Ulwelwe kwiseli: iimpawu zezakhiwo. Abameli of ulwelwe kwiseli

Ihlabathi kwamanzi ebesoloko kwatsala umntu ubhobhoyi wakhe, ubuhle nanto, ukungafani kunye iimfihlelo unexplored. Animals Amazing, izityalo mihle ezinobukhulu obahlukileyo - zonke ezi izinto ezingaqhelekanga musa ukuhamba nabani akanankathalo. Ukongeza iliso obubonakalayo iintlobo eziphambili enezityalo, kukho kwakhona zincinci kwangoku kuphela phantsi ngemicroscope, kodwa loo nto ayithethi ulahlekelwe ukubaluleka kwayo kunye nokubaluleka kwi biomass zizonke yolwandle. Le ulwelwe kweseli olunye-. Ukuba uthatha imveliso lilonke into ephilayo eveliswa zizityalo kwamanzi avelisa uninzi zona, ezi zilwanyana zincinane kwaye emangalisayo.

Lisiza: iimpawu ngokubanzi

Ngokubanzi, ulele - izityalo Subkingdom ezisezantsi. Baya kuba iqela ngezizathu ukuba umzimba sabo amalungu neenkalo, yaye amelwe oluqhubekayo (ngamanye amaxesha dissected) thallus okanye thallus. Endaweni yoko, inkqubo ingcambu kufuneka amalungiselelo uncamathiselo kwi zeendawana kwi rhizoids fomu.

Eli qela eziphilayo inkulu kakhulu, abohlukeneyo ifomu kunye nesakhiwo, indlela yobomi nendlela eziphila. Kukho la macandelo alandelayo kule ntsapho:

• elibomvu;
• brown;
• eluhlaza;
• ngegolide;
• diatoms;
• cryptophytae;
• mthubi-eluhlaza;
• euglenophytes;
• dinoflagellate.

Ngalinye kula masebe ungase wakhiwe ulwelwe elinye ezineseli kunye nabameli abasuka thallus multicellular. Ezi fom zilandelayo eziphilayo nazo zifumaneka:

• yobukoloniyali;
• filamentous;
• Ngokukhululekileyo;
• apha kunye nabanye.

Iimpawu ze ngokuhlelwa unako abaninzi. Enye izezona zibalulekileyo ngokwemiqathango asebenzisekayo - indlela lokunciphisa amandla. Abameli ulwelwe eziluhlaza kwiseli zonke autotrophs, uninzi eziphilayo multicellular kwiklasi enye kwaye enze photosynthesis. Nangona kunjalo, kukho heterotrophic, mixotrophic kunye neefom olwaye lwamfimfitha.

Siza kufunda ngakumbi eziphilayo isakhiwo, impilo kunye nokukotshwa Representatives iye elilodwa ngoweqela kwiiklasi ulwelwe ezahlukeneyo. Vavanya indima yawo kwindalo kunye nobomi babantu.

iimpawu noshowo lona lisiza kwiseli

Ziintoni iimpawu ezithile ezikuvumela zikho ezi eziphilayo ezincinane? Okokuqala, nangona ukuba iseli enye kuphela, kodwa owenza yonke imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yonke ephilayo:

• ukukhula;
• uphuhliso;
• ukudla;
• uphefumlayo;
• nokuzala;
• sesicelo;
• ulwabiwo.

Kwakhona, le eyodwa enye inkalo okusegazini nochuku.

Xa isakhiwo yayo yangaphakathi features ulwelwe kweseli olunye-, uyakwazi kusimangalise abaphandi inxaxheba abangenanto. Isakhiwo esifanayo kunye organelles kunye iiseli ukuba ngakumbi kakhulu kuphuhliswa eziphilayo. I iseli istili unalo ikhono lokunciphisa ukufuma ejikelezileyo, ngaloo ndlela, umzimba ukuze kwamanzi. Oku kuvumela nobulembu sokulungisa ngakumbi ngokubanzi, hayi nje kuphela kweli kweelwandle, iilwandle kunye namanye amaqumrhu ngamanzi, kodwa kumhlaba.

kunye nezinto genetic ngumongo zonke amalungu, ngaphandle lona lisiza blue-eluhlaza, ezo eziphilayo prokaryotic. Kwakhona zibandakanyiwe organelles iseli eqhelekileyo kufuneka:

• mitochondria;
• kukho icytoplasm;
• reticulum endoplasmic;
• izixhobo Golgi;
• lysosomes;
• ribosomes;
• iziko cell.

