Leukemia - Iyintoni? Inkcazelo sifo, oonobangela, uphethwe, abantu abane

I-oncology, umhlaza - le migaqo ibangela ukungathandeki, kumngcipheko wokwesaba ubudlelwane phakathi kwethu abaninzi. Xa i-tumor ebulalayo ivela kwilungu, isuswa. Yaye yintoni enokuyenza ngomdlavuza wegazi, oqhubela phambili kuwo wonke umzimba kwaye uhambele ngalinye iqela lamanye amaxesha ngosuku. Abantu abaninzi bacinga ukuba le sifo i-100% ibulalayo, kodwa, okwangoku, ithatyathwa, njengayiphi na i-oncology. Igama elichanekileyo yi-leukemia okanye i-leukemia. Yintoni na? Ziziphi izinto ezibangela ukuba? Ngaba zikhona naziphi na iindlela zokunyanga? Ngaba i-leukemia idluliselwa ngelifa? Kutheni bafumana abantwana abancinci? Masizame ukuphendula yonke le mibuzo.

Izinto zegazi

Akunakwenzeka ukuchaza ukuba yiyiphi i-leukemia ngaphandle kokuxelela ngakumbi ngegazi. Kubonakala ngathi i-liquid efana, kodwa ngokwenene kukho iinkulungwane zezinto ezincinci - iiseli zegazi ezibomvu, iiplatelets kunye neukocytes. Bonke, ngexesha elinikezelwe kubo, baguga baze bafe. Indawo yabafileyo ngokukhawuleza ithatha intsha. Ziveliswa yizinto ezibizwa ngokuthi "iifemu" ze-hemopoiesis ezifumaneka kwi-thymus gland, i-spleen, i-lymph nodes, umongo we-bone of bones tubular and hip. Kukho nawuphi na umveliso, izinto ezivelisiweyo zifuneka ukuvelisa imveliso yokugqibela. Kwi-"formories" eyenza igazi Njengoko kuyimfuneko, bayaguquka (bahluke), baphenduke zibe ziincinci eziyimfuneko kwigazi. Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba ukukhula komzimba weeseli. Inkqubo ethile emva kwayo ibonisa ukulawula okuqinileyo. Izazinzulu azizi ngokubanzi malunga nale "mlawuli" we-hemopoietic, kwaziwa kuphela ukuba ngexesha lokutshatyalaliswa kweeseli ze-stem zihamba ngaphantsi kweemetamorphoses ezininzi, ngokugqithiseleyo ziguqula ii-myelocytes, i-normocytes, i-prolymphocytes kunye nabanye, de zifike kwisigaba sokugqibela, apho iinguqu ziphelile. Ngokomzekelo, i-lymphocyte idlula izigaba ze-lymphoblast kunye neprolymphocyte, kunye ne-erythrocyte yesigaba se-erythrocytoblast, i-pronormocyte, i-normocytes kunye ne-reticulocyte. Xa umsebenzi wale "complex" odibanisayo uhluleka, ukwahlula ngokubanzi ulwahlulo lweeseli ezisuka kumgangatho ophakathi luqala, ukhenketho lwenguqu oluthile luphela. Ngokomzekelo, imeko ayifikeli i-lymphocytes, kodwa iyayeka i-lymphoblasts. Kuvela ngaphezu kweetyeli ezingenasidingo ezingenasidingo, ezibuthe kakhulu kangangokuthi zichithe izihluma eziqhelekileyo ze-hematopoietic. Ngoko kukho i-leukemia. Yintoni na? Esi sifo esibi se-hematopoiesis.

Ifomu engapheliyo

I-leukemia ihlelwa ngokwemiqondiso eyahlukileyo. Ngokweziko leenkqubo zentlungu, ziyaziwa ngeefom zazo ezinzima kunye nezifo ezingapheliyo. Kule meko, ezi nkcazo zinemiqathango kwaye azihambelani nabamkeliweyo ngokubanzi. Ngoko, iifom ze-leukemia azixhomekeki kwisithuba sesifo kwaye ayikaze adlule kwelinye, kodwa elowo unezigaba zokuxolelwa nokubuyela kwakhona. Isici esiyingozi se-leukemia yindlela yokuthutha ngokukhawuleza kweeseli zamathambo egazini kunoma ziphi na izitho, ezibangela ukuqala kwenkqubo yokutya.

