Turkmens umSiriya - oobani noobani ke? icala kabani ulwa Turkmens umSiriya?

Ubukho kwabantu ezifana umSiriya Turkmens abanomdla iziganeko e Syria bakwazi ukufunda kutshanje kuphela, emva kokuba bomber Russian yadutyulwa phantsi kufutshane nomda Turkish. Ngabaqhubi, abaye bakwazi isilinge waza wadutyulwa emoyeni. wabulawa Omnye wabo, ziyahlelwa ezinye iinkcukacha yesibini ixesha ziphikisana. WaseSiriya Turkmen, adubula Russian, wathi bazixhela zombini abaqhubi. Kamva, evela kwimithombo ethembekileyo, oko kwazeka ukuba co-pilot wahlangulwa kwaye athathwa ngexesha nokusebenza yokukhangela nokuhlangula.

Ngoobani na Turkmens umSiriya? Yiyiphi indawo kukho abantu kuyo emfazweni lwangoku?

Ukuba sijonge imbali ...

Sisihlandlo sokuqala imbonakalo Turkmens kummandla kunye nezizwe Oguz ilungu kwinkulungwane IX. Ngokomthetho abantu zokuhlala sredneaziyskimi yakuMbindi Mpuma kunye Asia Minor amazwe iqala kwinkulungwane XI, xa ngoncedo lwe ngabavukeli Turkish Seljuks esekwe ulawulo lwabo apha. Phantsi Ukuhlasela lo Mongol Seljuk kokuwa koMbuso. Ebudeni bolawulo Ottoman (ukususela XIV ukuya kwele-1922) Turkmens waseSiriya kumhlaba mihla ka-Aram (Aleppo, Hama, Latakia, Homs, Tartus, Idlib, Dzharablus) ukukhusela nabasemzini, ngokungqinelana izimiso lamaMuslim womnyaka Hajj. Ukususela ngelo xesha, abameli amaninzi abantu abahlala kwezi ndawo.

Ngexesha nomsebenzi French, abanye bafudukela eDamasko.

iinkozo yokunganeliseki

Phambi kokuba imfazwe iqalile, Turkmens yaba Limi malunga-wesithandathu omnye kummandla Aram. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukahlukeneyo, inani labo - 3 kunye nesiqingatha sesigidi, apho kwesiqingatha sesigidi ukuthetha ulwimi lweenkobe. Unqulo wesininzi - i Sunnis (isebe kakhulu emininzi Islam), kukho kwakhona i Alawites (enye iintshukumo ezininzi qembu amaSilamsi zenkolo).

Ikakhulu abameli abantu abathatha inxaxheba kwishishini yezihlangu, baphethe i iifektri kwisixeko Aleppo, abasebenzi nabo ezi nkampani Turkmens. Kukho phakathi kwabo abezopolitiko, amanani yenkcubeko, yomkhosi kunye izazinzulu (ngakumbi, owayesakuba waseSiriya yoKhuselo UMphathiswa Hassan al-Turkmani).

Kwiminyaka engama-30 ngenxa yokuba urhulumente waseSiriya wenziwe lo mgaqo-nkqubo nokwenziwa abameli abantu evinjwa amalungelo amaninzi. Abazange bakwazi ukungenela kwiiklabhu kunye namaqela. Yokuba balelwa ukuncokola, apapashe iincwadi, ukufunda ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe.

Ukuya kutsho kwixesha elithile kweminquba yabo ebonisa ukunganeliseki kunye norhulumente yangoku.

Oko lwandulelwe impi enkulu?

Kweli xesha ukususela ngo-2006 ukuya ku-2011, ngaphezu kwesiqingatha zamazwe waseSiriya zahlasela imbalela. Ukungabi-nkqubo yezoqoqosho kwakhokelela ekubeni ukwanda komhlaba, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezityalo nemfuyo. Ngokwe-UN kunye Cross Olubomvu ngo-2010 ngokungqinelana nyaka, malunga nezigidi zabantu nganeno ngaseludinini yindlala.

Uluntu lwasemaphandleni ke imfuduko yokunikana imizi. Kwisixeko Aleppo ngo-2011, kwakukho 200,000 iimbacu. Intswela-20%. Amandla zezopolitiko akuvumelani norhulumente, ziye ivalwa.

