Umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi Newton

Nkqu kumaxesha amandulo, ngemihla uPlato, wenza imizamo ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo ezithi zenzeke ngaphandle kwe mntu ngokwakhe. Ngenxa yokuswela ulwazi kunye nokuqonda abaninzi rank njengoko kubonakaliswa amakhulu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulwazi aqokelelwe zikhokelele ukuqonda ngcono iinkqubo ezikhoyo kunye nobudlelwane kwindalo.

Imbali ukuyilwa umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi

Umendo indalo nolwazi anameva. Idlala indima ebalulekileyo yokuba iimvisiswano zesidima imithetho kunye nokuzimisela yoluntu ngelo xesha ukuyamkela okanye uyikhuphele imbono ethile yehlabathi. Indima ebalulekileyo edlalwa unqulo bamandulo, ukuphazamisa naziphi na iinzame kwi indlela yezenzululwazi kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Zonke iintlobo yezenzo iyangqubana noko le mfundiso ye phantsi webandla kwentlupheko. Inani elikhulu iingqondo ezikhulu watshiselwa esibondeni yamaRoma Yokuncina. Kwaba kuphela kwinkulungwane 17-18, phantsi koxinzelelo ubungqina yokwenene, kakhulu nzulu waqala ithandwe umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi. Ngeli xesha, oko kwenziwa iinzame yokuqala kakhulu kwi systematization kunye nokuqhutywa kophando lwasemoyeni kunye nemisebenzi zaphawula idlulileyo uluntu. Ngenxa ukuliqonda elitsha lombutho yehlabathi kwenza ukusetyenziswa kwezi kunye nokuphunyezwa kwemveliso kunye nobomi ulwazi olufundiweyo kumgangatho practical.

Society ingqondo uhlobo

Formation womfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi negalelo kuphuhliso ngokukhawuleza kwezobuchwephesha yoluntu. Noko ke, kwadlula ixesha elide ukuphunyezwa kwayo. Ngokuyintloko, oku kubangelwe ukulungela zengqondo zoluntu ukwamkela indlela entsha ekuqondeni iziseko iphela. Ukudala imbono ngomatshini yehlabathi kunye lasungulwa ngokupheleleyo kwaqhubeka malunga namakhulu amabini eminyaka, de kwinkulungwane yama-yeshumi elinesithoba.

Phantsi yempembelelo zobulumko, iinkcuba kunye izazinzulu of zaphawula elidlulileyo, ezifana Democritus, uAristotle, uEpicurus, Lucretius, yaye ngokuthe ngcembe beza ukuqonda yaye wamkele indlela izinto.

Ulwazi ezingasetyenziswanga lwemathematika, inzululwazi, chemistry, ebonisa umahluko kunye neempawu kumfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi ukusuka ukuqonda yangoku yemithetho iphela ngelo xesha.

Imisebenzi Aristotle kunye Ptolemy ngexesha hayi ezichanileyo. Noko ke, aba amalinge zokuqala ukuqonda kunye nokuqonda oko umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi.

Ukuqala Ixesha umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi

Thile kamva, ngenkulungwane ye-16, omnye nokulatyuza ingcamango yenzululwazi kunye livakale eluntwini ngenkani labour "kwi ukubolekisana kwimiqulu yemithetho karhulumente zesibhakabhaka" Nikolaya Kopernika. abalandeli bakhe babona luqiqo kunye ukufaneleka le ndlela yenzululwazi, isifundo kwehlabathi. Kamva, ngokusekelwe imisebenzi Copernicus kunye UGalileo wazalwa ixesha elitsha yehlabathi.

Kwi inkqubo yokudala imbono ngomatshini yehlabathi kunye lasungulwa kwaba nempembelelo Isazinzulu kakhulu French Rene Dekart. iindawo akhe nolwazi banzi ngokwaneleyo, uye wasebenza entsimini yemvelo, imathematika, intanda, kunye eziphilayo. imfundo yonqulo uRene mfana zange abe ingumqobo kuphuhliso lolwazi, kwaye wakwazi ukuba ngomnye wabaseki ukuqonda entsha isakhiwo ihlabathi.

Malunga esixhenxe iminyaka sobulumko nesazi-nzulu wachitha ebhadula ngenkulungwane elinesixhenxe eYurophu, baba amava obomi kunye ebonisa phezu iingxaki zefilosofi zemathematika kwexesha.

Descartes eye waphumelela ebonakalayo kwinkalo lwemathematika. impumelelo zakhe kubonakala kumsebenzi "Geometry" edumileyo, epapashwe ngo-1637. Yiyo lo msebenzi lwezenzululwazi usibekile zonke iziseko geometry mihla. URene nayo imiqondiso administering kwi Algebra. Iincwadi zakhe kwaba nempembelelo enkulu kuphuhliso lwemathematika kwixesha elizayo. Ngowe-1644, isazinzulu French sobulumko wabanika inkcazelo yakhe kokuhluma kunye nophuhliso oluqhubekayo lwe uxolo kunye nohlobo ezingqongileyo.

