Mainboard - yintoni na le nto? Izixhobo kunye iimpawu eziphambili

Umzali ( "motherboard» / Motherboard), okanye, ngamanye amazwi, ukuba motherboard - kuba yinxalenye ye computer siqu. ukubonakala kwakhe kufana ipleyiti textolite rhoqo, nto leyo kukuninzi i ubhedu iingcingo, izihlanganisi, uthungelwano, kunye nezinye iinkcukacha. Ukuze ufake ulwimi owomileyo lwaseburhulumenteni, ibhodi - lo yunithi indibano enkulu.

izihlanganisi bayo kunye ujongano zibekiwe onke amacandelo ikhompyutha siqu: kumqhubekekisi engundoqo, ikhadi ukwanda, ikhadi levidiyo, okanye ikhadi, RAM kunye hard drive kunye nezinye izixhobo zokugcina / readers ulwazi.

Ukongeza, le motherboard - yinto abaphumeza ezandleni angaphandle kunye nenkonzo neuropathy. Kweyahlukeneyo i nezidibanisi kwi esingasemva motherboard Connect a mouse, yezitshixo, yomshicileli, monitor, vuavanyisi, zonxibelelwano izixhobo, kunye nezinye izixhobo.

Ukuze yonke le iyantlukwano uye wasebenza njengoko kufuneka, ufuna unikezelo lwamandla lesibini, okt ibhodi unit nkqubo kufuneka adityaniswe kumthombo nge isinxibelelanisi yokuqala. Ezi ujongano baxhotyisiwe ikakhulu nge "azisebenzi" ezizodwa, apho umdlali uye amaqhosha Faka iplastiki kwaye inga yenye kuphela, ngendlela echanekileyo. imigaqo efanayo zinonxibelelwano kunye nezinye nezidibanisi, okt umenzi ngobulumko waqinisekisa ukuba izakhi nabizayo ngokuphuma ukuze ngenxa kweentambo ezingachanekanga. Ezi yehlukile Motherboards ezininzi amanqugwala: Asrock, MSI, «GB", "Asus" kunye nabanye.

motherboard ifomu zinto

Form Factor motherboard umisela amanqaku obandayo njani kwisisu semoto. Kwakhona, iindidi ezahlukeneyo makhadi ilungiselelo ezikhethekileyo izihlanganisi amandla, inani lwenjongano loqhakamshelwano kwimida kunye namacandelo ngaphakathi, kwakunye nendawo zazo. Emva kokufunda bonke kunokwenzeka iindidi ezintathu ezisisiseko motherboards. Phantse zonke brand, njengoko bathi, kudliwano-ndlebe, zizixhasa ngokupheleleyo le migangatho, okt inkqubo ibhodi MSI, "Asus", "Samsung", "GB 'kwaye ngoko Asrock. N.

IFomu Factor:

1. Mini-ITX. Ubukhulu zincinane ibhodi kunye nenani oluncinane lwenjongano kunye iprosesa rhoqo sele ezimanyeneyo (ukhetho mali).
2. Micro-ATX. Uphawu mainboard ichazwa njengokuba avareji ngokwalo functionality. ubukhulu eyamkelekileyo ezahlukeneyo kwaye igqalwa ukhetho best for a PC ekhaya, nangona kunye iseti encinane lwenjongano for peripherals zomntu wesithathu. Kaninzi enqanaweni chipset motherboard ifakwe ethile, kodwa hayi ezibalulekileyo umsebenzi elikhulu i PC ekhaya.
3. Standart-ATX. Ubukhulu inkulu leqela uluhlu olupheleleyo chipsets. Kuye inani elaneleyo lwenjongano ukugqibezela umsebenzi zonke iintlobo peripherals. Ukufakelwa lula kunye nobunzima-free kunye connectivity olubanzi.

Qiniseka ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo motherboard ifomu factor, kwakunye ubungakanani bayo, ukuba ungumnikazi unit inkqubo komplektuete. uhlobo Motherboard mini-ITX ingafakwa nasiphi na isakhiwo, kodwa ezinye iintlobo kufuneka ukuthelekisa ubungakanani benkqubo unit le.

Izihlanganisi iziqhubekisi ( "Socket» / Socket)

Cinga ezinye iimpawu izihlanganisi for esixhasiweyo. Ubukhulu becala, le motherboard - oko yinto ngamnye iprosesa ngamnye, kunye vice versa. Ngoko ke, qiniseka ukuba bakuthathele ingqalelo iimpawu isinxibelelanisi ekukhetheni amacandelo, ezizezi umqhubekekisi ye computer yakho.

