Imali Russian: imali iphepha kunye zemali

imali Russian babengekho kwaoko ukuvela kwimo Eastern nokuxubana. inkqubo yorhwebo-mali kummandla yokuphuhlisa kakhulu ngokucothayo yaye ngokuthe ngcembe. Eli nqaku liza kuxubusha imbali yimbonakalo imali eRashiya, inkqubo yokutshintsha imbonakalo yazo, ukuguquka eziinkozo kwi ihlelo, kunye nophuhliso lobudlelwane kwezoqoqosho kweli lizwe.

Imali yokuqala

Ngenkulungwane 9, xa urhulumente iRashiya iye nje wabonakala phezu amakhadi, imali endaweni yayo kwakukho iimfele marten, kamva eyabizwa ngokuba Coon. Kumantla eRashiya yaba isixa esikhulu lwamahlathi umiwe izilwanyana ezinoboya-langa, ababengengabo kuBukhosi baseByzantium, ngoko abarhwebi aseByzantium bathenga oboya evela Rus. Ekubeni ummandla karhulumente yamandulo Russian baba zemali zegolide, enabizwa zlatniki. Kamva kukho loo maqhosha esilivere, eSwitzerland lwesilivere. Imbonakalo yezi ngqekembe waba ubhaptizo Rus kweli xesha, xa uqhagamshelwano phakathi Byzantium kunye Rus wamomeleza kakhulu. Ngoko ke, singatsho ukuba imali Russian, iinkozo, ingakumbi, weza evela Byzantium.

qala ubé

Eli xesha kwimbali iinkozo Russian kuthiwa "coinless". Xa Rus sahlukana fiefdoms-15, wayeka zazinegama iinkozo, ingakumbi wanyamalala ingqiqo ingqekembe omnye lowo ixabiso efanayo ubulawuli nganye. Ngoko ke, ababhali-mbali yeli xesha, ngokufuthi kakhulu ukufumana bullion nesilivere, ngelo xesha endaweni lwemali.

Ukuvela zemali ezintsha

uqhekeko kwexesha waba inani enkulu bawo, kodwa kwizazi baba baninzi. ulawulo ngalinye bafuna ukuphucula imeko yabo yezoqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko, ngoko eli xesha - nkqu ukhuphiswano ongunaphakade phakathi ezindaweni. Umzekelo, kwi Novgorod ngenkulungwane ye-13 baqalisa zetyeleba 1 engange. Yaba intwana encinane zesilivere, zalishumi grams malunga 200 ebe sinqunyulwe kwi eziphelweni. Ruble koko bahlulelana, ukusuka ingqekembe ufumene imali encinane par. ulawulo ngalinye imali eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo. Le meko yaqhubeka de yokudibanisa kuzo zibe kwimeko kwindawo enye.

eMoscow Russia

Ekupheleni kobukumkani Ivan 3, akuba phantse wawugqiba inkqubo ubunye kwi seLizwe, imali Russian kwakhona eSwitzerland kwi lo mgaqo kunye nenkqubo. Oku waya nasebudeni sewusesandleni sonyana wakhe Basil 3. Ke xa ibamba ezingephi Ivan 4 ngumama wakhe Elena Glinskaya, wagqiba wokuhlaziya inkqubo ngemali karhulumente, ukuze ube, uyilo enye iseti, leyo eSwitzerland iingqekembe. Zizonke imali eziinkozo-2, zombini eSwitzerland lwesilivere. On omnye wabo, nto leyo yaba ihlelo ezincinane, ukuba baboniswa okhwele ihashe ephethe ikrele. Ngenxa yoko, zibizwa ngokuba "Mechev". Kwelinye iinkozo lowo iintlelo eziphezulu, bonke zazibonisa umkhweli efanayo, kodwa isandla sakhe umkhonto. Ezi mali Russian babizwa "kopeynye". Tsar Fedor Ivanovich waba ngowokuqala ukuba ukubetha phandle usuku zemali.
ngcembe 1 engange wanyamalala ejikeleza. Nangona igama "engange" lalisetyenziswa, loo ngqekembe phantse azikho kwaukubakho. Enyanisweni, ngeli xesha iinkozo kweli lizwe phantse kwakungekho nokuba nesenti wadlala indima enkulu, ngoko yahlulwe 3.