Efuna ukwamkelwa izisombululo yentlalo nje, ethno-confessional amaqela Sunnis, Alawites, Kurds yaye amaKristu ndawonye baza besuka bema ukuba alwe.

Izinto ezibangela le dubulo

Imithombo bathi esona sizathu siphambili ukuqala i Arab Spring zavuthwa uqhume ngokusebenzisa ukungoneliseki ulawulo ngegqudu abantu ithumba ngayo ngumongameli sithuba, urhwaphilizo kwizikhundla eziphezulu amandla, ukuqhubela zonqulo ephikisanayo kunye njalo njalo. N.

Ngokutsho umhlaziyi kwezopolitiko, iingxaki waseSiriya yangaphakathi yaba emhlabeni otyebileyo bawaphembelela ungquzulwano lwangaphandle.

"Umlilo ukuya umsonto" wasibeka phandle.

Njengoko zintatheli of The Wall Street Journal Chraitia Malas no Carol Lee, kangangeminyaka eliqela, abameli wolawulo US yabamba iingxoxo ekhusini abasebenzi izixhobo zikarhulumente kubantu waseSiriya yokuqasha ukulungele ukukhuthaza mbho- kunye ukugxothwa ngumongameli yangoku yelizwe yeBhodi.

Chronicle woqhankqalazo

Kwinyanga ngaphambi kokuba zaqalwa (ekupheleni kuka Januwari 2011), umbutho eziyingozi 'revolution waseSiriya "eyenziwe" Facebook "ukubiza ukuba ukuvukela urhulumente Bashar al-Assad.

Ekuqaleni, imiboniso anti-zikarhulumente aliphelelanga, de irallie mass oluqale ngoMatshi 15 Darayya. Olu qhankqalazo ngathi imeko e Tunisia naseYiphutha. Kungekudala emva uqhankqalazo ibuye ibe ngokupheleleyo-scale esaqungeni apho lonke.

Kwabaneenkani madoda ajongana amatanki, ingakumbi kwiindawo abavukeli anqamka amanzi nombane, omkhosi wokhuselo athimba ukutya kunye nomgubo lwabantu.

Umkhosi karhulumente aye kungqinga isixeko Darayya, Aleppo, Hama Duma, Homs, Latakia kunye nabanye. Amajoni angavumiyo umlilo phezu abahlali, badutyulwa kuloo ndawo.

Abo bavukeli kunye defectors ukusuka umkhosi kwakhiwa amaqela emfazweni, ukuba lasungula iphulo wezigalo owawusilwa umkhosi karhulumente. Ngaloo ndlela ke udale Free waseSiriya Army. Kulo lonke eli lizwe, baqala kwimilo enogonyamelo.

Ukwanda ubudlova

Abasemagunyeni basabela ingcinezelo abangcangcazelisi izixholoxholo kweli lizwe shirilis namarhe inkohlakalo iiyunithi omkhosi rhoqo ngokunxulumene abemi baloo mizi eneenkani.

izohlwayo EU zabekwa nxamnye neSiriya. Kodwa ekunyukeni kwembambano nomfutho, inani lamaxhoba lakhula.

Ekuveleni 2011-2012, urhulumente uqalisa ukusebenzisa zokudubula kunye namatanki kubantu abaziinjubaqa. Disemba 26 kwamatanki Homs isebenzile amakhaya.

Kwamanye amazwe, abantu yokulwisana Assad ulawulo, abathathi-nxaxheba benze nokubulawa kwabantu yozakuzo sisiva. I-US kunye UK ndirhoxise nabathunywa babo evela eDamasko.

Ngo-Apreli 2012, Assad izama ukusombulula ngoxolo imbambano. Ilizwe ubhengeze isgqibo, ukwamkela liso UN.

Ngokuba lixesha sokuqala kwisiqingatha senkulungwane e Syria ziye zabamba unyulo lamaqela ngamaqela apho ogqiba awodwa "National Unity" (Baath Party).

Nangona uxolo wathi, ukulwa abaxhobileyo.

Ukuthatha inxaxheba inkcaso yamanye amazwe

Longquzulwano ziquka ezinye ithi: kukho inkxaso kunye ngezikhali abavukeli umAram ngu ukumkani ngeoli nePersian Gulf. Iran uthethelela urhulumente waseSiriya. Russian Federation ukunika izixhobo sakulukhusela ku Assad.

