqhelekileyo, leyo isebenze kwinqanaba kwezi zifundo RF, yaye ngaloo ndlela ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yenkundla karhulumente. Lo mmiselo iqulethe ulwimi apho amagunya kunye nenkqubo yomsebenzi oomantyi, kwakunye nendlela yokuseka kwizikhundla zabo zigqitywa yi-siseko ka-Russia, i-Federal uMthetho siseko "Kwi yezeeJaji System" kunye neminye imithombo yolawulo kwinqanaba federal, lo gama inkqubo yokuqeshwa, kwakunye nokusetyenziswa kwe kwimisebenzi lithethwe kusekwa kwinqanaba izenzo zomthetho kwizifundo.

Kulo mzekelo, osemthethweni zengingqi okanye umthombo elawulayo e fl akufuneki ziquka ulwimi kuyiphikisa into yokuba iqulathe umthetho siseko federal. On kaMantyi Iingcali mihla nisilwa ngayo iziko elisemthethweni indlela ebalulekileyo, ngoko ke kulawulwa kwi izenzo eliphezulu le-mthetho Russian. Kodwa kunjalo isixa esikhulu awuyomiqathango elawula imisebenzi amaziko afanelekileyo bebekelwa kwinani Federal uMthetho 188.

Umthetho on oomantyi eRashiya iqulethe ngolwimi apho ezo izigqibo ezithathwe kwinqanaba leziko ngokusemthethweni, kwaye ubume wangena force, kwakunye nezinye izenzo olumisiweyo zeenkundla ziyabophelela kuzo zonke abasemagunyeni Russian, amaziko, abantu kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kwaye ngoko ke kufuneka izakwenziwa yonke ummandla Russian Federation.

Ukungqinelana Federal Law # 188 ngabagwebi woxolo, kwakunye namalungu eentsapho zabo ziya kuba siqinisekiso enxulumene nemeko ngabemi, abasebenza kwinqanaba ingqalelo iziko ngokusemthethweni. Kumalunga iziqinisekiso: ukuzimela kweenkundla, ingqibelelo, inkxaso eziphathekayo, inkxaso yoluntu.

Ngokufundisisa oko kwisakhono oomantyi esekwe imithetho Russian Federation. Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba inani Federal uMthetho 188 - nguwe kanye lo umthetho kolawulo zoomantyi. Kuye kwizikhundla zakhe defined ubuchule obungundoqo abameli emagunyeni afanelekileyo.

kwekhono kwabagwebi

Umthetho federal kwi oomantyi № 188-FZ umisela reference ilandelayo abameli iimeko ekuthethwa:

• amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho olunxulumene amatyala wohlwaywe kunye kwiminyaka ukuya ku-3 entolongweni - ngokungqinelana nemimiselo Art. 31 Code of weNkqubo yoLwaphulo ;
• imicimbi ephathelele kubhaliso kwemiyalelo yenkundla;
• iimbambano mtshato - ukuba akukho umahluko phakathi amaqabane malunga abantwana;
• iimbambano malunga ukuhanjiswa kwempahla phakathi amaqabane, ixabiso apho ayidluli engange-50 000;
• Eminye imiba ezivelayo kule ndawo kobudlelwane usapho, ngaphandle kwabo ezinxulumene ukuziphendulela ilungelo lukatata okanye kubeleka, ukusekwa amalungelo ahambelanayo okanye nokuswela okanye isithintelo wokwamkelwa okanye obamkele njengabakho, kwakunye ezinxulumene kwamanye amaqela abantwana imibuzo ekwamkeleni ngomtshato phakathi kwabemi of nilenze;
• iimbambano Ipropati phakathi kwabemi, ngaphandle kwakwimeko abalilifa kuye, njengoko kwakunye asethi ukuba nemveliso yomsebenzi enomgangatho ophezulu - ngaphandle kokuba ixabiso lebango awudluli engange-50 000;
• imibandela enxulumene nokusekwa Ukuze usebenzise le okanye enye impahla;
• izinto eziphathelene nomthetho yolawulo xa wokuphonononga ezinxulumene ngqo kwisakhono umthetho umantyi.

Ngaphandle ukusuka kuluhlu olungentla lwe nezakhono ethile kwi-sikhokelo eli ziko zomthetho, umthetho kunganxulunyaniswa kwezinye iimeko. Umthetho on oomantyi RF siqulethe amagama ngokwendlela apho iinkundla kwinqanaba ezizio ingqalelo kwimeko phantsi kweemeko ezintsha ukuba zaye zavunywa ngaphambili yaye wangena force izigqibo ezithile ekuqaleni. UMgwebi, emele Institute of Law, ekuthethwa, kuqwalaselwa iimbambano eziwa linobuchule yayo yedwa.