Osemqoka kuba phambi plastid equlethe ngombala othile (ngokuba yiklorofili, xanthophyll, phycoerythrin, njl). Kwakhona umdla kukuba lisiza elilodwa olunye-ungahambisa ngokukhululekileyo kwikholam kwamanzi misila enye okanye ngaphezulu. Noko ke, asingabo bonke iintlobo. Kukho kwakhona eziqhotyoshelwe imilo zeendawana.

Distribution kanye yokuhlala

Ngenxa yobukhulu amancinci kunye neempawu ezithile zezakhiwo ulele elilodwa olunye-bakwazi ukusasaza ehlabathini lonke. Bona bahlala:

• amanzi;
• iilwandle kunye neelwandle;
• kumgxobhozo;
• phezu kwamatye, imithi, amatye;
• ithafa polar wambu ikhephu ice kunye;
• okugcinwa.

Apho ke nje ayifumaneki! Ngenxa yoko, nostokovye ulwelwe kwiseli enye, imizekelo emsi-eluhlaza okanye icyanobacteria - abemi permafrost Antarctica. Ngenxa ukwakhiwa ngombala ezahlukeneyo, ezi zinto ziphilayo ahonjiswe ngokumangalisayo yomhlaba ngekhephu. It egazi kwikhephu kwi imibala pink, neengubo ezimfusa, eluhlaza, nangemisonto emfusa nemsi, leyo, Kakade ke, ikhangeleka zintle kakhulu.

ulwelwe Green kwiseli enye, imizekelo apho kungakhokelela ezinjalo: chlorella trentepohlia, chlorococcum, pleurococcus - bahlala phezu kwemithi, equka ixolo ukutyabeka eluhlaza. Benza ukuthengwa umbala ofanayo phezu kwamatye, umaleko phezulu amanzi, umhlaba, namawa kunye nakwezinye iindawo. Baya kuba kwiqela somhlaba okanye ezimdaka zasemoyeni.

Ngokubanzi, abameli lona lisiza kwiseli eziningqongileyo thina, phawula nje kunokwenzeka kuphela ngemakroskopu. Emanzini, emoyeni, phezu komhlaba, umhlaba, izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ezihlala kwindawo ebomvu, eluhlaza kunye nezithombo segolide, kunye icyanobacteria.

Veliswa yokuphila

Malunga indlela ubomi Ingca yolwandle ithi kwimeko nganye. Abanye abantu bakhetha ukuba zidade ngokukhululekileyo emanzini, ukwakha phytobenthos. Ezinye iintlobo zezilwanyana ibekwe ngaphakathi emzimbeni, ukuzibandakanya nabo nobuhlobo bokubambisana. Kanti abanye iqhotyoshelwe kwi zeendawana kunye nefom ngamathanga kunye kwayo.

Kodwa phindo lwe lisiza kwiseli - inkqubo efanayo kuwo onke abameli. Eli icandelo eqhelekileyo kwezityalo ezimbini, mitosis. Le nkqubo ngesondo inqabile kakhulu kwaye kuphela phantsi kweemeko ezingentle yobukho.

ukuzala maqanda kuyehla ukuya kwinqanaba elilandelayo.

1. Preparatory. Iseli luyakhula kwaye ziphuhlisa, oluhlala izondlo.
2. Ukunciphisa intshukumo organelle (misila).
3. Inkqubo ukuphindaphindeka DNA iqala kunye nokusekwa ngaxeshanye kwe constriction ezinqamlezayo.
4. Centromere genetic material bulukwe kwiipali ezahlukeneyo.
5. Izikhuseli avale, kwaye iseli iyahlula kubini.
6. Cytokinesis kwenzeka ngaxeshanye zonke ezi nkqubo.