Ngehlobo lowe-2012, sinomzamo evulekileyo ongena Turkey on June 22, wadubula phantsi inqwelo-moya umlweli Turkish phezu kwintsimi waseSiriya.

I-UN kunye Cross Red iye yayiqwalasela ngokusemthethweni ningavisisani-Aram ukuba imfazwe yamakhaya.

Nceda Russian

NgoMatshi 2015, imikhosi anti-urhulumente, omnye emva komnye kulawula imizi waseSiriya. I Palmyra LIH wayithimba benza ekubulaweni kwenqwaba, ukulahla kunye 400-450 abahlali, amajoni kunye nenkxaso karhulumente (ingakumbi abafazi).

Emva kokuba ihlobo LIH 2015 imisebenzi e Al Hasaka kwanyanzeleka ukuba amawaka-60. Abantu.

Kungekudala, inani neembacu, ngokutsho uqikelelo UN, sele ifikelele amawaka 200.

Ngehlobo lowe-2015 eUnited States ndifumene ubungqina intsebenziswano amagosa Turkish kunye LIH.

NgoSeptemba LIH endaweni ngokupheleleyo amajoni Assad ukusuka kwiphondo Idlib, bambamba ioli yokugqibela intsimi ( "Jazan"), phantsi kolawulo amajoni karhulumente, i Airbase Abu al-Duhur.

Assad icele uncedo Russian, yaye ngoSeptemba 30, moya Russian waqalisa ukusebenza ngomhla abalwi zeziseko ukukhomba lugwayimbo. Emva iveki nokukhulula-moya Russian baqalisa ngokuphumelela omkhulu ekhubekisayo yomkhosi waseSiriya, apho imikhosi urhulumente waqala ukulawula ezininzi zeli lizwe.

Ngakubani yaseSiriya Turkmens?

Ngokutsho Associated Press, abameli abantu baba phakathi kwabantu bokuqala ukuxhasa imvukelo wezigalo owawusilwa ngumongameli ngoku, ngoncedo nenkxaso ye Ankara.

Ngo-2012, i-Turkmens umSiriya ukudala nempi yakhe, afikelela ngaphaya kwe-10 amawaka abantu. Le imikhosi exhobileyo efakwe kwiindawo ezininzi Iraq neSiriya. Umkhosi wamajoni balwa imfazwe nxamnye uMongameli Assad kunye namaqela I. Kwimithombo ethembekileyo kuyaziwa ukuba basebenzise abalwa zabo impukane amaqela Sizibandakanye abahlohli ukusuka emandleni-umxhasi.

Turkmens umSiriya ne Turkey

Emva ekuqaleni kule mfazwe yamakhaya yaseSiriya imeko yabantu kweli lizwe aya engaboni kakuhle. Wafumana ngokwakhe kukhangelana ebusweni belinye iqela ezinzulu: umkhosi Bashar al-Assad, le linjalo ezinkulu IG neembambaniso nokusungula. Ankara wenza njengoko umxhasi. UmSiriya Turkmens and Turkey - yintoni uqhagamshelwano? Abameli kule uhlanga, ohlala e-Aram kunye Iraq, ezinento kubantu, kubemi Turkey, leyo bavumelana ngokuxhasa ngokupheleleyo kubo ngenxa isibophelelo sihambe ngendlela kwehle nkqubo wawunesisa kuyo.

Kucacile ukuba Ankara ayikho okungaka uxhalela iingxaki zabantu kakubi eSiriya, njengoko zawo - ezopolitiko kunye nezoqoqosho.

Ngoncedo ezaxhobela Turkmen kumda ukudala counterweight eziyimfuneko Kurdu self-yokuzikhusela. Ngaphezu koko, ukuba nenxaxheba ekunikeni ngokungemthetho intsebenziswano IG. imbono Political musa bucala ukuba eTurkey efuna ukuba umqalisi of abavakalelwa obuzimele phakathi Turkmen, kunye nexesha ukubandakanya kumalungu alo ilizwe waseSiriya, bahlala khona.

Positioning ngokwalo njengendlela welungelo zabacinezelwa, Ankara ibandakanya ukhuseleko bakhe iziganeko umdla-ezicwangcisiweyo.

impikiswano waseSiriya

Ngokutsho imithombo enokuthenjwa, Turkey iye yathath 'inxaxheba ngomba ekuthiwa-Aram.