A Uluhlu eziphawuleka "socket" esibonakalayo mikhulu yaye uhlobo efanelekileyo iseti ngamnye chipsets kuphela. Hi xikombiso, le motherboard Gigabyte GA kunye AMD wawamisa yokumakisha FX2, AM3 kunye AM3 +. Oko kukuthi, uthenga nasiphi na iprosesa na enye yezi "Socket" -pometok, ungakwazi ngokulula ukudibanisa kwi motherboard. into efanayo kunye okhuphisana of "Intel": i LGA 1150 no 1155 zokuphawula kuzakuvumela ukhethe isethi ilungelo chipsets, umzekelo, inkqubo motherboard Samsung okanye "Asus".

BIOS (BIOS)

Emva koko, siya siqwalasele iimpawu ezikhethekileyo motherboard nganye. Enoba yintoni na iseti - wokuqala okanye wesibini ibhodi, okanye entsha, njalo njalo kuya kuyo nayiphi na imeko ibe BIOS nj libe esisiseko systematization of igalelo nemveliso (BIOS - Basic Ungeniso-Output System) ...

Nayiphi motherboard (Gigabyte, "Asus", "Samsung", i-MSI, kunye nabanye) ithwala eziliqela ezisezanti ezibalulekileyo, ekufuneka iqwalaselwe kakuhle. Abanye ukusebenza angenzakali ukuba, umzekelo, awufuni eyakhelwe-ngaphakathi namafutha imizobo, ngokuba ibhodi isetelwe ikhadi imizobo yangaphandle.

Zonke izicwangciso BIOS zigcinwa ngendlela ekhethekileyo chip-iCMOs (ngayo ngezantsi). Olu hlobo isixhobo yokugcina "kangangeenkulungwane", isebenza cell Lithium. Nokuba ngaba ixesha elide kakhulu, cima ikhompyutha, i data kwi iCMOs uya kusindiswa. Ukuba kuyimfuneko, "krwada" ukubuyisela zonke izakhelo, ukuthatha ibhetri ngaphandle chip. Le ngongoma ayikwazi ngokuba kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba onke amacandelo ayimfuneko ukuze kulayishwa disk hard ezifana ikhompyutha okanye memory ziyazibhaqekela - ubuncinane kwiinkqubo mihla (ukususela ngo-2006). Umhla kunye nexesha ngaphambili wazilungisa, Kakade ke, kuya kuba reset.

nj iCMOs

Enyanisweni nayiphi na motherboard (Asus, «GB», MSI kunye nabanye) uqulathe iCMOs chip, iivenkile zonke iinguqu ezenziwe BIOS. Ngokwawo, nj liyadla yangoku encinane kakhulu - ngaphantsi kancinane nje microampere ngoko ibhetri anele konyaka okanye iminyaka emininzi.

Ngamanye amaxesha, ukuba umba yi wahlala ngokupheleleyo phantsi, ikhompyutha ukuze ayiqalanga. Abaninzi inkosi makhwelo kulo mzekelo, kanye isono kwibhodi kwinkqubo le. Ukuze kupheliswe ngoko nangoko ukubangela (emva kokuba elide ninganqeni, ikhompyutha), kufuneka ukususa iseli ibhetri ngaphandle iCMOs chip kwaye uqale inkqubo. Ukuba ikhompyutha iqale okanye waqala ukubonisa ezinye iimpawu ebomini, ingxaki shrunken kwi iCMOs-ibhetri.

Kwakhona, kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho into ungabona iziphawuli, apho amanani amabini zokuqala zibonisa sangqa ibhetri, kwaye elandelayo emibini - umthamo. Enombhalo iCMOs-battery kufuneka ixhotyiswe nasiphi motherboard "self-ngokuphathelele" (Gigabyte, MSI, «Asus", "Samsung", njalo njalo. D.). Ukuba ukhe wadibana naye - yinto unogada ithuba kwaye umbuzo lo nentsusa kwento kunye zobuntombi imveliso ezithengiweyo. Okuya uba mkhulu umsantsa umthamo ibhetri, ixesha elide element ukusebenza kunye ziyatyeba oko. motherboards izixhobo Standard liquka 2032 uhlobo ibhetri, ngamanye ibhetri enobubanzi kwe-20 mm kunye nomthamo 32 mah. Okunye enqabile ukwazi ukuhlangabezana izinto uNothozamile ngakumbi ezifana 2025.

IDE interface

Okulandelayo inxalenye ebalulekileyo ngokulinganayo, nto leyo lixhotyiswe zonke motherboard (Asus, MSI, «GB», Asrock kunye nabanye), oko ujongano ukusebenza drives kunye nabafundi ze data nzima, oko kukuthi, kwiimeko ezininzi, drives nzima, DVD drives kunye nezinye izinto ezigcina iinkcukacha ulwazi.