Makhe siqwalasele ngokubanzi iinkcukacha ze-leukemia ezingapheliyo. Yintoni na kwaye kutheni kuthiwa? Olu hlobo lwesifo lubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwamaseli e-already-work-to-work (i-erythrocytes, i-leukocytes kunye neeplatelets). Ngokuqhelekileyo kubonakala kuneminyaka engama-50 ubudala nangaphezulu. Iifom ze-leukemia ezingapheliyo:

• Myelocytic;
• Neutrophilic;
• Myelosclerosis;
• Basophilic;
• Myelomonocytic;
• Monocytic;
• Erythromyelosis;
• Lelekemia ye-Lymphocytic;
• I-leukemia yeselum
• Lymphomatosis;
• Histocytosis;
• Urethrimia;
• Thrombocythemia.

Ngamnye wabo unezibonakaliso zakhe ezibonakalayo. Ngokomzekelo, nge-leyemia ye-myelocytic, iimpawu kuphela zokuqala kwesi sifo zibuthathaka, ukujuluka, ukukhathala. I-pentile ayinakwandiswa, ukubunjwa kwegazi kuqhelekileyo. Into kuphela ekwazi ukuphawula - inani elinyukayo le-neutrophils egazini, nangona oku kuboniswa kuyo nayiphi na inkqubo yokusuleleka.

Iimpawu eziqhelekileyo ze-leukemia ezingapheliyo zilandelayo:

• Ubuthathaka;
• Ukwandisa ukujuluka;
• Ipeni ekhulisiweyo;
• Ukwandisa i-lymph nodes;
• I-Rash kwesikhumba kunye neembrane ezinamaqabunga;
• Iinkqubo ze-Necrotic zolusu kunye nezitho;
• Ngoxinzelelo lwexinzelelo lwegazi kwi-blood and bone marrow;
• Izifo ezithintekayo;
• Ukwandisa inani legazi lama-leukocytes;
• I-leukocyte ingena emnxeni wethambo;
• Ukukhutshwa komzimba.

I-lymphocytic leukemia engapheliyo

Esi sifo kubangelwa utshintsho kwi-lymphocyte ekhulile, kunye ne-90-98% yazo eyenzeka kwiqela "B". Apha ukwahlula izigaba ezinobungozi kunye nezibi. Ukugqibela ngokukhawuleza kudlulela kwi-lymphosarcoma. Ukuqala kwesi sifo kufikeleleke, kuba isigulane asiziveki naluphi na iimpawu ezikhunjulwayo, kwaye zonke iimvavanyo zegazi zibonisa umgangatho, kubandakanya nenani lama-leukocyte. Emva kwexesha, umntu ogulayo uqala ukukhathala ngokukhawuleza, ukukhupha kubonakala, kwaye i-lymph nodes kunye ne-spleen yanda kancane. I-lymphocytic leukemia engapheli inefomu elizimeleyo elibizwa ngokuba ngumhlaza we-hair follicular leukemia, ebonakalayo kwimimandla embi ye-cytoplasm, kwaye iqukethe i-phosphatase eninzi kwaye ayixhatshali kwi-acart ticaric acid. Ngale fom, kungekhona i-lymph nodes kodwa ukwanda kwendiza. Uphawu lwaso lwesibini luyi-cytopenia, oko kukuthi, ukunciphisa kwegazi linye okanye zonke izinto ezenziwe ngokukhawuleza. Kwinqanaba lokuqala, ukuxilongwa kwazo zonke iintlobo ze-leukemia ye-lymphocytic kunzima nangona kuqhuba iimvavanyo zegazi, njengoko iziphumo zazo zifana nezifo ezithintekayo. Ukukhusela ngokufanelekileyo uphando lweenkqubo zokuvuvukala kwi-lymph node, ezingenakunxulumaniswa ne-leukemia. Izigulane ziqala ukuphathwa ngamagciwane, kwaye ke ukuxilongwa kucaciswa yimvavanyo ye-histological and cytological, i- X-rays yenziwa (i-leukemia kwimiphunga iphumela ekungeneni kwe-lymphocytes, i-lymph nodes).

Ifom ye-leukemia

Ubuntwaneni kunye nentsha, i-leukemia ephezulu iqhelekile. Iyintoni na yingozi kangakanani? Olu hlobo lwesifo lubangelwa ukuguqulwa kwamaseli egazi kwi-immature, yangaphambili (ukuqhuma). Kuxhomekeke kwiziphi iindidi zeeseli eziphambili eziguqulwayo, ezi zilandelayo:

• Monoblast;
• IMyeloblast;
• Erythromyeloblast;
• Myelomonoblast;
• I-acute lymphoblastic leukemia;
• Undifferentiated.

