Izenzo olumisiweyo - isenzo somthetho .... imithetho Types

Yintoni inkqubo yommiselo somthetho? Ziziphi iimpawu zayo eRashiya yaye yintoni na izenzo normative kwaye zomthetho kwi wobugqwetha Russian?

Yintoni na umthetho?

izenzo olumisiweyo - ekhuselwe kwi ebhaliweyo ngohlobo kule mithombo yomthetho. Phakathi iimpawu zalo ezisisiseko - iinkcukacha Uphawu olusesikweni (.. Umhla wokwamkelwa, isihloko, igama umzimba eyavuma i-mthetho, njalo njalo), isibakala sokuba kwamkelwe isakhiwo ethile (urhulumente okanye corporate), ukwazisa (kubandakanya ukufakwa print ezithandwayo kunye elektroniki ).

Ukuze nemigaqo ekhutshwa ngabaLawuli abasemagunyeni, ebonakala ngu kupapasho ngolwimi olusemthethweni. Enye inkalo ebalulekileyo kwezixhobo - abanayo ezithile ngokwemigaqo yomthetho malunga nokulawulwa kweenkqubo ze iintlobo ezithile okanye isangqa elimxinwa zabantu.

"Normative" kunye nezenzo "esemthethweni" - hayi into efanayo?

Amanye amagqwetha ukuchonga lo gama umbuzo, ingcamango "isenzo ngokusemthethweni". Kulo mzekelo, zombini magama asetyenziswa ngaxeshanye, ezahlulwe ikhonco. Ezinye iingcali zomthetho endle bakholelwa ukuba la mabini - hayi ncam into efanayo. ithisisi yabo. izenzo olumisiweyo - oku kuphela amaxwebhu asemthethweni (esikhutshwe ngabasemagunyeni - uMongameli, uRhulumente Duma, njl ...). Kufuneka ube ungquzulwano kunye nezinye izinto onesikhundla esiphezulu (ezifana-siseko).

Instrument iye yachazwa njengengqiqo ngokubanzi. Iiplastiki naziphi na amaxwebhu zinokubaluleka ngokusemthethweni. Umzekelo, oku Iifayile ilungiselelwe ukusetyenziswa igosa ngaphakathi corporation. Oko kukuthi, ubukho babo akuthethi izithethe zomthetho inyanzelekile abantu ngaphandle kwe nkampani. Amalungiselelo aqulathwe maxwebhu abhekiswe kwisifundo esithile (isebe, igosa kunye ezifana. D.).

Kubonakala ukuba izenzo zomthetho ahluka yi ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo. Okokuqala, oko uhlobo lokusetyenziswa kwazo. izenzo olumisiweyo - jikelele kunye yomthetho - babe ngamnye ekugxilwe. Okwesibini, umda izinto. Imigaqo abhekiswe i esingenakubalwa lwezigqeba kunye esemthethweni - iqela elithile labantu. Okwesithathu, oku ngethuba lokuqhutywa uhlaselo. isenzo olumisiweyo logama de iyarhoxiswa okanye izilungiso. Zomthetho, njengoko umthetho, ukuba enzelwe ukusetyenziswa kwiimeko ezithile, ngokufuthi kanye.

Phakathi amagqwetha, kukho olunye uluvo malunga mbuzo ubuhlobo izenzo normative kunye esemthethweni. Libonisa ukuba ummiselo uyila norm ngokusemthethweni (okanye izilungiso ekhoyo), kwaye osemthethweni ukuphunyezwa kakuhle eli lungiselelo.

Zeziphi izenzo

Makhe sibone, ziziphi iintlobo nemigaqo wobugqwetha Russian. kuphakanyiswa lwabo lusekelwe kwi iingqiqo ezimbini ngaphantsi. Lokuqala - i "Umthetho". Isenzo olu hlobo sithathwa ngabasemagunyeni (yowiso okanye ummeli) okanye abemi yelizwe ngokusebenzisa zimvo. Uphawu okanye wenze utshintsho kwi komthetho shicilela igunya lakhe. Izenzo olu hlobo yenzelwe ukulawula iinkqubo ezingundoqo enxulumene nophuhliso kukarhulumente kunye noluntu. Bona ziqulathe imithetho eziziiprayimari: olunye uhlobo izenzo kunye neenkcukacha nemimiselo zokutolika ukufakelwa njengoko kuchaziwe kwi-mthetho. Ezi ntlobo zokuhlaselwa ezenziweyo mazwi ngokungqongqo lo myalelo zenkqubo.