Enye yeeprojekthi isiba maxongo "utshaba", oququzelelwe Ankara, umAram Turkmen. Ngokuba imfazwe lowo, abameli inkulu yesithathu abantu belo lizwe? Indlela wachaphazeleka game somnye? Yintoni asigcinele kulo mdlalo yedwa?

Ankara waqalisa ukunceda amalungu ngxi 90, xa umbutho uncedo mutual kakubi "Bayir-Bucak" zadalwa.

Ngo-2011, wadala "waseSiriya Turkmen Movement", ogama njongo - ukufowunela abantu ukuba bathathe inxaxheba ukuvukela Assad.

Created ofisi eziliqela kwizixeko Turkey kunye nomda with "yekhasi uxanduva" ezisisigxina: imvukelo e Aleppo liliso Gazantipskogo ye ofisi, abavukeli e Latakia - evela Yayladağı, abavukeli e-al-Raqqa - evela Akdzhala.

Ukongezelela, "waseSiriya Turkmen Democratic Movement" ulawula imisebenzi eliphikisayo Aram. Phakathi namanyathelo acetywayo bombutho - ukukhululwa eendaba ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe, ukwakhiwa kanomathotholo, izikolo. Injongo yale ntliziyo yi Turkization kumazwe kumantla umSiriya, nto leyo kwixesha elizayo imali ukuze bafune ngokwahlukana, ukuzimela uqhagamshelwano ilizwe ezikufutshane, "lula" ukuba agqibe lonke elo lizwe.

Turkmens umSiriya ukudala umkhosi wabo, ngokubonakalayo Ngokubambisana elalicheba abavukeli. Okwangoku, kukho iiyunithi 14 empi. Ayavumelana kwi "Gang of Turkmen entabeni." namabutho Latakia umthetho yi Mohamed Awad e Aleppo kwinkumanda yomkhosi bavukeli yi Ali Basher.

Nangona amaqela empi 2012 ekulweni kunye namajoni karhulumente, umkhosi wamajoni nokusungula kunye LIH, ngo-Agasti 2015 yinkokeli Mejlis imfuneko yokuseka olusemthethweni yomkhosi Syria Turkmen wathi. Umkhosi kufuneka sikhusele abantu sentlambululo uhlanga olwenziwe lutshaba, azigqogqayo zingabikho emizini abantu. Ngoko lokucheba umSiriya Turkmen Kurds kwidolophu Tel Abyad kwanyanzeleka ukuba asabe abemi amabini amawaka. amajoni Assad waza wabakhupha Aleppo, oononkala kunye nezinye izixeko.

Inani mkhosi ekuthiwa wayezimisele 5000. Njengenxalenye yale amaqela aphikisayo khona 1000. Kungenzeka, koko wawagayela kumabutho omkhosi ezikhethekileyo Turkish phezu umba ngabavukeli.

gambit Turkish

Kufuneka ke ukuba iinjongo abavukeli Aram kunye Ankara zahluke thile.

Okokuqala, lo inkcaso akazange ukwamkela projekthi Ankara ukwenzela federalization kweli lizwe. arhente intelligence anomdla kufuneka luthathele ingqalelo ukuba kwiiwadi zabo ukhetha "single iSiriya." Ngoko ke, ngenxa yalo yokugqibela, Ankara lwenziwe indalo le "waseSiriya Turkmen Platform" kule nkomfa wokuqala ukuba abavukeli wayethenjiswe yonke inkxaso. Ezinye oosomashishini Turkish sele inxaxheba kule projekthi, ecacisa ngokwayo inxaxheba ngakumbi kwezopolitiko lizwe akhululwe Assad.

Okwesibini, imisebenzi ye-IG, abo balwa nxamnye amaqela Turkmen, Ankara yingenelo. Enyanisweni, uthabathe uhlaselo moya Russian ngoNovemba 2015, Turkey yaxhasa i IG. Ngokutsho ulwazi oluthembekileyo, imali yayo uluntu kunye nemibutho zinika uncedo elikhulu IG. Ankara ijonga kubaluleke ngokwesicwangciso kuba Ulaneka imida nincokola sendleleni lwamafutha kwimimandla elawulwa IG ukuya eTurkey, ukusuka apho waya kwilizwe IG inkxaso lothutho kweempahla ezifunekayo Fighters, izixhobo kunye iiyunifomu.