Ekhaya ne ofisi PC basebenzisa la macala mabini eziphambili yekhompyutha - oku IDE kunye wada wabiliswa uphela. Isinxibelelanisi IDE (Integrated Drive Electronics) yeyona i-pin-40 unako ukusebenza kunye disc enzima okanye drive DVD nge oneribhoni intambo bhetyebhetye. izinto zanamhlanje banyanzelwa ukuba kancinci bayeke olu hlobo ujongano, kodwa nangona kunjalo oko kufunyanwa kwezinye motherboards (amaninzi MSI and "Asus") ukuze bakwazi ukudibanisa drives ezindala onzima actuators.

Kanye njengoko kwimeko Isidibanisi unikezelo lwamandla, IDE-ujongano has a 'luchane ", oko kukuthi ukudibanisa ayikwazi ngokufanelekileyo na. motherboards abadala mayixhotyiswe iperi balwamkele, oko kukuthi eziziiprayimari neziziisekondari (zaseprayimari nasesekondari, ngokulandelelana). Amaninzi, i-hard drive kwaye uqhagamshele umfowunelwa kunye drives abafundi zaseprayimari - ukuya ezizisekondari.

Ngalinye IDE-ujongano (itshaneli), kwangaphandle devaysa bangathungelana - engundoqo (master) kunye likhoboka (likhoboka). Ukukhetha i yenethiwekhi efanelekileyo ezikhethiweyo parameter usebenzisa Jumpers ezizodwa (Jumpers) kwi izixhobo ngokwabo. Kwaye ukuba ngempazamo ubeke phezu ijelo elinye "iinkosi" ezimbini okanye amakhoboka, akukho namnye kubo uya kusebenza, ke ngoko, kufuneka kusoloko isixhobo engundoqo kunye icala.

wada wabiliswa uphela interface

Channel "uSathana" - iseti engaguqukiyo lwenjongano, yaye ngokungafaniyo IDE, it ikuvumela ukuba ukusebenza ngesantya esiphezulu kakhulu izixhobo enxibeleleneyo. Okwangoku, oko ayilawulwa phantse ngokupheleleyo phambi IDE-izixhobo ze gqolo ukuphuhlisa (SATA2, SATA3, njalo njalo. D.).

Kuxhomekeka kwifomu factor kunye motherboard umenzi, ezahlukeneyo inani izihlanganisi "uSathana" kuba phezu motherboard. Izixhobo zokusebenza ezikumgangatho Namhlanje siquka ubukho lwenjongano ubuncinane ezine olu hlobo, lo gama imifuziselo abadala baxhotyiswa ezimbini kuphela.

PS / 2 interface

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, phezu motherboard ezi ujongano ukuya peripherals yangaphandle. To connect i "mouse" yezitshixo kunye eneqikili ukuba balwamkele-pin ezintandathu PS / 2 kunye izitshixo esihambelanayo kwaye zipeyintwe ngemibala eyahlukileyo. Le ngongoma nayo ngokuba "luchane", ngokuba umbala ngamnye ingqinelana kuhlobo kwezixhobo ukuqhagamshela (mouse - eluhlaza, keyboard - purple), kunye asebenza ngayo macala omabini, oko kukuthi, umzekelo, kwi qhagamshelana yakho mouse kufuneka eluhlaza.

Kwaoko Ifanele Lumkisa yabasebenzisi kuyo nayiphi na imeko azinako ukusebenzisa, kwakunye nangaphandle kwimida ye-PS / 2 Isidibanisi kwi computer, ngenxa yokuba akunakwenzeka umonakalo kuphela ubeko okanye mouse, ndinyikimise nalo inkqubo ebhodini. Kaloku, ukuba motherboard lixhotyiswe iqela iifyuzi kulo mzekelo, okanye inokubhabha yonke le nkqubo.

iifyuzi Ezo chips ixabiso elincinane kakhulu kwaye kulula ukuba aqhumisele kwi "utshintshe nje" ntshukumo ngasentla. Ukuze ukuvavanya ukusebenza kwe-fuse, kuyenzeka ukuba ikhale invitation oluqhelekileyo. Ukuba ayiwenzi, ngoko kulula kakhulu (kwaye cheap) ukulutshintsha, uze qhubekani ukuba emngciphekweni, yokwenza okanye ukukhubaza kwimida engaphandle lo gama i-computer kwi-PS / 2 port. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba ezi baxhotyiswe nge chips ekhusela zonke motherboards, ngoko ziwuthathele ingqalelo lo ngongoma xa uthenga kuyacaca ukuthi inyathelo elongezelelweyo.

USB interface

Phakathi kwezinye izihlanganisi yangaphandle indawo ekhethekileyo inikwa USB-interface (ibhasi jikelele serial). It iqulathe imigca emine, ezimbini zigcinelwe ukutya nezinye ukugqithisa idata. Ngokungafaniyo finicky PS / 2 kumazibuko, peripherals ezidityanisiweyo kwi-USB-isinxibelelanisi, zingatshintshwa, oko kukuthi, uhamba. I-interface ngokwayo wabonakala kakhulu ixesha elide yaye ekufumaneni ezinye iinguqulelo kunye nokuphuculwa.

