Synchrony - it ... synchronic kwaye zokuhlaziya Ezolimi ku

Ezolimi - ayilo inzululwazi elula. Kubonakala ukuba ukufunda ngolwimi kunokwenzeka kude kube sekupheleni, kodwa ixesha elininzi abantu baba kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi ukuzama ukufumana iintsingiselo yophuhliso zayo, ukuseka ezinye regularities, ukuchonga izinto ezichaphazela utshintsho kuye. Xa imisebenzi abaphandi abaninzi Babedla ngokudibana elithi "diachrony kunye synchrony", nto leyo yahlula isifundo kwiilwimi ezimbini. Yintoni oyena nobangela la magama yaye kutheni kuchaphazela imfundiso Ezolimi?

qala iingcaciso

ulwimi Synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya zinxulumene ingqikelelo yexesha. Kwimeko yokuqala, ulwimi iqondwa njenge inkqubo emile, yaye into yokufunda Ezolimi ubalule wayo nangawuphi na umzuzu.

Kwimeko zokuhlaziya nasekusungulweni kolwimi, yonke imiphumela yayo akhe uhlobo ulandelelwano, emva koko ulwimi ixabisa kwimeko yayo yangoku. Ukuba acha- umsebenzi IA Baudouin de iCourtenay, yolwimi Polish ngenkulungwane ye-19, siyabona ukuba synchronic kwaye zokuhlaziya - yinto efanayo statics kunye namandla, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

UFerdinand de Saussure kunye imfundiso yakhe

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala esazisa la magama kwi Ezolimi Swiss uFerdinand de Saussure. Synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya, ngokwembono yakhe, basenokuvana: it - nto zombini ixesha ngendaleko, iyasebenza kule langoku ngaxeshanye imveliso yexesha elidlulileyo. Saussure uthi diachrony - yinto uthotho yokuzivelela apho ngexesha elinye ungabona inqanaba libe linye kuphela uphuhliso. Wokuhlangana onke amanqanaba indlela ende ukubonisa iinguqu kwafuneka ukuba bapase ulwimi phambi kokuba ifike meko likuyo ngoku.

A olulandelelanayo - uthotho izigaba abalandelanayo ezalanayo, oko kukuthi, akukho uphuhliso kunye nefuthe kwexesha, kukho kuphela ulwimi karhulumente ngalo mzuzu.

Intsimi entsha Ezolimi

Uyaqhubeka umsebenzi wayo Saussure ukuqaliswa kweendawo ezimbini ezintsha ze Ezolimi, leyo ufunda Ezolimi synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya kulo. Kwimeko yokuqala, Ezolimi synchronic, ujoliso elements zonxibelelwano ulwimi, oko kukuthi, yonke le nkqubo iyonke. Ngaphezu koko, le synchrony usekelwe kwimbono ulwimi zonke zayo zosasazo, zayo nokwamkelwa nemibutho sezingqondweni.

Ngokuphathelele Ezolimi zokuhlaziya, esebenza kunye izinto ezifanayo, kodwa iqwalasela kubo sonke, ngaphandle malunga nendlela yokuba ziqondeka yingcamango nemibutho. izinto ulwimi landela omnye komnye yaye inkqubo - elo ithisisi of Ezolimi zokuhlaziya eziphambili.

Imithombo ye ulwazi synchrony kunye diachrony

Synchrony - isifundo eziqalelo nolwimi olunye kuphela, kunokuba ukutshiza phezu amisiweyo, nokuba ngaba oko iilwimi ezinxulumene kwixesha elinye ixesha. Diachrony nako ukusebenza ngeelwimi ezininzi ngaxeshanye, bethelekisa izinto zazivelela lweziqalelo zabo. Ulwazi malunga into yabo yokufunda Ezolimi synchronic lifumana kuphela izifundo, phakathi apho intsebenziswano intetho, ngoxa zokuhlaziya kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukuvavanya kunye namava elidlulileyo, uthabathe ingqalelo kuphuhliso lolwimi - oko kukuthi, liceba izinto ngaphezu synchronic.

