I-Internet njenge inkqubo ulwazi lwehlabathi. Xa Internet wabonakala eRashiya? Online Resources

Internet uyiqhelile ukuba abemi wendlela isixeko mihla, kodwa le miba kwakhokelwa ngendlela kunokuba elide yaye kunzima wesiseko kunye nokuphuhliswa kobuchwepheshe, wabulela apho oko kunokwenzeka ukuqinisekisa kokutyalwa i-World Wide Web emhlabeni wonke. Yintoni na le izisombululo? Njani na i-World Wide Web eRashiya?

definition Internet

I-Internet njenge inkqubo lolwazi kuyinto inethiwekhi computer, apho kwiindawo zihanjiswa ehlabathini lonke, kwaye ngexesha elinye enengqondo edityaniswe ngokusebenzisa kwindawo ethile idilesi. Ukusebenza uthungelwano lwehlabathi kunokwenzeka ngokuyintloko Bulelani yokumanya imigangatho zonxibelelwano: umzekelo, lisetyenziswa TCP ephambili / IP, iphunyezwe ukukhetha kuzo zonke iikhompyutha aqhagamshelwe kwi World Wide Web.

Xa uhlobo mihla kwi Internet njengenkqubo ulwazi lwehlabathi, kukho malunga nama-30 eminyaka ubudala. Kodwa ngexesha lwezibonelelo layo ukwenzeka, ngokusekelwe leyo zazilele World Network, nolwathi lwaphuhliswa ngokwaneleyo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke.

Iza kuba luncedo ukuba siqwalasele indlela apho emgceni kumazwe ahlukeneyo. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba imbali uphuhliso lwezibonelelo, ngokusekelwe eyaqala kwakhiwa kwi Internet mihla, phantse ngexesha elinye kunye nexesha longquzulwano phakathi kweenkqubo zobugcisa ngobukhulu ehlabathini ezibini - Koloni Soviet. Kakade ke, lo kucalulo lula kakhulu, njengoko kwi-sikhokelo yenkqubo yokuqala neyesibini eli kuphuhliso lwengingqi, ubugcisa yesizwe, zahlukile kakhulu kwezinye iimeko.

Ekugqibeleni, isiseko kuphuhliso Internet mihla sele umzekelo Koloni - kodwa ngexesha kwintshayelelo yayo kwi-USSR, iingcali eSoviet sele ukuba amava ukutyalwa uthungelwano lwekhompyutha, ukusa kumkhamo othile efanayo imodeli eliseNtshona kwi Internet. Cinga, ke ngoko, kukuba ukuphuhlisa indlela Network yeHlabathi kwintshona yenkqubo zobuchwepheshe, yaye emva koko, xa bekukho Internet eRashiya esekelwe nkcukacha yothungelwano lwezakhiwo yekhompyutha yesizwe.

Imbali kwi Internet kumazwe Western

Ekupheleni kwezi 50, elona xesha kakhulu enzima IMfazwe, urhulumente US ubeke umsebenzi izazinzulu American: ukwenza izibonelelo data ukuba akwazi ukusebenza kwanaxa ubuso imfazwe ehlabathini. Izazinzulu ziye ecetywayo ingqiqo inkqubo enjalo - iprojekthi ebizwa ARPANET.

Ngowe-1969, iikhompyutha zeeyunivesithi ezininzi ezinkulu American ziye bathungelane phantsi kwizikim esele yenziwe yi izazinzulu-sikhokelo le projekthi. Kamva, amava azuzwe ngabaphandi, yathatyathwa nabanye abachaphazelekayo ezininzi; oku kukhokelele ekwandeni lothungelwano yekhompyutha esebenza kwimigangatho ARPANET kazwelonke.

Wabonakala kunye neenkqubo ezikhethekileyo kule iziseko: umzekelo, sele ngowe-1971 kuba ARPANET waye software yenzelwe ukuthumela imiyalezo ebhaliweyo. Enyanisweni, sithetha malunga imbonakalo ye-imeyile yokuqala - imisebenzi esisiseko ye-intanethi namhlanje abantu ziquka lokuququzelela utshintshiselwano data ngohlobo olufanelekileyo. Ngo-70 email oko, ngokutsho abaphandi, kwaye wonke umsebenzi uthandwayo lothungelwano computer, deployable kwiprojekthi American.

Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo ARPANET ifikelele isikali eUnited States: womnatha waqala ukudibanisa kumaziko ahlukeneyo aseYurophu. Unxibelelwano kunye nezibonelelo American wahlelwa ngexesha elinye nge intambo yomnxeba phezu i-Atlantic Ocean.

Enyanisweni, ekubeni uqhagamshelwano ARPANET eYurophu, ingakumbi 1973, utshintshiselwano data kunye network bahlela nemibutho British kwaye Norwegian, le projekthi iye amazwe. Noko ke, unxibelelwano phakathi iikhompyutha akhiwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, abasoloko ndizinzile ngenxa yokungabikho imilinganiselo eyamkelekileyo ngokubanzi utshintsho data.

Umba efanelekileyo kwagqitywa emva kokuba ukuqaliswa jikelele TCP / IP protocol. It isasetyenziswa nangoku phantse zonke izibonelelo Internet.

Ngexesha ngokuqaliswa TCP-IP unalo womnatha US-yaseYurophu ke, kunoko, inter-lengingqi kwe jikelele - nangona ngo-1983, emva kokuba igama "Internet." Kodwa nokubekwa yayo na ke ekhawulezileyo. Le nkqubo negalelo kukuyilwa ngo-1984, umgangatho DNS - ezisekelwe kuyo yaba ukusebenza wenkonzo Igama domain. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kulo nyaka kwi projekthi ARPANET ngoku okhuphisana kakhulu ebusweni NSFNet womnatha kweekhompyutha zeeyunivesithi ezahlukeneyo.

NSFNet izibonelelo ngokusekelwe kwi Internet

iziseko NSFNet ivumela ukubonelela tshintshayo kakhulu ngaphezulu data. Uye wakhula nesantya kakhulu esebenzayo. Ngokuthe ngcembe, i "Internet" yaziwa ngokuba ixesha ikhula womnatha NSFNet. Ngowe-1988, kwaba lula ukuba bazisebenzise ezi zincedisi zokufundisa lokuququzelela lwemiyalezo ekhawulezileyo ngendlela ingxoxo - nge IRC.

Ngowe-1989, isazinzulu waseBritani Tim Berners-Lee yaqulunqa ingqiqo kwinethiwekhi yekhompyutha jikelele, i-World Wide Web. Kwiminyaka-2 elandelayo, udala transfer protocol of iProtokhol - HTTP, HTML ulwimi, kwakunye identifier URL. Ngokutsho zophando ezininzi, ukuba kubulelwe kusungulwe Tim Berners-Lee Internet njenge inkqubo yolwazi jikelele baqala uhambo ngokukhawuleza ehlabathini.

Le migangatho, kwakunye amathuba universal TCP / IP protocol ukuze ukalisha World Wide Web kwi wonke ngesantya omkhulu. Ekuqaleni nenani-90 Bakha ezingundoqo ze-Internet, ziyafumaneka kubasebenzisi namhlanje: ukufumana ufikelelo kumaphepha e web kuzo bakhangeli beencwadi, ngokubeka inkcazelo phezu kwabo, abafumana kwaye yokunikezela iifayile. Kakade ke, wahlala iinkonzo ethandwayo ye-imeyile, IRC.

ся язык гипертекста, технологии управления сайтами. Xia ngcono ulwimi technology ulawulo lomxholo. NSFNet, но в 1995 году данная функция была передана сетевым провайдерам. Njengoko isiseko zezibonelelo Internet ixesha elide asetyenziswa iiseva NSFNet, kodwa ngowe-1995 lo msebenzi ugqunywe kubaniki womnatha. стандарт WWW, посредством которого было возможно передавать практически любые данные с использованием каналов интернета. Ngowe-1996 waba ngokuqhelekileyo ziyenzeka umgangatho WWW apho kwenzeka ukudlulisela phantse naziphi na iinkcukacha ngokusebenzisa imijelo Internet. FTP. Kodwa ugcina ukufaneleka kunye FTP standard. интернет-ресурсы продолжают его использовать в целях организации эффективного обмена файлами. Namhlanje, imithombo emininzi online kuqhubeka ukulisebenzisa ukuba ulungise kakuhle yokwabelana ngeefayile.

