Iilwimi Dagestan. usapho Dagestani. Dagestan iincwadi

Nokuba ngokuba zamazwe ngamazwe Dagestan abaseAfrika iimpawu zolwimi ukohluka ezahlukeneyo, ukuqhama kunye neyantlukwano. Ezinye iilwimi ethile auls ngamnye amancinci, kutheni Dagestan ebizwa ngokuba 'entabeni iilwimi. "

Ukungafani kweelwimi

Ezibhaliweyo kunye ongabhalwanga iilwimi Dagestani entabeni, kukho malunga namashumi amathathu. iilwimi Dagestani ifakwe kwiqela kwimpuma lweelwimi abaseAfrika lwaya. Iqela Chechen-Dagestani ukho ubuhlobo ezikude kunye kwiAbkhaz-Adygei iqela yasentshona. Phakathi iqela iilwimi Dagestan abe nolwalamano olusondeleyo, ubungqina oku igrama kunye nesigama (ingakumbi yaseAvar kunye neelwimi Lak).

Ezinye iilwimi Dagestan kancinane efunda. eziphandwe kakuhle Dargin, yaseAvar, Lezgi, Lak. Nguwe kuphela ukwenza kudidi lokuqala ngenxa yesi sizathu.

Ukuqhuba iilwimi Dagestan

Oku ingakhangeleka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

1. Group yaseAvar-Ando-Dido. Oku kuquka ezi lwimi zilandelayo: sehlathi (godobari, Andi ahvah, Botlikh, eqatywe, bagvalal, Tindi, chamalal); yaseAvar; Dido (Capucho, hvarshi, ginuh, hunzal, Didot); ngosungulo ulwimi Archi okanye Rocha.
2. Group Dargin. Ibandakanya Dargin, Kubachi kunye neelwimi kaytaksky.
3. Iqela Lak kuphela Lak.
4. Group Lezghian. Oku kuquka ezi lwimi zilandelayo: Lezgi, Samur (Agulla Tsakhur, Rutul, jack, haput, Khinalug, Kryz, Udi, buduk) Tabasaran.

iilwimi Dagestan morphologically izenzi alungile. Kuwo akukho mahluko phakathi kweentlobo zobuqu akabhekisi liba nesimamva. iilwimi ezininzi Dagestani kuchaphazela iintlobo ezininzi declination kunye inani lamatyala.

igama Dagestani

Zonke izizwe Dagestani, kuquka Kumyks babe phantse amagama efanayo. Your pronunciation ingahluka. Ubuninzi - kuba igama Arabhu. Kutshanje kubekho uboleka amagama lobuqu ulwimi Russian.

amagama amaninzi Dagestani agcinwe yinxalenye yentsapho (clan). ukuba Benza ngeelwimi Dagestani kunye nesimamva ezikhethekileyo yesininzi. Umzekelo, kwi isimamva yaseAvar ulwimi -al: igama Ilyas - Ilyasal (Ilyasova). In Lak -hul usebenzise isimamva egameni Ali - Alihul (Aliev).

Ukubunjwa amagama generic (tuhumnyh, usapho) kuquka iziseko ezakha amazwi Dagestani, izibizo eziqhelekileyo kunye namagama yobuhlanga, amagama indawo.

Declination lwamagama

Kwiilwimi Dagestani kunye zidityaniswe generic (igama-tuhum) kunye negama lobuqu kwindawo yokuqala ukubeka gama isininzi genitive, kwaye ke igama lobuqu. Umzekelo: Ahmadhal Ali, Muhtarlany Gazhi.

iilwimi Dagestani ukuvumela ukuba beyiseke igama ntsapho, xa kungekho igama lobuqu. Ukuba umi ecaleni tuhumnym (generic), ke ngoko, njengoko umthetho, ukwehla kunokwenzeka, oko kukuthi, igama ugcina ityala genitive, igama lobuqu ungqiyame.

Xa ufaka iintlobo kwamaxwebhu - nokuba incwadana yokundwendwela, isiqinisekiso somtshato, metric, isatifikethi, njl - .. Amagama osapho transliterated, Dagestan izimamva ke ngoko indawo -ev Russian, Female. Umzekelo: Abdullayev, Akhmedov, Omarov.