Zithini izizathu?

Ezolimi Synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya ukubalisa kwakhona ukuba amacandelo athile kuyo. Statics, okt Ezolimi synchronic, ukusebenza kunye igrama jikelele - ukuba libonisa ngokupheleleyo ubudlelwane phakathi zoonke ulwimi. Ngokwahlukeneyo, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba synchrony ityekele lula data enemiqathango, kungenjalo inkqubo zolwimi kwaye ayiyi isimo.

Ezolimi zokuhlaziya kwakhona ijolise nefonetiki, kuba izandi soze ilungiswe kuyo nayiphi na imeko mnye: ixesha zinenjongo edibene lweentsingiselo fashion kunye izinto, balungisa yokubiza rhoqo. Yiyo loo nto ke into engundoqo isifundo Ezolimi olutshintshayo.

Kunye okanye ingulowo?

Saussure, ngubani yaqalisa ingqiqo Ezolimi, synchrony kunye diachrony, wagxininisa ukuba kunjalo azikwazi ifunxwe, ngokuba le miba Ezolimi ezijongene omnye komnye. Kodwa wavuma nesibakala sokuba izazi adla Ezolimi synchronic, unako ukunika iimpendulo kwimibuzo emininzi ulwimi, lo gama nokufunda abathetha ulwimi - Ebheka nje isixhobo, thaca nasekusungulweni yeemeko saa, ezinye apho akusoloko zifikeleleke ziqhele.

Ewe, static ukudala ulwimi balance ezifuneka kakhulu, kodwa ngaphandle diachrony bekuya kuba nzima ukuba izinto zazivelela yayo engaphezulu.

Ukuzalana synchrony kunye diachrony

Kwangaxeshanye asikwazi ukuba synchrony - ngumfanekiso kuphela imeko yangoku lwimi. Ezolimi Synchronic akakwazi ukubonisa imeko ulwimi ngenkulungwane ye-11, kunye 16 - kulo naliphi na ixesha lekhefu. Hi ndlela leyi, besebenzisa ezo ndidi synchrony kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu ulwimi nophuhliso: kwenye kwicandelo uzakuvela kamva shwaka okanye inokuzitshintsha (umzekelo, ngokuhamba kwexesha le mihla Russian ulwimi Wazisusa izikhamiso izandi, lutshintsho yokubiza amanye amaqabane lwendibaniso, isifo sigaba kunye animation of ezingaphiliyo). Ngawo le "ubuthathaka", yaye element elitshintshayo kunokwenzeka ukufunda ngendaleko ulwimi, oko kukuthi, xa kuqwalaselwe imbonakalo yawo zokuhlaziya.

Uqikelelo Synchronic and zokuhlaziya

Zingaphi izihlandlo sele sitshilo, synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya ngolwimi zihlobene. izinto ezahlukeneyo unobangela wayo zazivelela, lo gama inxenye izinzile zigcinwa kwi amacandelo synchronic, oyinxalenye ubuntu kolwimi, ukudala umahluko ukusuka zonke ezinye iziyelelane bade ezinxulumene usapho. Synchronic kunye zokuhlaziya kwi Ezolimi ezihlobeneyo enye kuphela, ngokuvumela, ngokusekelwe kuhlalutyo nasekusungulweni ulwimi nisingasinga izimvo inezilayo zayo synchronic kwizigaba ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso, ukuqikelela ukuziphatha kwakhe elizayo: khetha amakhonkco ezintsha "ubuthathaka", nto leyo eza kuxhomekeka ngokutsha kungekudala, yaye ngaphezulu namandla ahlanganise into egxothiweyo zigaba ezininzi izinto zazivelela ulwimi. Ngokuba lo Ezolimi enezinto kufuneka bajolise ingqalelo yabo kuphela izinto ngamnye, kodwa kwakhona kwi kuphuhliso kwinkqubo yonke.