Isiphumo - a iiseli ezintsha intombi efana umzali. ugqibile ukuba ukwakha iindawo kulahleke lomzimba ukuqala ubomi ozimeleyo, ukukhula kunye nophuhliso. Ngenxa yoko, umjikelo wobomi iisampulu kwiseli iqala ize iphele nge uyazahlula kakuhle.

iimpawu noshowo lona lisiza eluhlaza kwiseli

The main phawu - umbala osisityebi oluhlaza, nto leyo iseli. Wachaza ukuba njengenxalenye yiklorofili plastid mbala ukulawule. Kungenxa yoko le eziphilayo bayakwazi photosynthesis, ukuvelisa izinto eziphilayo yena yedwa. Oku kubangelwa azinxulumanise emhlabeni ephakamileyo izihluma.

Kwakhona, iimpawu noshowo lona lisiza eluhlaza kwiseli na imithetho jikelele olulandelayo.

1. zizondlo nanceba - istatshi.
2. Le organelle ngathi chloroplast singqongwe inwebu kabini ukuba ifumaneka kwizityalo eziphezulu.
3. Ukuhamba usebenzisa misila, ixhonti okanye isikali. Kusenokubakho ukusuka kwelinye ukuya ku 6-8.

Kucacile ukuba isakhiwo lona lisiza eluhlaza kwiseli enye ebenza ezikhethekileyo kufutshane nabameli eziququzelelwe kakhulu iintlobo eziphila.

Ngubani bobabo kweli sebe? Abameli edume:

• chlamydomonas;
• Volvox;
• chlorella;
• pleurococcus;
• euglena eluhlaza;
• akrosifoniya nabanye.

Makhe sihlolisise ezimbalwa zezi eziphilayo.

chlamydomonas

Oku kubhekisela ummeli eli sebe, abe nobulembu eluhlaza ezineseli enye. Chlamydomonas - ikakhulu emanzini ephilayo ukuba ezinye iinkalo isakhiwo. Lubonakala yi phototaxis entle (intshukumo ukuya kumthombo wokukhanya), ngenxa yobukho ekupheleni ngaphambili photosensitive iiseli ibhanti.

Indima yezinto eziphilayo Chlamydomonas kukuba njengomvelisi ioksijini ngexesha photosynthesis, kukho umthombo wokutya esibalulekileyo imfuyo. Kwakhona, oku kubangela ukuba nobulembu "eqhubela" kwemizimba yamanzi. Iiseli oko ngokulula ulinywa kwiimeko ngumntu, ngoko khetha Chlamydomonas Genetics libe yinto yophando kunye zaselebhu experiments.

chlorella

Kwiseli enye ulwelwe Chlorella nayo inxulumene kwisebe eluhlaza. Umehluko Its kuzo zonke abanye ukuba uhlala nje ngamanzi acocekileyo, kodwa akanalo cell misila. umthamo photosynthesis kuvumela usebenzisa chlorella njengomthombo ioksijini kwisithuba (kwiinqanawa, imijukujelwa).

Ngaphakathi iseli iqulatha a neseti sondlo kunye neevithamini ezenza le nobulembu uxatyiswa kakhulu njenge ukutya yemfuyo. Nokuba umntu ukutya oko kutya kuya kuba yingenelo kakhulu, kuba-50% ye-protini kumafa yayo ongamile ixabiso lwamandla izityalo ezininzi. Noko ke, njengoko ukutya abantu, solo awukafikeleli on.

Kodwa chlorella iye isetyenziswe ngempumelelo zokuhlanjululwa amanzi eziphilayo. Bukela le ntsholongwane ziyakwazi kuba kwisingxobo yeglasi ngamanzi amileyo. Ezindongeni ayila ukutyabeka mtyibilizi oluhlaza. Le chlorella.

euglena oluhlaza

ulwelwe kwiseli enye i euglena oluhlaza, lalo le euglenophytes kwisebe. Okungaqhelekanga, side kunye ekupheleni etsolo shape umzimba eyenza ihluke kwabanye. Kwakhona unalo iliso ukukhanya-onovakalelo kwaye misila intshukumo esebenzayo. An into umdla kukuba euglena - mixotrophy. Oko sinokubanamandla owahlukeneyo, kodwa ke kwiimeko ezininzi uwugcinayo inkqubo yefotosinthsis.