Ngoku bafunde indlela apho umthetho Russian olawula iindawo apho asebenza ziinkundla zoomantyi.

kwizithili yezeejaji zeenkundla yomthetho yehlabathi

№ Federal Umthetho 188, njengoko kuchaziwe apha ngasentla - umthetho ngokusekwa kwiindawo zoomantyi. Yintoni imithetho kuquka ukulawulwa lombutho zamaziko achaphazelekayo?

Oku umisela ukuba umsebenzi abagwebi, emele iziko zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda, olwenziwa ngaphakathi kwimida emisiweyo kwindawo ethile kwiziza ezahlukeneyo. Umthetho on oomantyi iqulathe amagama ngokwendlela apho inani lilonke labantu kulo msebenzi, kwakunye neendawo kwisifundo ethile Russian Federation umiselwa umthetho federal, kodwa inyathelo yabasemagunyeni zommandla xa thethana omkhosi. Okanye liphulo Russian ngemipu Forces, kodwa kwisivumelwano kunye nabasemagunyeni kwizifundo ze-Russian Federation.

Iindawo e mbuzo, kwakunye abagwebi kufuneka kwenziwa, kwakunye zipheliswe ngokukhupha imithetho yengingqi. Kuthathwa ukuba 1 ndawo iya sinikezelwe ngomhla we-15 ukuya amawaka 23. ABemi. Ukuba umasipala - ubuncinane 15 amawaka abantu, ngoko ke ukhandwa kwicandelo elinye egwebayo. Amatyala ingqalelo kwinqanaba ahambelanayo, kufuneka ukuba igqithiselwe kolawulo kwelinye iziko ukuba kupheliswe okucwangcisiweyo inxalenye okanye indawo ngumgwebi.

Kwiimeko kubekiwe sihlalo umthetho eenkundla zesithili banakho ukudlulisela iimeko, apho zifumaneka ngokubanzi kwi kolawulo umgwebi kwindawo ethile, ukuya namaziko kweminye imimandla. Umthetho federal kwi oomantyi luquka ingxelo apho inkqubo yolwaphulo iimeko, yoluntu, kwakunye nabo anxulunyaniswa namatyala yezolawulo, ingqalelo kwamabango kunye nemiyalelo khupha badluliselwe.

Ukuqeshwa kwisikhundla sokuba ngumgwebi: Iimfuno abaviwa

Makhe sifunde indlela apho iimfuno kufuneka athobele abemi izicelo zezi zithuba kamantyi. Lo mthombo uphambili mthetho, nto leyo ichaza imiqathango echaphazelekayo - emthethweni Russian Federation "Ngomhla Isimo yaBagwebi". Ngale ndlela, ezi mfuno musa zahlukile kwezo elisekwe ngabameli leenkundla, kwakunye nabaviwa ukuba ofisi, kwezinye amagunya. Noko ke, le mimiselo luzakufakwa kuthathelwa ingqalelo imiqathango inani Federal Umthetho 188. Ngokukodwa, ezi zingangqamana iinkqubo lokuqesha okanye ukhetha abemi kwisikhundla sokuba ngumgwebi.

Unyulo oomantyi

inkqubo ebheka lwenziwa inxaxheba igunya lowiso kwinqanaba yesifundo RF okanye abantu abahlala kwindawo efanelekileyo wenkundla. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo yokukhethwa ngabagwebi woxolo kufuneka kusekwa izenzo zomthetho yamkelwa kule ngingqi. Umthetho on oomantyi RF luquka ingxelo apho ungadlulanga owe ngaphezu kweenyanga ezi-6 phambi kokuba iphelelwe amagunya omele ngumgwebi kwimeko, ukuba ayavalwa kusasa - zingadlulanga iintsuku ezili-10 emva kokuba ijaji Isithuba kwaziswa ukuba indawo ivuliwe. Ulwazi malunga oku ibekwe kumajelo eendaba.

Le ntengiso afanelekileyo zibonisa ulwazi malunga nexesha kunye nendawo ukwamkelwa kwezicelo ezivela abemi isicelo sesithuba sokuba ngumgwebi, kwakunye naxa kwaye apho amaxwebhu ziya kuqwalaselwa. Ithuba lokuba sesikhundleni ijaji, abaza kuqeshwa ngokusekelwe ingqalelo kwezicelo ziya kuqala ngaphambi ngaphezu ngosuku olulandelayo ngosuku xa ukuphelisa amagunya kwabagwebi yangoku.