Ukufunda ulwimi Russian: Limbo

Ke kaloku, ukuba sele Siyazi ingqikelelo synchrony kunye diachrony, zama ukuhlola sonke sisondele ulwimi Russian ukusuka kwindawo imbono kwezi nkalo zimbini Ezolimi. Okokuqala, ingxoxo malunga iqela iilwimi bobabo yaseRussia, wenziwe ixesha elide: umntu uthi zeqela Finno-Ugric (kodwa ke eendaba Russian kufuneka aqonde kunye iilwimi eScandinavia, leyo, ngelishwa, bona bengekho) abanye zibonisa ukuba akubanga ngaphandle kwempembelelo Tatar (apha ibali elifanayo kunye Scandinavians - i-Tatar ulwimi amathuba ukuqonda eendaba mihla Russian nazo).

Xa kufika ubuKristu kumhlaba Russian kukho icandelo lokuqala ulwimi synchronic: ngentetho ka Rus Intshabalalo yaMandulo kuvela amabala ibandla-incwadi Old Church, apho kusekho yayintsha uninzi abemi abaqhelekileyo.

Esona sabelo yesibini: i window eYurophu

I synchronic line cut olandelayo kuba ezi kwiinkulungwane 17 18. Ewe, yena kude kakhulu ukusuka ekuqaleni, kodwa kwisithuba kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa eRashiya, nto leyo ngokwembali urhulumente evaliweyo ngokwanelisayo, utshintsho ngolwimi encinane kakhulu kwenzeka. Ngenkulungwane ye-17, uPetros Okokuqala, Wayixakaxa window eYurophu, lifezekisa ngolwimi lwabo lweenkobe waboleka isixa esikhulu amagama, kunye namagama nje asemzini.

Ukususela ngalo mzuzu kunye kwenkosi entsha ngalinye lolwimi Russian kuya amagama ngakumbi amazwe, ukudibanisa turnovers ezintsha lungelelanisa, uyilo, arhoxise ilungelo lakhe lokufuna ezinye izakhiwo zalo (umzekelo, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ulahlelwa phandle ekuthiwa yokubiza, nangoku ugcinwe kwi Ukrainian kunye Polish: .. Mamo, mzalwana, njalo-njalo), litshintsha isakhiwo sayo phonetic (ukuba thelekisa ulwimi Russian kwenkulungwane ye-17 asikiweyo wakhe wokuqala synchronic, oko kuya kubonakala ukuba isiqingatha izikhamiso lokuqala izandi isusiwe yolwimi lula ngathi, wongezelela, ngasendleleni, ukuhlanganiswa izandi ezingoonombini).

benga Synchronic ulwimi mihla Russian

Synchrony - umboniso sisiphumo sophuhliso ulwimi zokuhlaziya. Ukuba sithelekisa esona sabelo yesibini synchronic ka Russian mihla, kuba kucacile ukuba ulwimi kweyama embalwa edlulileyo, ngakumbi lula. Enkosi kuPetros, bekukho igrama lokuqala jikelele aqulethe imithetho inyanzelekile kubo bonke. Namhlanje kukho nokuyinto kukho ukwehla imithetho enxulumene into yokuba amanye abathwali ukuze abangasaziyo ngokupheleleyo ngolwimi. Ewe, kukho archaisms, ezinye izakhiwo kunye namabinzana kunzima ngokwenene ukucacisa, kodwa ngaxeshanye babesoyika yesiphithi-ntetho, oko ngenkani ngendaleko, kungekhona uhlengahlengiso abagwebi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uhlalutyo lubonisa zokuhlaziya ukuba kuqhubeka phikelela eboleka amagama basemzini, baza ngokuthe ngcembe indawo Russian ubudala ubudala, emva komzuzwana uqale zinyamalele ethile amandla wembali, enika indlela jikelele kwenze lula.

isiphelo

Ngoko ndiyazi intsingiselo 'olulandelelanayo "thina, siyayiqonda umahluko kwekota nenkcubeko diachrony yakhe. Ukongeza, siye saqonda kungekuphela nje enye ingcali yale la magama, kodwa ucazululo encinane ulwimi Russian. Ngethemba, le magama complex baye kancinane kufutshane twisisekaka.