Vasiliy Shuysky imithetho kwiminyaka nje embalwa kwaye likwazile ukuvelisa ingqekembe igolide yokuqala, de kube ngoko kufana ngurhulumente kunye nexesha nokubunjwa kwayo.

Imperial Russia

1 Petros kwakhona ufuna ukutshintsha inkqubo yemali yelizwe, yaqala ukuvelisa engange zesilivere. Kwakhona isilivere waba ukuvelisa ihlelo ezincinane. Kodwa kwamashumi ambalwa kamva, uCatherine wagqiba endaweni yezi ngqekembe 2 yobhedu, njengoko lizwe abazange babe isilivere, kodwa, njengoko siyazi, isilivere leyo kakhulu kubiza ngaphezu ngobhedu, ngoko ke imali omtsha Russian makhulu kakhulu yaye nzima ngaphezu yangaphambili. Ngoko ke, lo engange waqalisa ubunzima kilograms malunga enye enesiqingatha. Shape kufana Ikwadrilatherali, iimbombo eyayinomfanekiso kophawu lwesizwe karhulumente. Baqalisa ukuvelisa iinkozo zemali kunye ixabiso elingaphantsi ngegama, kodwa emva kwexesha elithile kokuba owakubhangisayo okunene, njengoko kwaba andiyithandi kakhulu, enzima kakhulu.

Ntombi piotr 1, Elizabeth, luvelise-ingqekembe ezilishumi, axelwe zinkulu, pyatirublovaya ebizwa poluimperial.

Le nkqubo yayikhona kuze ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Kodwa ke ejikelezayo zaqaliswa iingqekembe zegolide, ezaba unit olusisiseko engange. Kodwa igolide wabizwa kwemiqathango nje, kukho isuntswana intsimbi elixabisekileyo eziqulathwe kuyo. Kwakhona waqhubeka iingqekembe zesiliva kubalwa, zabalawuli kunye poluimperial.

imali iphepha

Ntombi Peter 1, uElizabeth, wabandakanyeka isicwangciso Minich, inceda ukuphucula imeko yezimali zeli lizwe sijonge ukusungulwa imali yephepha ephantsi iindleko endaweni metal njengoko wenzayo e-Europe. Kodwa iNdlu yeeNgwevu, wawungamkelekanga le projekthi.
Noko ke, uCatherine II, babesazi ukuba umyalelo aseYurophu, yaye iindlela zokonga, iye yagqiba ukwenza oku isindululo ngokwenene. Kwaye gqira ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane elinesibhozo, ukuba likhuphe imali omtsha Russian emahlelweni ka-100, 75, 50 no-25 engange. Abantu baqalisa edubula imali yobhedu angakhululeki kwezi, oku iibhanki amatsha avulwa.

Phela, le mithetho ngokuba yamaphepha. Kodwa baqala depreciate ngcembe, ekubeni inani labo liyanda minyaka yonke.

imali USSR

Ngethuba leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi uqale lwayo imali iphepha ejikelezayo wanyamalala nokuba imali yobhedu. Kwakhona, imali iye lula kakhulu ukuze luqine, kweli lizwe kwakukho abaqashi.

Ekuqaleni eko baqalisa ukukhupha yamaphepha emahlelweni ka-5 no-10 amawaka, yaye imali encinane akwanelanga ukuba babelane amatyala amakhulu loo nto. Ngoko ke urhulumente wagqiba ekubeni abeke yasasazwa zatshintsha umqondiso, nto leyo engqina sokunyaniseka isitampu ekhethekileyo. Ukususela ngoko, imali waqala depreciate.
Ukususela eko inkqubo mali waqalisa ukomeleza, iyunithi entsha - fundole. imali nickel zaziswa.

Ngowe-1961, kukho utshintsho mali kuthwalelwa phandle, nelenyuse ngakumbi amandla ukuthengwa engange.

Russia yanamhlanje

Ukususela 1990 ukuya utshintsho okwangoku eqhubekayo kwinkqubo malini njengorhulumente wale mihla. Kodwa singatsho ngokuzithemba ukuba imali IsiRashiya ukufana kakhulu imali amaxesha Imperial Russia.