Ekubeni i-leukemia echaphazelekayo egazini ithatyathwa yintlupheko yokusebenza ekusebenziseni, igazi lilahlekelwa yimisebenzi yalo, i-oxygen kunye nezondlo kwizitho. Kwakhona, umsebenzi we-leukocytes ukukhusela umzimba kwiimonorganism zangaphandle ziyancitshiswa kakhulu okanye zilahlekile ngokupheleleyo.

Iimpawu ze-leukemia

Zonke iintlobo zezi sifo zinomgangatho wokuqala (ukuhlaselwa), ukuxolelwa, ukubuyela kwakhona. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukuphindaphindwa okuphindaphindiweyo nokuphindaphindiweyo kwe-leukemia ekhoyo kunokwenzeka. I-sommatoma yesifo sesi sifo zilandelayo:

• Ukukhula kwe-tumor kwi-bone lomnatha;
• Iifom ezininzi ze-anemia;
• Ubuthakathaka obuninzi ngokuphefumula nokuphefumula;
• Ukuhlamba kunye nesilonda seembumba (i-stomatitis, i-tonsillitis, izilonda kwi-esisopha kunye namathumbu aqhelekileyo);
• Ukugqithisa isikhumba;
• Ukwandiswa kwesibindi, ipeni, i-lymph nodes;
• Pneumonia;
• Ubuhlungu emathanjeni xa bebetha (kubangela ukukhula kweeseli eziguquka kuzo);
• I-Sepsis kunye nezinye iingxaki ezithintekayo.

Isigaba sokuxolelwa senziwa xa iifestile ezifayo zingabonakali egazini, emnzini wethambo azikho ngaphaya kwama-5%, kwaye ukukhula komdlavuza ngaphandle komnatha wethambo akukho.

Eyona yingozi kakhulu kwaye iyaqhelekileyo phakathi kwabantwana kwiminyaka yobudala eyi-1-6 yeminyaka ye-acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Ngokuqhelekileyo bafumana abafana abagulayo.

Ekubeni i-lymphocytes ikhona kwiifom "B" (ezijongene nokuveliswa kwamagciwane) kunye ne "T" (ukulwa namaqhekeza angaphandle), i-lymphoblastic leukemia iyahlula kwiindidi ezininzi, ngasinye sizitshintsha iintlobo ezithile ze-leukocytes. Kwipesenti ngokwemiqathango ethi "B" -nomxholo, isabelo sakhe singama-85%, sikhokelo. Isiganeko sentshukumo siwela kubantwana abasuka kwiminyaka emithathu, ekubeni kulo nyaka umzimba ukhiqiza ngokuphumelelayo "B" -leukocytes. "T" -nkqubo iba yinkokheli kubantwana abaselula kwiminyaka eyi-14-15, xa i- thymus gland ifinyelela ubukhulu bayo. Kwinqanaba lokuxolelwa kunye nelolu hlobo lwe-leukemia, kufuneka ukuba kubekho umthambo wamanzi. Umntwana onokuxolelwa kweminyaka emihlanu okanye ngaphezulu uthathwa njengempilweni. Ukusinda kwabantwana abanokufumana unyango olufanelekileyo ngexesha elifanelekileyo kunye nelifanelekileyo le-leukemia ngu-80-85%.

Izizathu kunye nokuxilongwa

I-leukemia kubantu abadala kunye nabantwana ibangela ukuphazamiseka kwisakhiwo se-chromosomes, esinokubangelwa ziziphoso ezingenasiphelo okanye iimpembelelo zangaphandle. Ezi ziquka:

• Izaziso (imisebe);
• I-carcinogens (iziyobisi, ukutya, iikhemikhali);
• Nicotine;
• I-Chemotherapy yezifo.

Imfundiso ye-viral etiology ye-leukemia ayikabonakali.

Phakathi kwezinto ezinobuncwane kukho ukwanda okwenyuka kwi-leukemia phakathi kwabantu abane-Down syndrome, iBloom, i-Turner syndrome.