Ingcamango yesibini - i "imithetho". Bona ekhutshwe ngenxa kwaye ngenjongo zokunyanzelisa umthetho kwaye alungiswe wakha imodeli apho imigaqo kufuneka athobele emiselwe imithombo ezinkulu amandla omthetho, kwaye kuba sisiseko ngezenzo kwinqanaba elisezantsi. Iindidi eziphambili mimiselo umthetho uhlobo Russia elandelayo.

Oku izenzo federal ngokubanzi (imimiselo nemiyalelo uMongameli we-Russian Federation, imimiselo urhulumente, imiyalelo zobulungiseleli kunye namasebe). Kwenza izifundo ze nakwiimanyano ezichaphazelekileyo (siseko zasekuhlaleni, nemimiselo, nemithetho wadlula amagunya okuwisa imithetho yolawulo kummandla). Le mithetho kamasipala (myalelo, isigqibo okanye umyalelo owenziwe iiholo idolophu, amabhunga isixeko kunye nezigqeba efanayo).

A uhlobo olulodwa imimiselo - imithetho yamazwe ngamazwe. Bona zithathwe kwimibutho engaphandle kolawulo Russian yaye zahlulwe iintlobo ezimbini - imiyalelo ukunika ukuba amazwe urhulumente ethile ukuze ukhethe ukuphumeza kanye ngayo ukuzinikela ngamazwe kunye nemimiselo, eziye ubopha ngqo zonke iimfuno States. Siseko Russian ithi ukuba imigaqo kunye nemigaqo ethile komthetho wamazwe ngamazwe kunye nezivumelwano ye-Russian Federation kunye namanye amazwe ziyinxalenye yenkqubo yezomthetho yesizwe. Ukuba isivumelwano kwelinye ilizwe sungula ngaphandle kwezo kuchaziwe kwimithetho yamkelwa Russia imithetho, umphumo esemthethweni ephakamileyo nayo iya kuba umthombo ngamazwe yomthetho.

Umthetho kunye nesenzo: umlinganiselo amagama

Igama elithi "Umthetho" yaye "Umthetho" adla ezichongiweyo ummeli. Oku kuyinyaniso, kodwa kuphela xa omnye: Ukuba ngu "Umthetho" uthetha eziveliswa kuluntu ngokusebenzisa amaziko ezopolitiko okanye imiyalelo ngqo, kunyanzelekile ukuba zonke okanye ezithile iindidi zabantu. izenzo ezithile - nokuba zibhaliwe imigaqo imithombo kumbuzo okanye amaxwebhu echaza bokuqonda womsebenzi wabo.

UMthetho - iseti nemimiselo, yonke into kurhulumente, okanye enxulumene kwiindawo ezithile - umzekelo, nomthetho nosapho. izenzo olumisiweyo - imithetho ngengqiqo lwezomthetho hlobo. Ngokwembali, ukuba kwakhokelwa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa wobugqwetha. Kodwa njengoko Utyhila izinto ezingangqinelaniyo phakathi namasiko abantu ezahlukeneyo, amazwe kunye amazwekazi baqalisa ukuba ezibekwe kwiZenzo imithetho kunokukhokelela ngokungafaniyo nezinye zemveli 'intsomi' imithetho nganye ngomgangatho ofanayo. Imithetho nemimiselo evela kwinqanaba ngenxa lwesigama sezomthetho mihla kunokuba ifane.

imithetho amanqanaba

Isiphumo ngezenzo zomthetho Inokuinikezwa kumanqanaba aliqela. Kukho obshchefederalnye izenzo - ukuba ziyabophelela yonke indawo Russia. Kukho imithombo amalungelo izifundo ze Federation - ke, yena, isicelo abahlali kwimimandla ethile, ngokunjalo kubo bonke abantu (nokuba yokuhlala kunye nobumi), esiza kumxholo okanye abahlala okwexeshana apho. Kukho izenzo kamasipala lomthetho, nasebenza kubahlali baloo mzi, County okanye wesithili, ngokunjalo ngokuza ebantwini. Okokugqibela, kukho izenzo zomthetho lendawo - ukuba zibekhona kugxininiswa exineneyo (ukuba banako ukulawula imisebenzi arhente, yezorhwebo okanye naliphi na igosa).

