Isikhululo esinqununu somasipala waseMoscow. Uluhlu lweziteshi eziphezulu zeMetro Moscow

Ngowe-1935, igatsha lokuqala leMetro Metro Sokolniki lavula - iPaki yeNkcubeko. Ifilimu "Amavolontiya", athandwa ngabantu baseSoviet, anikezelwa ukwakhiwa kwayo. Umsebenzi we-metrostroevtsa ngelo xesha kwakungenye yezona zihloniphekileyo, kwaye zihloniphekile.

Amancinci ambalwa

Ngaloo nto inkunzi yayiswele isidingo esikhulu sokwakhiwa komhlaba, kwaye umbuzo wobukeka obukhangayo bezitishi wawungekho kwi-ajenda. Isakhiwo esona sikhulu seMetro (saseMoscow) sakhiwa kamva, xa ilizwe eliphumeleleyo libonise ihlabathi lonke kungekhona nje inzuzo kumandla empi, kodwa nangendlela yokuphila, nangona iindawo ezininzi zokuqala kwemfa ziphakathi kwezilishumi ezilungileyo kakhulu.
Ngokubanzi, yonke idolophu yaseMoscow, izitulo ezingama-44 ezivela kwi-190 ekhoyo zibonwa njengezinto zelifa lemveli, zinokuthathwa njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwihlabathi. Iintlobo zezinto ezikhokelayo azihlala zihambelana. Ngoko, olunye uluhlu "Isikhululo se-metro esiphezulu (eMoscow)" siphethwe yi "Kievskaya", enye - "iKomsomolskaya", kwaye kwindawo yokuqala "i-Arbatskaya". Ngokuqhelekileyo kukho konke ukulinganisa kukho ukuyeka "iKomsomolskaya", "Kievskaya", "Revolution Square", "Mayakovskaya" kunye ne "Novoslobodskaya". Nangona kulula ukuyicinga ukuba ukuba izitulo ezingama-44 zizinto zelifa lemveli, zinokuthi zibambe ityala lezona zintle. Ndifuna ukucacisa isibonakaliso kwiibhanki ze-capital - ezininzi izitishi ezifanayo kwezinye iidolophu zaseRashiya kwaye zize zize zize ziphesheya.

Ukuphelelwa kwefomu kunye nomxholo

"Iigodlo ezingaphantsi komhlaba," ezivuyisa kwaye zivuyisa ngokupheleleyo wonke umntu kwaye ziza kubakhonza abantu iminyaka emininzi, zakhiwa ngokubanzi kude kube nga-1950, oko kukuthi, de kube sekufeni kukaStalin. Ngokuqhelekileyo, intle kakhulu ibizwa ngokuba sisikhululo esithi "Mayakovskaya", kunye neprojekthi yayo kwiMiboniso Yehlabathi eNew York ngo-1939 yanikezwa i-Grand Prix.
Izabelo zamazwe ngamazwe zanikezelwa i-Kropotkinskaya (i-Grand Prix ngo-1951 umboniso eBrussels), kunye neSango eliBomvu (iGrand Prix eParis ngo-1938), kwaye le nto yayikuloo minyaka xa inzondo yelizwe lamaSoviet yayisesikweni. Ngoko, ngokwenene ezi projekthi zaziphelelweyo zeefom, kwaye zifake ngokufanelekileyo iincwadi zehlabathi kwizakhiwo zobugcisa.

Ubuhle obulahlekileyo

"IStalin's Metro" - okubizwa ngokuba yi-station esicacileyo yomgca wokukhawulela kunye ne-bas-reliefs, iitatu, inani elikhulu lamakhonkco e-mosaic kunye negodlo, ligama leencwadi ezipapashwe ngo-2011 ezazinikezelwa phantsi komhlaba. Le ncwadi iyimfuneko, kuba ubuninzi bezinto eziphambili zezinto ezi lahleka ngenxa yokuvuselela, ukuphucula kunye nomzabalazo wokulwa nobuqhetseba buntu bukaStalin, ngenxa yoko yonke into eyadalwa engenalo uthando oluncinci kunye nenkonzo yatshatyalaliswa.