Ukukwazi ukuqhagamshelana uyeke izixhobo kunye USB-isinxibelelanisi lo gama i-computer kufezekiswe ngesicwangciso esisekelwe interface design ethile. nabo amandla Main ngakumbi kakhulu ukuba Isidibanisi iplagi ngokwahlukileyo ukuya data block. Oko kukuthi, ngexesha wayicima amandla uqala ukugeleza kungena ngabokugqibela kunye kobonelelo.

I-USB-interface bangathungelana ngokusebenzisa ezininzi peripherals: abashicileli, iifowuni, amacwecwe, yabavavanyi, iikhamera kunye nangaphezulu, kwakunye njengesiqhelo yezitshixo kunye mouse (ugcine oku engqondweni xa iifyuzi iitshiphusi yotshiswa amazibuko PS / 2).

ngaphambili kancinane ukudibanisa abashicileli kunye yabavavanyi asetyenziswa ngaxeshanye, amazibuko LPT, nkqu anqabe - ujongano COM serial. Namhlanje, ukuba azisetyenziswa, kwaye uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana nazo kuphela amakhadi motherboards abadala. Kodwa ukuba eyona, kuba xa uqhagamshela olu hlobo kwezixhobo ngexesha PC msebenzi aqhumisele zombini umshicileli nezibuko ngokwayo.

PCI and PCI Express interfaces

Slots PCI and PCI Express iibhodi ukwanda zenzelwe: amakhadi womnatha, iifowuni, imodem, amakhadi ividiyo, njl zifakwa Zonke amakhadi, njengoko umthetho, uhlobo PCI Express ujongano ngenxa ngesantya ... Ngaphambili ukusebenza accelerators graphic kusetyenziswa AGP-uhlobo isinxibelelanisi, kodwa seluphelelwe, uze ubone oko phezu motherboards mihla phantse ibingakholeleki.

Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba siqaphele ukuba, ekuhambeni kwexesha, ezi kwiindawo zokubeka buthathaka, ukuphazamisa ukusebenza eqhelekileyo ifowuni. "Unyango" Fast apha omnye - tsala ifowuni ngaphandle vee, tu abafowunelwa isisombululo utywala uphinde. ukulungiswa kakhulu kakhulu - kuba ukutshintshwa le motherboard, kodwa kuyimfuneko kwiimeko ezizodwa kunye ezinqabe kakhulu.

Kwakhona qaphela ukuba PCI ibhasi lenze iinguqulelo ezininzi ngexesha kulinywa, yaye ngokuxhomekeke unyaka wokwenziwa le izihlanganisi motherboard ungahluka nenkangeleko, nobunzulu bit.

imemori Main (RAM)

Okwangoku kukho iintlobo ezininzi RAM memory: of DDR2, ka DDR3 kunye DDR4. iziqwengana DDR1 lixesha azisetyenziswa, ingabonwa kuphela kwi motherboards endala.

Yahlukile kwezinye abafowunelwa isitishi kwimemori yokusebenza, ubungakanani, kunye ombane ngalinye. ngamnye nganye uhlobo oluthile yenotshi (iqhosha) emazantsi, yaye apho uhlobo lwe memory uzimisele. Ezinye motherboards bakwazi ukuxhasa iintlobo nje ezimbini bars, kananjalo kube lula kakhulu ukuba kamva uphuculo.

Sami izihlanganisi baxhotyiswa latches ezizodwa nitrogen ekhuselekileyo ebhodini. Trims zifakwa kunye umgudu ethile, apho unqakrazo ithile weva emva kukufakwa ngempumelelo - oku kuthetha umnqongo kwiilali ngokuchanekileyo (okanye ngalunye kwaphulwa Kwasika esiswini, tyhala nzima kakhulu kuyo).

imemori Main, ukongeza gigabytes nezimbiwa ziqulathe chips ezincinane le SPD, ophethe ixesha, okt sakubambezela data olu hlobo RAM (imemori yofikelelo oluzenzekelayo). Xa BIOS, uyakwazi zibuze ezinye laku zakhe okanye kuyishiya ngokubona trims ezininzi. Xa nazisasaza RAM okanye inkqubo yonke (overclocking) beka ulibaziseko ubuninzi iyanqanyulwa.

Kanye njengokuba kwimeko PCI-kwiindawo zokubeka, iimodyuli RAM zingaqalisa ukuba zingasebenzi kakuhle, yaye ndizele oku kuyimfuneko ukwenza inkqubo efanayo njengoko kuchaziwe kwicandelo ngasentla, yaye yonke into iza kusebenza ngendlela ekumele.