Ngendlela eqhelekileyo ye-World Wide Web iyonke wambumba ekuqaleni kowama-2000. Njengoko ukwandisa isantya ukufikelela umsebenzisi kwimithombo online kubuchwepheshe ezifana DSL, ifayibha, 3G, 4G, ingakumbi ithandwayo izibonelelo ukulungiselela le vidiyo, ezifana YouTube, ze imidlalo, iinkonzo efini. Kuyo umbutho nge Internet kunxibelelwano phakathi kwabantu, kodwa phakathi izixhobo ezahlukeneyo nje kuphela - evela izinto ezilula indlu kwiziseko-mveliso omkhulu. Zininzi iingqiqo zenzululwazi ngendlela yokuphuhlisa kwi Internet njengenkqubo ulwazi wonke kwixesha elizayo. Zahluke kakhulu, kwaye ngandlela ezininzi Ukuqonda lwabo luxhomekeke ikhondo kanye uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe computer.

Imbali ye Internet eRashiya

Ngoku siza kufunda, xa intanethi eRashiya. Kwi imodeli wasentshona zophuhliso zonxibelelwano ngekhompyutha, safunda, kubaluleke ngoku ukuba siqonde ukuba ukuphumeza indlela iziseko efanelekileyo kwilizwe lethu.

Njengoko sibonile ngaphambili kweli nqaku, kangangexesha elide, information technology eSoviet Union kuphuhliswa ngaxeshanye kunye entshonalanga. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ubukhulu becala kuphuhliso lwabo uye wenza umbulelo ukuba ukuvela eSoviet Union imithombo nokukotshwa kwisiseko wentshona isilawuli, leyo imiliselwe elibonakalayo kumanqanaba ahlukeneyo yonxibelelwano zikarhulumente 60-70s, kodwa ngaphambi ukuba izazinzulu Soviet yaba Uphuhliso oluqhubela kakhulu kweyayo . Kodwa ngenye indlela, kakuhle kwi Internet ekutolikweni Western akwazi kwahluka eziphathekayo kwezo isigama lothungelwano computer kwi-USSR.

Emva phaya 1950, izazinzulu Soviet baba kwinethiwekhi ikhompyutha njengenxalenye iiprojekthi zezibonelelo yokhuselo ngezikhali. Ezi iinethiwekhi zaye zisekelwe eSoviet iikhompyutha uhlobo "Diana-I», «Diana-II» kunye nezinye izigqibo. Ukutshintshisana ngolwazi phakathi kweekhompyutha efanelekileyo yenziwa ukubala isikhokelo flight ngezikhali.

Ngo-1970, uthungelwano lwekhompyutha kwaye athathe inxaxheba kwinkalo yoluntu - ingakumbi njengoko kweziseko kwisakhelo lohlobo kweenkqubo ACS Express kunye "Siren", likuvumela ukuba uzibekele, ngokulandelelana, kaloliwe kunye nomoya amatikiti. Ngowe-1974, i-computer kokusungulwa koi-8.

Kwisiqingatha sokuqala 80th Institute VNIIPAS waqalisa ukuphumeza, kusetyenziswa iikhompyutha, exchange data ekude kunye nemibutho amazwe. UNIX (на принципах которой функционируют современные ОС Linux и, в свою очередь базирующиеся на ней ОС Android, которые можно отнести к самым распространенным в мире, если брать рынок мобильных устройств). Ngokubanzi, kule minyaka ingama-80 ukusasazwa kweenkqubo zekhompyutha Soviet networked waya ekhuthele kakhulu, ubukhulu becala ngenxa ukuvela yiSoviet Union iinguqulelo localized ye UNIX yokusebenza (kwimigaqo ye esebenzayo Linux mihla, esathi, ngokusekelwe yokusebenza kwinkqubo yayo Android, leyo kunganxulunyaniswa ezivame kakhulu ehlabathini, xa uthatha imarike mobile). Enyanisweni, ngowe-1990 eSoviet Union zonke izibonelelo eziyimfuneko ukuyidibanisa kwakhona yeenethwekhi computer eSoviet kunye Internet ukusebenza ngokwesiseko NSFNet Resources kwasekwa.

"RELCOM" - inethiwekhi computer kazwelonke

Kukho inethiwekhi esuka kwikhompyutha-Union zonke "RELCOM" leyo zisetyenziswa iprotocol kunye technologies Internet. Unxibelelwano phakathi kweekhompyutha inikwa channels ngomnxeba. A indima ebaluleke kakhulu ekwakheni le izibonelelo wayedlala ngabavelisi bale "demo" Iqumrhu, benza kuphuhliso izisombululo software ezahlukeneyo.