"Izindlu zezindlu zeProletarian"

Ekubeni kaninzi kunokuba umgca wokuqala kwiintlu "Inqwelomoya yesitrato esihle" (eMoscow) ihlala "Komsomolskaya" - inye enye, - ke kuyimfuneko ukuxelela oko kuqala. Eyona nto ibonakala ibhotwe, kwaye ngenxa yokuba kwakungabizwa ngokuthi: "i-apotheosis ye-Stalin Empire", kunye "nethempeli lokugqibela laseStchusev".
Ukususela kwisigwebo sokugqibela kucacile ukuba u-AV Shchusev, umbhali wokwakha iSiteshi seKazan, uLenin Mausoleum kunye nezinye izakhiwo ezidumileyo, wayekulo ntloko yeqela labakhi bezakhiwo eziphuhlisa le projekthi. Evuliwe ngo-1952, ikhona phakathi kwezitishi "iKurskaya" kunye ne "Prospect Mira." Kwaye ngo-1935 isiteshi se-metro "iKomsomolskaya" savuleka kwiSokolnicheskaya line. Kuyaziwayo ukuba i-train yokuqala yafika apha, kwaye ngokuba kukho ezimbini iindigo eziphambili ze-jojolica ezenziwe ngokwemizobo ye-E. Lansere. Ngomnyaka we-1952, idibaniswe nokufakelwa kwe-Komsomolskaya-Ring. Le ndlela yokugqibela ihlotshiswe ngeepaneli ezi-8 ezihle kakhulu, ezixhunywe ngumxholo omnye - ukunqoba okukhulu koomoya waseRashiya nezixhobo. Ziyadalwa ngamatye anqabileyo kunye ne-smalt ngokwemihlathi yePP Korin.

Ukwaziswa ngabantu basehlabathini

Ngoko ke, siyaqhubeka sikhumbula izitishi ezinamathotholo eziseMoscow. Uluhlu luyaqhubeka "iMaakoakovskaya", luvuliwe ngoSeptemba 11, 1938. Itholakala phakathi kweemithi "Belorusskaya" (esenyakatho) kunye ne "Tverskaya" (ngasemzantsi) kumgca weZamoskvoretskaya. Kukho ngaphantsi kweziko lendlunkulu, kwingingqi yeTver. Umbhali weprojekthi yesitishi, ebizwa ngokuba ngu-VV Mayakovsky, lilungu eliLinganayo le-Academy of Architecture ye-USSR, ngokuphindwe kathathu iStalin Prizes uAlexei Nikolayevich Dushkin. Kwakhona ungumlobi weeprojekthi zeeMetroro ezifana neRevolution Square, iNovoslobodskaya (iphrojekthi ye-post-war), i-Avtozavodskaya neKropotkinskaya.

Isikhululo sobuvulindlela

Umlobi weemifanekiso zetekisi zesitishi "iMayakovsky" wayengumculi waseSoviet u-Alexander Deineka. I-Mayakovskaya yikhululo sokuqala esisisigxina sehlabathi (34mitha) yohlobo lwekholomu. I-folded-three.
Kuthetha ukuthini oku? Yaye inyaniso yokuba isitishi esinesona sikhulu seMetro (iMoscow sinokuziqhayisa ngemibono enomdla kwaye ekholisayo yezinto zokwakha zolu hlobo, kodwa lona lo lukhethekileyo) iqukethe iindilo ezintathu-eziphambili kunye namacala amabini. Amagumbi amabini asondeleyo anamacenge avulekileyo okugaya izitya zawo axhaswa ngamakholamu afanayo. Ngenxa yoko igama loyilo lumbhalo okholweyo. I-longitudinal arcade inikela into ephakamileyo.

Into ehlosekileyo yokuhlobisa

Ihlotshiswe ngama-mosaic amahle angama-35 e-domes, asemaphandleni eholo eliphakathi, phakathi kweentsika. Nangona kunjalo, ukuze siwaqwalasele, simele siphakamise kakuhle iintloko zethu. Oku kubhekisela kwiingaphulelo zesitishi esithiwa ngu "Mayakovskaya". Ungongeza ukuba igama loyilo lokumisa liye lahluke okokuqala - "I-Triumphal Square", yaye bekucetywayo ukuba uyiyile ngendlela yokubuyiselwa kweNtaliyane. Kodwa "i-Triumphal Square", apho kwakhiwa khona isakhiwo eso sakhiwo, saqanjwa ngokuthi "iMeakovskaya Square", isitishi samkela igama elifanayo.