Kangangexesha elide kwakukho iimbambano malunga yano ephilayo na ubukumkani. Ngokutsho ngakumbi features isilwanyana, kwelinye - isityalo. It uhlala emanzini ongcolileyo organic iintsalela.

pleurococcus

Oku lirhangqwa eziphilayo eluhlaza ezihlala ematyeni, emhlabeni, ilitye, umthi. Yakha patina bamantshontsho oluluhlaza imiphezulu. Lingcwaba lomfo usapho Hetoforovye lisiza eluhlaza Division.

Loo pleurococcus ungalawula emahlathini, njengoko luhlala kuphela kwicala elingasentla imithi.

diatoms

Ulwelwe iintlobo diatom kwiseli enye kwaye yonke enxulumene nayo. Bebonke bakha diatoms, ezo phawu ezahlukeneyo umdla. On top of kwiseli legqunyiwe iqokobhe ezintle kufuze, apho umzekelo a neetyuwa lesilicon zendalo oxide yayo. Ngamanye amaxesha ezi iipatheni ezi engakholelekiyo kangangokuba kubonakala ukuba oku ezinye isakhiwo yezakhiwo okanye umzobo entsonkothileyo wegcisa.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, nabameli diatoms abafileyo zenza iidipozithi ezixabisekileyo yamatye, ezisetyenziswa ngumntu. Njengenxalenye yale iseli esilawulwa xanthophylls, ngoko ke umbala kwezi lisiza segolide. Basimisela ukutya esibalulekileyo nezilwanyana zaselwandle, kuba yinxenye ebalulekileyo ezincinane.

ulwelwe ebomvu

Ngoko ke ezi ntlobo, umbala apho yahluka ukusuka ebomvu ukukhanya-orenji kunye grupo. Njengenxalenye yale iseli esilawulwa ezinye zombala anqanda ngokuba yiklorofili. Thina abanomdla lona lisiza ebomvu, iifom kwiseli enye.

Ukuba eli qela fanele lona lisiza udidi bangievyh, nto leyo iquka iintlobo ezimalunga ne-100. Kwezi, inxalenye ebalulekileyo ibandakanya omnye-elilodwa. Umahluko engundoqo kwayo le carotenes kunye xanthophylls, phycobilins of ngokuba yiklorofili. Oku kucacisa abameli kwisebe ukupeyinta. Kukho izinto ezininzi kakhulu eqhelekileyo phakathi ulwelwe kwiseli ebomvu:

• porfiridium.
• hrootetse.
• geotrihum.
• asterotsitis.

The main yokuhlala - ulwandle kwaselwandle amanzi kwisibanzi ziingcathu. Kwimimandla efudumeleyo, zibe anqabe kakhulu.

Porfiridium

Bukela kumiwa ulwelwe kwiseli lweentlobo, kunye bonke. Zakha igazi-elibomvu umboniso emhlabeni, iindonga kunye nezinye iindawo ezimanzi. izidalwa zodwa kunqabile, ubukhulu becala ubuthe kumathanga engqongwe yencindi yomlomo.

Umntu kusetyenziselwa ukufunda iinkqubo ezifana photosynthesis in kwiseli enye kwaye ukuyilwa iimolekyuli polysaccharide ngaphakathi eziphilayo.

Hrootetse

Le nobulembu nayo kwiseli enye kwaye bobabo kwiSebe ebomvu, udidi bangievyh. main bevumelana osemqoka Its - lo ukuyilwa "imilenze 'uxakaxa ukuba qhoboshela zeendawana. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, le' umlenze 'umzimba unakho igqithe ubukhulu phantse izihlandlo ezingama-50. Yencindi yenziweyo iseli ngokwayo kwinkqubo yobomi.

Ulohlalisa lo mzimba kwimihlaba nazo zenze ukutyabeka ebonakalayo ebomvu, mtyibilizi ukuya ngaphandle kwebala.