imithetho yase

imimiselo Federal - imithombo komthetho, abacikidekileyo ngendlela ethile. Bona banikwa ngamandla ephakamileyo zomthetho ngokunxulumene nezenzo zemimandla, kamasipala kunye bendawo tye. imithetho Federal i zenyathi ngohlobo yezenzo ezikumila siseko, kukho amandla ephakamileyo ngokusemthethweni (ngasentla - kuphela siseko RF). Oku zenyathi imithetho kwamkele injongo nentsingiselo echanekileyo kunye nophuhliso imithetho equlethwe kuMgaqo-siseko. Ezi nkundla ke zenzelwe ukunceda ukuqinisekisa ukuba izifundo yomthetho civil onke amathuba ukuphumeza le mithetho yenkululeko.

yomthetho kamasipala

Wonke umasipala Russian unelungelo lokukhupha imimiselo yawo. Yeyona sixhobo iphambili kurhulumente wengingqi. Nantsi imizekelo embalwa izenzo ezinjalo. Lo isenokuba inkqubo osebenzisa amagunya athile amagunya ukuya esilawulayo kamasipala wolawulo lwesixeko eso. Umzekelo, i-ofisi kasodolophu iMoscow ingamthumela amagunya zezithili Mitino kwinkalo yomsebenzi kwezenkcubeko nezemfundo kunye nabemi.

Kusenokuba isigqibo malunga imvume nawuphi na Regulations, inoxanduva lokuphunyezwa apho aya kulala kumasipala. Umzekelo, isithili eMoscow yongxowankulu iBhunga enokuvuma Regulations on kuya kuba njani na yokucombulula iingxaki kuphuhliso usapho, ngokuvumelana noMthetho of eMoscow "Xa isabelo koorhulumente basekhaya amagunya ezahlukeneyo kummandla eluvalelweni nokugada." Oomasipala angavuma Iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo zophuhliso lwezibonelelo kunye neendawo iprofayile kwezentlalo.

imithetho yendawo

Masikhumbule ukucamanga ukuba wenza ngasentla, kundifezela umahluko phakathi 'olumisiweyo "yaye" ngokusemthethweni "isenzo. Ngokutsho kwezinye amagqwetha, emithonjeni uhlobo yesibini ubandakanya nawuphi na amaxwebhu non-wonke (ezinganxulumananga abasemagunyeni) umlinganiswa. Owona mzekelo wadibana rhoqo izenzo ezinjalo - amaxwebhu abakulo iinkampani ejikeleza. Bathi iimpawu ezimbalwa. Okokuqala, zithathwa yinkampani ngokwayo. Okwesibini, abakhokeli komthetho. Okwesithathu, ukuba babe ngakwicala: phantsi kwamalungiselelo echazwe kuxwebhu, umbutho yonke iwela, okanye sisigqeba eyahlukileyo (okanye ngaphezulu). Imizekelo ngezixhobo: zokuqesha ootitshala, ishedyuli iholide, lo umyalelo ekuvunyweni iimakhishithi zokuhlala. Izenzo zolawulo osemthethweni imiqondiso ecacileyo zalapha.

amasiko eNtshona naseMpuma yokwenziwa kwemithetho

Ethetha yintoni na izenzo normative neyomthetho, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho ndlela ezimbini Ngokwembali ngamalungiselelo abo. West, uphawu eYurophu kwaye kwisithuba iRashiya, kunye nasempumalanga, kumba we-Gulf, kwelaseAsiya, India kunye namanye amazwe kuloo mimandla. Ingongoma ephambili ukuba isithethe yaseYurophu - Ukwenziwa izinto, ulawulo lomthetho, ukuba semthethweni.