Kukhankanywe ngokuphindaphindiweyo kunabanye

Yiyiphi into edla rhoqo kumgca wokuqala woluhlu "Isikhululo esiphezulu seMetro eMoscow"? "I-Kiev"! Yavulwa ngo-Matshi 14, 1954. Ekuqaleni, kwacatshangwa njengento enhle kakhulu. Khrushchev, esele ephethe amandla, ngaloo ndlela wayefuna ukuqhubela phambili iiphabliki yakhe yasekuhlaleni. Ukhuphiswano lwabhengezwa, kwaye ngaphandle kweeprojekthi ezingama-73 umsebenzi wabalobi baseUkraine ukhethwa.
Ukungena kwento kwachithwa ukuba kuhambisane nomnyaka wama-300 wokuhlanganiswa kwe-Ukraine kunye neRashiya. Isitishi sivale umgca wekhawu. Kwakhona ukulala kwangqongqo, kodwa i-pylon (isakhiwo esixhasayo yi-pylons). Iipaneli ezingama-18 ezivela kwi-smalt zihobisa lo mdwebo wobugcisa bokuzakhela.

Enhle neyokuqala

Qhubeka uluhlu lwe "Iitropu ezona zintle kakhulu eMoscow", kwaye ngamanye amaxesha zikhokelela ngokufanelekileyo ngokuthi "I-Revolution Square" - umise kwi-Arbatsko-Pokrovskaya line, evuliwe ngo-1938, ngo-Matshi 13. "I-Kurskaya" kunye ne "Arbatskaya" zikufuphi. Ihluke kwabanye abadlali kumigca yokuqala kwimilinganiselo, ubuncinane ngenxa yokuba ayidume ngokungafani neepaneli zetekisi, kodwa zenziwe ngemifanekiso. Amanani e-bronze angama-76 atholakala kuma-arches angama-18 ngaphezulu kweenqwelomoya ukuya kwiipulatifomu zokungena. Iingqameko zihlala kwiipylons (iintsika) zehholo lesitishi. Zonke izityikethi ziza kubakho abemi base-USSR ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo okwakhiwa kwayo (ukususela kwiintlanganiso ze-Oktobha zika-1917 ukuya kwixesha lokusungulwa kwazo ngo-1937) kwaye baqhutywe kwiworkshop yaseLeningrad ngamaqela abadwebi abaphethwe nguMatvey Manizer. Ukuba oku akusiyo isiteshi seMetro esona sikhulu kunazo zonke eMoscow, ngoko ngokuqinisekileyo iyona nto yayisisiseko kwaye ayikhunjulwa.

Ujikelezwe yienkolelo

Uthandwa yiMuscovites. Zininzi iinkolelo ezinxulumene namanani obhedu. Ukuba uyazibhoboza kwindawo ethile, ngoko "ulonwabo" luxhomekeke - yimi kutheni izityholo ezininzi zineengcipheko zecala elikhutshwe ngokuchukumisa izizukulwana ezingaphezu kwesizukulwana. Ngokomzekelo, abafundi baxuba impumlo yabo ngenja ye-sentinel, baza baqala ukuyixuba malunga nomzuzu wokusungulwa. Inani lezinja ezine, kwaye i-lobe nganye iphosiwe ukuze ikhanye. Kukho imifanekiso yeentonga - isithintelo sabo sokongeza kwimvuzo.
Ngelizwi, isitishi sivela kuMuscovites, kwaye bayayithanda kakhulu. Kwaye kwanikezelwa ngobunzima bebhasi ngexesha lemfazwe e-Kazakhstan. Ukwakhiwa kwe "Revolution Square" yipiloni yesithathu, isiseko esisisiseko. Unokutshintshela kwisikhululo se "Teatralnaya", kwaye banesigqeba esivamile.