Ankara kubaluleke kakhulu ukulawula labemi Turkmen nokugcina abavakalelwa yayo anti-government.

Eneneni, abantu ziqhutywa bathinjwa ukuzithethelela angaphandle Ankara. Xa filing wayo, waba lilungu ungquzulwano wamagazi.

izimangalo Military nxamnye Turkmens umAram ngu 席 ngu inyanzela Kurds kunye IG kungakhokelela ilahleko enkulu kakhulu kwaye nokwandisa inani yimbacu phakathi kwabo. Kwakhona Ankara uye kule meko ezithile izahlulo yezopolitiko.

Mussiruya namarhe malunga kohlanga abantu Turkmen, oluqhutywa yi-Assad clan, ekukholelwa ukuba umhlaba ochumileyo Alawite - ngentsebenziswano yazo ngo-nkonzo, Ankara ugxininisa indima yayo welungelo abantu abacinezelweyo lokuzalwa. Ngoko ke, urhulumente ufuna ukuba acele inkxaso abemi baso ngemithetho yaso kwi kokuyaphula sinqumo umbuso yaseSiriya.

A utshaba entsha, ezafumana abamelwane zokuxheshisela "ukukhanya" waseSiriya Turkmen - Russian. Kwaye ke musa ukwenza nantoni na, kodwa ukulwa nayo.

Yintoni elandelayo?

Ngokutsho data Reuters, ukususela ekuqaleni lwemisebenzi e Syria (Septemba 2015 th-) ekuncedeni kuMongameli Assad ukuya eqalile ukufa pilot Russian (24 Novemba), eRashiya ebezihamba Turkmens waseSiriya izihlandlo 17. Ngokutsho mmeli Russian wezoKhuselo yoMphathiswa, kummandla imizi Kesladshuk, Salma, Gmam, apho uninzi lwawo abamele abantu, amaqela nigwilike isiseko wamandla abakufumana kunzima kunye nomongameli ngoku, nangoncedo lezimangalo umoya atshitshise komhlaba iimbumbulu igcinwe, izithuba umyalelo, isityalo , nto leyo eyenza namabhanti shahid.

Ngokutsho iintatheli, isiphumo iziqhushumbisi Russian yaba inani elininzi ezafa, amawaka iintsapho ezibalekele emdeni.

Novemba 24 Turkish Air Force phantsi benze waphula umda wadubula phantsi a Russian SU-24. Defence Ministry isithethi saliwe ngaphandle kwemvume. Bomber yawa kuye kwiikhilomitha ezimbalwa phezu kummandla Aram. Phezu komhlaba, kunye nendawo lamaqela Turkmen labaqhubi Russian catapulted wavula umlilo. ngqwayi wabulawa, esasihamba kuhlangulwa. Ngenxa yesifo ihelikopta nodaka Mi-8 wabulawa elwandle-ikontraki.

Ngengomso emva kweso siganeko, umongameli Russian uthe ekuhlaseleni Russian kwenziwa e Latakia (indawo imigulukudu yoxinaniso) ukusebenza nxamnye IG.

UMongameli Turkish wathi kuloo ndawo umiwe ngabantu kuphela noxolo, kunye Ankara unesibophelelo yokubakhusela.

Njengoko ingxelo ngayo iintatheli Western, emva kweso siganeko, iziqhushumbisi ze Siriya Aviation Turkmen Russian ifumene unobumba omkhulu. Ngokutsho amangqina, i ngamandla lezimangalo umoya wayengekho ukususela ekuqaleni imfazwe. moya Russian e Latakia watshabalalisa indawo i "waseSiriya Army Free" kunye ngabemi lwezindlu.

imisebenzi Military kwanyanzeleka ukuba ashiye abantu ngaphezu amawaka asixhenxe amakhaya abo. Ngokutsho Anadolu Arhente, zikhangela iindawo ezininzi ngoxolo ngemihla yokugqibela kaNovemba kunyaka ophelileyo, ngaphezu kwamawaka amabini abameli basaba abantu, baya wasezantsi umxhasi eli lizwe.