Ithuba lokuba sesikhundleni ijaji

Umthetho federal kwi oomantyi kwi Russian Federation umisela imiqathango ethile ye ofisi ummeli yeziko kwengxelo. Ngenxa yoko, umantyi uya kuqeshwa okanye abanyulwe kwindawo yazo ungadlulanga kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-5. Ngelo xesha linye abasemagunyeni Russian kummandla banelungelo ukunciphisa eli xesha. Ephela, ke, lo ummi unelungelo lokuphinda ibango izithuba umsebenzi kamantyi. Ukuba ungummi sele onyulwe kwakhona kwindawo eyiyo kwakhona, ngoko ixesha lakhe ofisi yaye ayiyi kuba ngaphezu kweminyaka emi-5, okanye ilingana nto ichazwe kule mithetho yengingqi. UMantyi aliphumeze imisebenzi yabo phambi kokuba abuye engama-70 ubudala. Once - uya sitshitshiswe ngokuvumelana nomthetho.

Ukupheliswa kwamagunya ijaji

Umthetho ngemisebenzi oomantyi, oko iqulethe ulwimi apho amagunya abameli amaziko ukuze ipheliswe. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba uluhlu izizathu oku kuchazwa nguMthetho Federal "Ngomhla Status of ABagwebi", kodwa ukusetyenziswa kwezibonelelo PPA kufuneka kuqwalaselwe lo mmiselo, liqulathwe kuMthetho Federal № 188.

amagunya stop Umantyi:

• ngosuku lokugqibela lwenyanga apho amagunya akhe ziyaphelelwa okanye ngenyanga apho ijaji yiminyaka-70 ubudala;
• ngosuku olulandelayo ngosuku apho kuza isigqibo ukusebenza iphaneli yabagwebi, njengako apho amagunya amaziko ummeli ingqalelo upheliswe ngaphambi kwexesha.

Ukongeza, amagunya abagwebi ziya kunqunyanyiswa yiphaneli phantsi kwezinye iindlela kubonelelwe ngazo amagatya omThetho Federal "Ngomhla Status of ABagwebi".

Ukuba amandla kwabagwebi Kumiswe okanye isivumelwano, ngokunjalo ukungabikho okwethutyana ummi kwizithuba afanelekileyo, enze umsebenzi wakhe, umsebenzi inika umantyi, osebenza kwindawo eyahlukileyo kwindawo enye. Ngelo xesha ke wakhupha isigqibo elahlukileyo usihlalo wenkundla kule ndawo. Kwimeko ukuba intsimi onikiweyo umantyi omnye kuphela, amagunya akhe zigqithiselwe kwinqanaba igunya eli liyithweleyo imisebenzi kule ndawo.

Kwiimeko ebekwe ngumthetho imisebenzi abagwebi, emele iziko kuqwalaselwa ukuba oko unikwe abagwebi, abo badla umhlala-phantsi. Akukhathaliseki ngayiphi indawo wasebenza ngaphambili.

Ngoku makhe siqwalasele indlela umyalelo osemthethweni ngobume oomantyi ulawula inkqubo lokuqinisekisa imisebenzi kwabasemagunyeni abachaphazelekayo.

Ubonelelo abagwebi

A indima enkulu ukuxhasa ngabagwebi yoxolo badlala iiseti zabo. isakhiwo sayo kunye nabasebenzi kufuneka kuchaziwe kwimithetho esamkelwa kwiNdibano kwinqanaba zesifundo RF. Amalungu abasebenzi ngexesha elinye awanalo iwonga abasebenzi bakarhulumente kunye nomsebenzi ngokungqinelana nomthetho wolawulo apho - ummiselo yonxulumano zomthetho kwinkonzo yoluntu.

Inkxaso-mali umsebenzi oomantyi lwenziwa ngoncedo yezeeJaji yeSebe, leyo isebenza omkhosi. Esi sakhiwo inoxanduva ukutshintshwa kwemivuzo abagwebi, remunerations, ngokubanika iintlobo zezibonelelo loluntu olunikwa yi imithetho Russian Federation.

Ukufumana inkxaso eziphathekayo umsebenzi abameli amaziko afanelekileyo izakhiwo uxanduva kwinqanaba yabasemagunyeni olawulo lommandla. Ngelo xesha kulo msebenzi kuchaziwe ngumthetho isisombululo nayo iSebe yezeeJaji, leyo isebenza omkhosi iqhagamshele. Esi sakhiwo ikwanoxanduva ukuba imbuyekezo ngeendleko iimbambano, eyayiqwalaselwe ngoomantyi.