Umsebenzi wokugqibela wenkosi eyaziwayo

Umsebenzi wokugqibela we-A. N. Dushkin-station "Novoslobodskaya", evuliwe ngo-1952, phantse iqukwa rhoqo kwiintlanu eziphezulu zoluhlu phantsi kwesihloko esithi "Iimpawu ezilungileyo kakhulu zeMoscow". Isithombiso esingezantsi siqinisekisa ngokupheleleyo ilungelo lakhe kwindawo kuleluhlu. Ukongezelela, i-lobby yayo kuphela, esetratweni yegama elifanayo, ngaphandle kwetempile yasendulo, i-portico phambi kwe-facade yayo ine-6 enqabileyo (kunye nemigca engama-columns). Ngokuzizukisayo kunye neenhle ziindawo eziphambili ze-avant-garde kunye neendwendwe. Ukwakhiwa kwesi sitishi kuyinto ipiloni enzulu. "I-chip" yayo, okanye iqela eliqaqambileyo loyilo, ligqatshelwe ngokugqithiseleyo iifestile ezingama-32 eziglasi. Zenziwe ngamagcisa aseLatvia avela kwiiglasi ezikhutshwe ngeglasi yeeklasi. Amakhanda okuqala kunye anqanyanyisiweyo. Kufuneka idibaniswe ukuba ulwazi malunga nezikhululo zeMetro yaseMoscow, ngokukodwa ezo zinto zizinto zelifa lemveli, zifumaneka ngokubanzi, kunye neenjineli zokubala.

Omnye "ubuhle baseRashiya"

Kwinqununu kukho izitishi ezininzi ezimangalisayo, ezizibini eziqhakazileyo zaseMoscow, kwaye ngelo xesha zizinto zohambo lwezorhwebo. Ngoko, ngokwemininzi, isiteshi esiphezulu kakhulu seMoscow iMarbatskaya, savula ngo-1953. Kuqukwa kwi-node enkulu yokupakisha i-metropolitan node. Yakhiwe ngokweprojekthi ekhethekileyo: icandelo lesiphambano se-pylon, isakhiwo esisisiseko sakhiwo sine-elliptical shape, isitayela sokubhenka kwangaphakathi sibhekisela kwi- baroque yaseMoscow. "I-Arbat" -kude kakhulu, okwesibini emva kwe "Sparrow Hills", kwaye ayinayo imibono evulekile. Siyabulela ukukhethwa kweentyatyambo, kubonakala kukugcoba.

Izikhumbuzo ezithandayo zeStalin

"Belorusskaya" kunye ne "Novokuznetskaya", "iTaganskaya" kunye ne "Teatralnaya", "iKropotkinskaya" kunye ne "Prospekt Mira", "iSmolenskaya" kunye nabanye bafanelekile kwisihloko esithi "Isikhululo esiphezulu seMetro eMoscow". Njengoko kuphawuliwe ngasentla, nayiphi na i-44, eyaziwayo njengezinto zelifa lemveli, ingafakwa kwiintlanu eziphezulu okanye ezisixhenxe ezona zihamba kakuhle kwiMetroro yaseMoscow. Kuthiwani malunga nezinto ezakhiwe emva kokufa kukaStalin? Ixesha leengxande zeengxowankulu "zeprotary" zaphela nokufa kwenkokheli ...

Izinto ezintsha

Isiteshi esona sihle kakhulu seMoscow, esakhiwe ngekhulu lama-21, yiSlavyansky Boulevard. Kwavulwa ngo-2008. Ngokuqinisekileyo, okwesibini kwihlabathi ngokuphathelele umthwalo wokusebenza (wesibini kuphela eTokyo) phantsi komhlaba, mhlawumbi, kungekuhle. Kodwa ngokwenene izikhululo zobuhle obungavamile zakhiwa ngoku, umzekelo e Dubai.
Ndifuna ukukholelwa ukuba iMetro Metro, eyayisandula ukugubha iminyaka engamashumi ama-80 kwaye ngoku iqhutywe isakhiwo sokwakha, iya "kugqiba" kunye neentlanganiso zanamhlanje, ezilungeleyo zonke iimfuno zanamhlanje, kodwa ngexesha elifanayo izitishi ezintle.