EMpuma, mthombo uphambili mthetho - isiko esekelwe kwimithombo zonqulo. Kwi-West, kukho uluhlu lwemithetho, iqonga eliphezulu nto leyo siseko (okanye isethi imithetho, indawo yayo). Kwi-East, kukho imfuneko ngokohlobo yomthetho yemveli, ezinye izinto kuba kakhulu simahla ukususela isalamane sabaphathi omnye komnye, kodwa kufuneka athobele umthombo kunyanzelekile yomthetho.

Eyona engundoqo iingxaki kwinkqubo yezomthetho Russian

Ezinye iingcali zomthetho bathi inkqubo yomthetho Russian idla kwizithethe Koloni. Oku kuqinisekiswa yi kukuba zonke isenzo esemthethweni olumisiweyo ngalo kwisigaba esithile - ngokufaka imigaqo enamandla ngokusemthethweni okanye ukulungisa ngokwabo abo ngokuncipha. Ngelo xesha kwi kuluntu Russian njenge inani leengcali waphawula, kukho iqashiso East - indiva imithetho ebekiweyo nemimiselo, kujoliswe esikweni. Ezingqondweni nemimiselo baseRashiya amaninzi - le yi "iphepha" kuphela.

Ngelo xesha kukho omnye ipali eluntwini - babizwa ngokuba "emihle yomthetho" abafuna ukulandela umthetho yakha nje iincwadi. Ngenxa yoko, eRashiya akukho umgangatho ohlangeneyo ukuqonda koluntu kwinkqubo yomthetho.

wokuzibandakanya

Njani na, izenzo ezisemthethweni regulatory? UMthetho - ungubani ebhalwe? Ukudalwa imimiselo ubizwa ekwenziweni komthetho, kwaye kukho iindlela ezininzi ezingundoqo ukuphumeza le nkqubo. Okokuqala, oko pravoustanovitelnaya umsebenzi olawulo karhulumente. Okwesibini, le legitimization (zibheke) ngamandla izenzo zomthetho eziye zaba khona ixesha elide. Okwesithathu, oko kube ngumthetho-kwezigqibo ngokusebenzisa yedemokhrasi ngqo (umzekelo, nge-zimvo). Amagqwetha Ukufowunela inombolo imigaqo engundoqo yokwenziwa kwemithetho - ezicwangcisiweyo, ukufaneleka, guquki, idemokhrasi.

Technology Legal njengenxalenye yenkqubo yezomthetho

izenzo olumisiweyo - yimithombo komthetho, ngokwenkcazelo, ayikwazi leyo, egqibeleleyo, ukuba nje ngokuba abantu iyatshintsha kusenzeka. Ukuze izenzo ziye esondele yokwenene, kukho iintlobo ezahlukileyo iindlela zomthetho - izixhobo, iindlela kunye neendlela ukuze kuphuculwe imithombo komthetho. Umsebenzi ophambili amagqwetha asebenza kweli cala - ukwenza imithetho njenge icace gca kubo abantu kangangoko kunokwenzeka, abanobuchule, ngaphaya. Imithetho ngamanqanaba ahlukeneyo olawula indawo kufanele abe ukwalamana ecacileyo nengqondo. Kukho iindidi ezine ezingundoqo iindlela zomthetho - mthetho, systematizing, accounting kunye nomthetho. izenzo emisiweyo ye-Russian Federation, kukholelwa amagqwetha, kufuneka iphuculwe njengenxenye kuhlobo ngalunye lobugcisa.

njengoko imithetho

Kumazwe ahlukeneyo kukho izikhokelo zikazwelonke ngendlela imithetho asebenza. ERashiya, le ndlela echazwe kuMgaqo-siseko (kwiSiqendu 54). Ntoni na? Okokuqala, kukuba akukho mthetho ekusekeni okanye uxanduva mandundu ingenakho isicelo retroactively. Okwesibini, akukho mntu unoxanduva izenzo ngexesha betyala hayi zazivela kwinqanaba Ngenxa imithetho ekhoyo yomthetho. Okwesithathu, ukuba, emva kokuba isenzo ephantsi inqaku yomthetho, bamkela imithetho ezintsha, ziphathwa ukuba isicelo. Kwelinye icala, wawuhlala eqhelekileyo kuwo onke amazwe imigaqo nemithetho - ingqwalasela ixesha, indawo kunye neqela elithile labantu (ukuba ngaba Andithethi ngani loluntu ngokubanzi).