Ukufumanisa i-leukemia kubandakanya:

• Uviwo lwangaphandle (ukuphonononga i-lymph nodes, ukufumanisa utshintsho kwiimbumba ze-mucous);
• Uvavanyo lwegazi lweLebhanki ngokubunjwa kwe-erythrocytes, i-lymphocytes, iiseli zegazi ezibomvu, iiplatelets;
• Umongo we-Bone;
• I-PCR (ivumela ukufumana i-chromosome yeFiladelphia, ukuba ikhona);
• Uhlalutyo lwe-FISH (lubonisa utshintsho kuma-chromosomes);
• I-IFT (ichaza iiseli ngamakishi kunye nama-antigen).

Unyango

Izigulane ezine-leukemia zifumana i-chemotherapy egunyazisiweyo (iipilisi, iigciwane zamachiza). Le ndlela yokonyango ikuvumela ukuba ubulale onke amaseli aguqulwe. Izifundo ze-Chemotherapy, njengomthetho, kukho ubuncinane ezimbini - eziphambili, kwisigaba esicacileyo sekhosi yesifo, kunye nokukhusela, kwisigaba sokuxolelwa. Ekupheleni kwesigaba sokuqala sonyango kwaye xa i-100% yesiphumo siphumelele, iiselomnyo zethambo zitshintshwa. Ukuba, emva kokuba wonke umsebenzi uyenze, ukubuyela kuphinda kwenzeka , oku kubonisa ukungaphumeleli kwamachiza asetyenziswayo. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, i-regimen yonyango ishintshiwe. Ukuphindaphinda kwe-leukemia kunciphisa izinga lokusinda. Oogqirha bahlula iintlobo ezininzi zezifo ezibuyiselwayo:

1. Ngokukhula

• Eyona ncinane-yokuqala (izinga lokusinda kwe-10% kuphela);
• Ekuqaleni;
• Ixesha elide (impumelelo ifumaneka kuma-38% amatyala).

2. Indawo

• Ngaphandle kwethambo lomongo;
• Umongo we-Bone (eyingozi kakhulu);
• Umxube.

Unzima kakhulu kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi izifo ezingalindelekanga yi-leukemia. Yintoni eyingozi malunga nayo, ngaphandle kokuphulwa kwemisebenzi yegazi? Okokuqala, into yokuba amangqamuzana omhlaza asasazeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngokukhawuleza kuwo wonke umzimba. Okwesibini, iingxaki ezinzulu zesifundo sesi sifo, apho amangqamuzana ajikelezayo angena ngaphakathi kwiimbumba zengqondo. Okwesithathu, iziphumo ezibangelwa yizo zonke iintlobo zonyango lwe-leukemia.

Izinkomo ze-Leukemia (iinkomo)

Zonke izilwanyana, eziquka izilwanyana ezinwabuzelayo, nazo ziphethwe yi-leukemia, igama lesibili li-hemoblastosis. Kwachazwa emuva ngo-1858. Ekuqaleni kwakukholelwa ukuba kumntu lesi sifo asiyingozi. Ngoku, ngokubulela uphando olutsha, kuboniswa ukuba abantu abanomdlavuza wezilwanyana kubangela ingozi enkulu. Ukwangoku, isifo sifunde kakuhle, kodwa unyango alukaphuhliswa. Njengabantu, i-leukemia kwizilwanyana ibonakalisa ukwanda kwe-tumor yeeseli zamathambo e-blood kunye nokukhululwa egazini lenani elikhulu lama-lymphoblast kunye nama-myeloblast. Ukuguquka okunjalo kubangela isifo se-leukemia virus. Olunye ithemba lugxininisa ukungazinzi kwawo kumaqondo aphezulu kunye nokulungiselela amakhemikhali. Ngoko, ekudleni, ifa ngomzuzu sele sele iqondo lokushisa lama-60 ° C, kwaye kubisi, kwiqondo lokushisa lika-75 ° C, sele lisekumzuzwana engama-20. Ukuphelisa ngokukhawuleza izisombululo ze-virus zesaldehyde, i-chlorine, i-sodium hydroxide. Kodwa akunakwenzeka ukutshatyalaliswa kwizilwanyana eziphilayo. Inyaniso kukuba ichaphazela i-lymphocytes. Naluphina uhlobo lweyeza olujoliswe kukutshatyalaliswa kwegciwane le-leukemia, ngexesha elifanayo libhubhisa iiseli zegazi ezimhlophe, ngaphandle kwesilwanyana esisweleyo.