Dagestan iincwadi

Uncwadi kwizizwana Dagestan ezahlukeneyo iilwimi ezininzi. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi ukuvela iilwimi kumykskom, Dargin, yaseAvar, Lak, Tabasaran, Lezgin kunye Tat. Kwimeko nganye kwezi ncwadi kwakhiwa ekuqaleni, oku kuxhomekeke kakhulu kuphuhliso zenkcubeko nezentlalo noqoqosho. Imbali abantu Dagestan lubonakala lwemveli: i ombambazelayo kwaye luzayo iingoma, amabali, izithethe, amazwi, izafobe, amavo. Abaninzi kubo igcwele kunye neminqweno humanistic nedemokrasi, zibonisa umzabalazo lwabantu nxamnye labacinezeli. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, isitshixo i "iqela Patima", Lak ingoma ubalisa ibali lomzabalazo kwi 13-14 kwiinkulungwane th. kunye Mongols. Kwi ekulweni feudal uxelele Kumyk "Kartgochak", "Song of the Aygaz".

I Dagestan iintsomi, epics zobuqhawe, iingoma zembali ziquka ngeentyatya- iintsomi kunye iingoma bezinye iintlanga Georgia, Azerbaijan, i-Middle East and Central Asia. Kunye lwemveli 17-18 th eminyaka. ayenziwa isiko wokubhala zasekuhlaleni Arabic. era feudal luphawulwa yeziKronike zembali, ezikhumbuzo zoncwadi ezinde ezahlukeneyo kwi philology kunye nenzululwazi yendalo izihloko, bonke babe merit zoncwadi.

Ngenkulungwane ye-17 kuphuhliso loncwadi wempangelo professional nefuthe isikolo Dagestani mousse Kudutlya, shaaban ukusuka kolunye udini. Apho wafunda bulumko, ulwimi Arabic, nomthetho, izichazi badalwa, ngelo xesha kwakukho iisampuli yokubhala kuqala. Iindlela yophuhliso uncwadi Dagestan kufumaniseka ukuba aba lolu emva yeziKronike zembali Magomed Tahir al-iinqwelo, Gadzhi Ali, Hasan Alkadari.

Literature 19-20th eminyaka

Sele kwinkulungwane ye-19 ukuya uncwadi Dagestani nomdla omkhulu zesayensi Russian. Kuye zidalwe yapapashwa iincwadi ezininzi ngembali ezizwe of Dagestan. "Derbent-igama" - olu hlelo endala yapapashwa eSt Petersburg ngowe-1851, uNjingalwazi Kazembekom yaguqulelwa IsiNgesi, wenza kungekho zimvo. Ngowe-1898 e Tiflis, le ncwadi yapapashwa kwaye yaguqulelwa ngolwimi Russian. Ukongeza, i "Derbent-igama" yaguqulelwa Lak kulwimi.

I-October Revolution of 1917 kunyaka lwaqaliswa uncwadi Dagestan eninzi. Yaqala uphuhliso ngamandla. Ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, wazalwa revolution, iingoma ezininzi Scholarship ukuba balizukisa liKomanisi, inkululeko, kubantu abaziinjubaqa. Phantsi kolawulo yiSoviet, zonke izizwe Dagestan ababesoloko ngaloo maxesha apho waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ulwimi olubhaliweyo ukuba ifundisa uluntu ngokubanzi. Amanyathelo okuqala ekuphuhliseni uncwadi post-olululo Dagestan benza ababhali ezifana H. Batyrmurzaev, uMnu Saidov. Ngelo xesha, kwakukho ingxaki - badumise amandla yiSoviet, yisa ubuxoki esebenzayo iingcamango zobuKomanisi yaye kwangaxeshanye ukuveza izimvo abanenzondo yoohlohlesakhe.

Ebudeni World War II Dagestan iimbongi nababhali wachaza nabanye amajoni Soviet ngubani ilwelwe kwilizwe labo. imisebenzi ezininzi ezibhaliweyo kunye iimpawu uphawu lobuciko. Ngelo xesha, kwadalwa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo njenge "ngaphambili-line umfazi Ijoni", "Song of the yemeyili" Tsadasa; "Unina ilizwi," "Xa emasangweni eCaucasus" Hajiyev; "Gamzatov Cannon salvos '; "Ukubona yedwa 'amagumbi; "Night", "Dnepr", "Endleleni" Suleymanova.

Okwangoku, umbutho ka kubabhali Dagestan yenye inkulu eRashiya. ubulungu balo kuquka ngaphezu kwe-140 iimbongi, ababhali bemidlalo, novelists, abagxeki, abaguquleli. I-Union iqulathe amacandelo ezisithoba, intloko nganye kubo umbhali ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezingenamandla ze adumileyo yehlabathi.