Ngoko ke, siye safunda amalungiselelo ezisisiseko equlathe umthetho federal kwi oomantyi ye-Russian Federation. Iza kuba luncedo ukuba izithathele ingqalelo nokuhlolwa kwimisebenzi yeziko yomthetho ziingcali.

Nabameli Yoxolo Institute eRashiya: Uhlolo Expert

Okokuqala, phakathi amagqwetha yabanjwa umbono, njengoko apho imo kamantyi, enyanisweni, inophawu ezimbini. Kwelinye icala, imisebenzi yazo yenziwa ngaphakathi sikhokelo mxholo Russian Federation, kwaye ke ngoko ilawulwa amagatya imithombo zommandla yomthetho. Kwelinye - ummeli leziko njengenxalenye yenkqubo ohlangeneyo lezobulungisa izigqibo karhulumente kunye nemiba egameni Russian Federation.

Ngokutsho kweengcali, ukwamkelwa umthetho phezu oomantyi e eRussia kunye neengxoxo mxholo indima abameli kula maziko zomthetho kwinkqubo karhulumente. Ngoko, kwelinye iingqiqo kakhulu ethandwa eziqulethwe Izicatshulwa apho inkundla ihlabathi kufuneka yenze imisebenzi yabo ekuqaleni kunye, ngaloo ndlela, ukuba bafumane amagunya, ezichaza umsebenzi, ingakumbi, iinkundla zezithili ukuba sandise ukusebenza kweenkqubo. Kulo mzekelo, kuyimfuneko oko ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukwabiwa ngezigqibo kolawulo zamaziko achaphazelekayo kwinqanaba federal. Ngenxa yoko, phakathi ochwepheshe wafumana indawo ukusasazwa lwembono, apho umsebenzi oomantyi mazibonise bonganyelwe inqanaba ingqalelo federal imiba yomsebenzi kwezi zakhiwo. Ngokukodwa, kwinqanaba elifanelekileyo ukwenza izigqibo sokuqeshwa abagwebi, inkxaso-mali kunye eziphathekayo yemisebenzi yabo.

Kunjalo Ulwamkelo umthetho oomantyi iye yenziwa ngaloo nemixube apho mbini yemisebenzi yabo iphela igcinwe. Siye sahlolisisa amagatya omThetho Federal № 188 ukuze, kwelinye icala, umsebenzi kula nabameli bamaziko ezeeJaji izigqibo egameni Russian Federation, kwelinye - indlela yokusebenza kwabo kuxhomekeke kakhulu kwiziphumo ze-mthetho kwimimandla. Le ndlela kunokubonwa ziingcali yimpumelelo ngokwaneleyo, ngenxa yokuba kwelinye icala, ayithi simele wolawulo ngabagwebi woxolo ukwenziwa, kwelinye - uthathe ingqalelo ubudlelwane specificities zengingqi.

Ngaphezulu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba kwinqanaba yommiselo oyintloko federal - Inombolo yoMthetho 188, iqulathe ulwimi zinciphisa isakhono kwimimandla ukwenza imithetho kwahluka kakhulu kwezo ezibonisa iimfuno kwiziko federal. Umzekelo, ngokubhekiselele ukumisela nemihla ofisi kamantyi. Yena akakwazi, njengoko sele uyazi, yokugqibela iminyaka engaphezu kwama-5 Noko ke, kukho ixesha elithile kunokuba ngaphantsi kwe kumda, kwaye oko kuxhomekeke indawo mthetho lwengingqi.

Ngenye indlela, ukuba iziko ngokusemthethweni oomantyi ingqalelo ziingcali njengento ebaluleke kakhulu ukusuka kwindawo umbono wophuhliso umthetho eRashiya, ukukhulisa inkcubeko ngokusemthethweni abemi, ukuphucula ulawulo. Umthetho on oomantyi yi ngokwaneleyo isenzo elungeleleneyo zomthetho, leyo, kwelinye icala, ibonelela isixa esikhulu amandla kwimimandla ngokwemimiselo elawula imisebenzi kula maziko, kwelinye - iqulethe ulwimi igalelo sokulondoloza le ukuthembeka kwenkqubo yenkundla imo Russia ngokoMthetho yokwandisa kolawulo owenza ihlabathi abagwebi, kwakunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso imisebenzi yabo zii-arhente yase.