Iimpawu kunye nesikolo sesifo

I-leukemia yeenkomo ingaba yiminyaka engama-6. Kulo lonke ixesha, isilwanyana sisifo segciwane lesifo sentsholongwane esinakho ukuchaphazela ezinye izilwanyana kunye nabantu, kunye nokuvelisa inzala egulayo, ngokusasaza isifo kwiifama zezilwanyana. Kukho izigaba ezine zesifo:

• Noduleous;
• Kuqala;
• Kuqhutywe;
• Terminal.

Kwinqanaba lokuqala, iimvavanyo zegazi eziqhelekileyo zibonisa umgangatho. Ukuchonga isifo sinokuhlola kuphela igazi (iimvavanyo ze-serological, iimvavanyo ze-virologic). Kwiifama zaseburhulumenteni, zenziwa ngokucwangcisiweyo, kwaye kubantu abazimeleyo kaninzi akrokreli ukuba i-freenka yakhe eyintando iyagula.

Isigaba sesibini sibonakala ngokunyuka kwinani lama-leukocytes kunye ne-lymphocytes egazini, kwaye ipesenti enkulu yeefom zabo ezifayo zivela. Nangona kunjalo, akukho zibonakaliso zangaphandle zesifo.

Kuphela kwinqanaba lesithathu le-leukemia leenkomo liqala ukubonisa iimpawu zeklinikhi. Ezi ziquka:

• Ukukhathala kwezilwanyana;
• Ukutshabalalisa ngokubanzi, ukhathala;
• Ukunciphisa ubisi;
• Iingxaki ngeendlela zokugaya (isifo sohudo okanye ukuqhaqhazela, ukukhwabanisa ubunzima);
• Ukuqhwala kweembumba zamanzi;
• Ukuhlaziya intliziyo;
• I-edema eninzi (kwindawo yokudada, i-podgorudka, isisu);
• Imilenze yeHind;
• Eyedropper;
• Ukwandiswa kwee-lymph nodes (ngamanye amaxesha zifikelela ubukhulu bentloko yomntwana).

Isigaba sokugqibela asihlali ixesha elide. Zonke iimpawu zekliniki zichazwe ngokucacileyo, ipesenti eziphezulu ze-leukocyte zitshintshiweyo kwigazi, ngokunyamekela ukunciphisa ukulinganiswa kwazo. Isilwanyana sishiya amandla okulwa nesifo size sife.

Omncinci kakhulu uhamba ngokukhawuleza kuzo zonke izigaba, kwaye ngesinye isikhathi isilwanyana esikhulileyo sifa ngokukhawuleza, ukusuka kwipeni. Oku kwenzeka ngaphambi kokuqala kweempawu zesifo.

Thintelo

Ekubeni unyango lwe-leukemia yezilwanyana alukwazi, ukuthintela kubaluleke kakhulu ekulwa nesifo. Okokuqala, kubandakanya ukuhlalutya ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Kwiifama ezinkulu, zenziwa rhoqo ngonyaka 1 zonke izilwanyana kunye namaxesha ama-2 abenzi beenkunzi. Ukuba ngaba ngaphezu kwe-2 intlawulo yesifo sogqirha itholakala emhlambini, uqoqosho lucatshangelwa ukuba alubi. Ukulungiswa kwemeko kuqhutyelwa ngeendlela ezimbini-ukukhupha izilwanyana ezigulayo nokutshintsha bonke abantu. Ngelo xesha, ukungaxhatshazwa kweendawo zokugcoba kwezilwanyana kuyimfuneko.

Kubaluleke kakhulu kukuthintela ukungeniswa kwezilwanyana ezincinane kwimfuyo esele ikhona. Zonke izilwanyana ezizweni kufuneka zihlolwe i-oncornavirus.

Ngaba i-leukemia yobisi kunye nenyama efunyenwe kwizilwanyana ezigulayo? Ngelishwa, ewe. Ubisi, olufumaneka kwizigulane ezineenkomo ze-leukemia, ukusela ngokutsha ngokusemthethweni. Ubisi obunjalo kufuneka buhanjiswe kuma-dairies, apho lugqithiselwa khona ixesha elide. Ekhaya, ungayiphuza emva kokude (imizuzu engama-5) ubilisa. Oogqirha abaninzi bancomela ukusebenzisa ubisi olunjalo kuphela ngokutya kwezilwanyana.

Inyama, ukuba akukho monakalo kwi-muscle leukemia, ingadliwa kwakhona emva kokunyanga okutshatyalaliswa. Ukuba iilwanyana ezibuleweyo okanye ezifayo zenzakaliswe ngamalungu kunye nemisipha yomzimba, i-carcass yayo kufuneka ilahlwe.