Ngokutsho kwakhe, lo wezijikelezi-langa wabumba nesixhobo zidada ejikelezayo ujikeleza ilanga. Wayekholelwa ukuba umzimba ingohlulwa eliphakathi ifuna ngezantya yokuqhuba eyahlukileyo. Yaye umda umzimba uba yokwenene, ukuba umzimba ihamba, kwaye imisela ukwakheka kwalo kunye nobukhulu. Yonke le fomyula kunye neenkcazelo ke inciphise imizimba nokususwa ngoomatshini. definition Strange, banikwe ulwazi esilufumanayo ngayo ngoku, akunjalo na? Kodwa lowo ngokoluvo ezinye izazi elo xesha.

uluvo Newton malunga neenkqubo indalo iphela

Ezininzi ezahlukeneyo uluvo umdali umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi - Isaak Nyuton. Yena waba kwezezibalo, physics, sobulumko kunye ngeenkwenkwezi. Zonke izigqibo zayo le uMaponyane ezenziwe ngokusekelwe ukuhlola okwenziwa, bezincina ngenyameko kubo. I-Credo ephambili ukuba ibinzana elithi "hypothesis akuthethi ceba!" Impumelelo yenzululwazi ebalulekileyo yaba ukusekwa kwethiyori Newton isindululo iiplanethi iyonke izikhakhamela. Ezinxulumene nale msebenzi, kwafunyanwa gravitation jikelele yaba sisiseko isifundo epheleleyo kwinkqubo heliocentric. umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi Newton ichanile ngakumbi kwaye yenziwa ngempumelelo.

Ngowe-1688, kwenzeka eNgilani the Ozukileyo Revolution. Eli lizwe kule xesha yehlelwa Ukubila lezopolitiko enamandla ukusuka lobukhosi ukuya analogu epheleleyo of Communism. Noko ke, nangona ezenzeka ebomini, umphengululi enkulu bulumko waqhubeka ukusebenza imibhalo bulumko ngehlabathi.

Ifilosofi kunye nenzululwazi ezidlulileyo

umfanekiso ngomatshini zehlabathi Newton sele iwupasisile indlela sameva nzima. Xa inkqubo yokubhala inxalenye yokugqibela umsebenzi wakhe wathi: "Le isahlulo sesithathu, nifuna ngoku ukuphelisa bulumko - oko eli nenekazi efanayo abanekratshi, ukujongana leyo ifana nenxaxheba kwidabi ngokusemthethweni." Ekugqibeleni, ekukhanyeni yaphuma "Mathematical Principles of Philosophy Natural 'yakhe (1687). Le nkqubo ifumene imvume jikelele kwaye iye yaba ingcamango enamandla esekwe kakuhle.

Xa umsebenzi Newton inikwa imisebenzi Copernicus ukufunda isindululo iiplanethi ujikeleza ilanga. Umsebenzi yokugqibela sisazinzulu emithathu umthetho kugqitywe Descartes, Huygens kunye uGalileo kunye nezinye iingqondo elikhulu ixesha, ngaloo ndlela ukuqinisekisa ukusekwa ngakumbi akujonga ngomatshini kunye nokuqonda iinkqubo kwindalo.

Xa iingcinga jikelele malunga zasehlabathini kwinkulungwane elinesixhenxe ngumfanekiso omnye ihlabathi obudalwe iphela. Newton ingqalelo imihla kwisikhongozelo zonke izinto, kunye nexesha - inkqubo elide. Le ndawo obungenasiphelo nokuzimaseka kwexesha.

Ezintathu umthetho Newton kutshanje

Abaninzi imifuniselo Scientist esetyenziswe iinkqubo ebonakalayo phakathi imizimba. Ngexesha imisebenzi wazisa imithetho amathathu esiwasebenzisa namhlanje.
Eyokuqala ithi ukuba amandla lisebenza isizathu yokunyusa umzimba. Zonke iinkqubo ehlabathini badla ekukhawuleziseni izinto unobangela impefumlelwano imizimba.

Umthetho yesibini uthi ukuba amandla phezu into ngexesha elinikiweyo yaye ingongoma elinikiweyo litshintsha isantya wayo, nto leyo ibalwe.

Umthetho wesithathu uthi isenzo lwemizimba phezu omnye luyafana ngamandla malunga kwicala.

Ukuba lowo inqubo Newtonian ngomatshini. Space, ixesha akazange ukunxibelelana nabanye, kuba waphila into eyahlukileyo. Noko ke, inkcazelo ka-Newton wakhonza umfutho utshintsho lwe Outlook kunye yenguqu epheleleyo umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo isithuba ulwalamano - ixesha.

ukuqonda kwakunjalo uhlobo isithuba kunye nexesha?

Kwiminyaka engamakhulu amabini emva koko, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, uAlbert Einstein wathi umfanekiso Newtonian ngomatshini zehlabathi mbandela kunye nendawo Inokuchazwa kuphela phakathi njengesiqhelo, eziqhelekileyo kuthi ehlabathini. Kumanqanaba cosmic bafanekiselwa imithetho azisebenzi kwaye ifuna zokwazisela. Emva koko, lo nzulu liphuhlise ingcamango ka, idibanisa isithuba kunye nexesha zibe kwinkqubo enye.

Noko ke, le ndawo kuphela apho imithetho Newton musa engenamsebenzi zabo. Nokufika nasekufundweni kwamasuntswana cebetshu iimpawu yokuziphatha kwabo kwacaca ukuba kule ndawo kukho imithetho ngendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ba abayinqobo kakhulu, maxa wambi akucingeleki, kwaye ukuphazamisa ukuqonda kwethu njengesiqhelo ixesha kunye nendawo.

Le bezibona ibinzana kuluntu lwezenzululwazi ukuba physics quantum akunakwenzeka ukuba ukuqonda ukuba unokukholwa kuphela, chaza umsantsa omkhulu izimvo malunga elimiweyo zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo kulo kwinqanaba eathom.

Unobangela nesiphumo

Xa inkqubo lokusekwa ukukhulelwa izinto zendalo ejikeleze inqubo Newtonian ngomatshini umisele indlela ngakumbi kwimbali yoluntu. Technology kunye nophuhliso impucuko ngokusondeleyo edibene namava yangaphambili nembopheleleko ezomeleleyo elidlulileyo yakhe akhoyo umfanekiso kwimbono yehlabathi.