Ngo-Agasti 1990, abaphandi ukusuka Kurchatov Institute ziye zasekwa uqhagamshelwano kunye neYunivesithi of Helsinki ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza imiyalezo ye-imeyile ngaphakathi imiphantsi zothumelo, enyanisweni, i-Internet. Ngo September RELCOM 1990 iingcali ' "yaye" demo "inkampani ebhalisiweyo elo thambeka .su eSoviet Union, nto leyo iyasetyenziswa - kwaye kukho uguqulelo ukuba ukusetyenziswa kakhulu wayo.

Kwi-USSR, uthungelwano umsebenzisi fido eziphuhliswe kunye "RELCOM". Ngo-1991, ngenxa abasebenzisi eSoviet zokufikelela i "RELCOM" babe izibonelelo ezikhoyo ekujonganeni domain - njengokuba kwi Internet mihla. Ngowe-1992, sele Russian Federation kukho zababoneleli kuqala.

Ukusebenzisa TCP njengomgangatho / IP eRashiya iya ikuyo. Ngo-Apreli 1994, le domain kazwelonke ubhaliswe .Ru. Ukususela ngoko, i-Internet eRashiya yaphuhliswa liphela kwakunye kumazwe aseNtshona. Kwangaxeshanye, iingcali Russian baye benza igalelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwe-World Wide Web, ngokukodwa kwinqanaba wophuhliso anti-virus, izisombululo umncedisi.

Ngoko ke, siye safunda indlela thungelwano kwi Internet, ingakumbi uphuhliso lobugcisa nonxibelelwano lweteknoloji eRashiya kwi West. Ngoku ufunda elo ke namhlanje World Wide Web.

Internet Modern: abanikezeli nkonzo

Ukufikelela kwi Internet kubasebenzisi le ISP. Thina ukufunda iingxaki ezithile ekufuneka isonjululwe ngabo.

Ngubani na ke umniki-Internet? Kwiminyaka yokuqala World Wide Web kwakujongwa inkampani enjalo ngokubonelela ngeenkonzo ukuguqukela kwezonxibelelwano lomsebenzisi kunye ezingqonge iiseva Internet. Ngoku umnikezi - njengomboneleli izibonelelo zonxibelelwano imali ukulungiselela ukusebenza kwezibonelelo womnatha yandile zengingqi kwaye ngamanye amaxesha eentlanga. Iinkampani ezibonelela ngeenkonzo, kunokuba kuba kakhulu enkulu, amazwe zasekuhlaleni, nto leyo zisebenza isikali isixeko omnye.

Kukho inani elikhulu ubuchule apho abanikezeli nkonzo bakwazi ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zabo; iindlela ezisebenzisa amandla ifowuni, satellite, intanethi ehambayo. Nganye kuzo ineendlela zayo kunye neengxaki. Ndingayilindela kowuphi namajelo zisetyenziswa ubukhulu becala ixabiso kwi Internet eyenziwe ISP. Njengoko umthetho, iindleko ezibiza imali encinane ukuba umsebenzisi igxunyekwe imijelo, kancinane imali eninzi - iseli, eqolo - satellite. Kulo mzekelo, intlawulo kuba kwi-nkonzo:

• format imali ngenyanga;
• traffic;
• kwezinye iimeko - kuba ixesha ufikelelo kwi-Net.

Indima ye Internet kwihlabathi lanamhlanje wenzelwe ikakhulu ukunika abasebenzisi kunye kungenzeka ukuba batyelele iziza ezahlukeneyo.

Internet Modern: Websites

Posted kwi-Intanethi - ingqokelela iifayile (umbhalo, imifanekiso, ividiyo kunye ezirekhodiweyo eziqulathe amanye amacandelo multimedia), apho zifumaneka nge elandelwayo ezifana WWW, HTTP, FTP, kunye nezinye izinto kangangoko indlela kwimeko ethile. Kakade ke, iifayili zedata ngendlela ethile ngendlela ukuququzelela imbono ulwazi ngumsebenzisi.

Eyona isiqalelo kwenkqubo kwisiza - iphepha le web. Kwiimeko ezininzi, oko kwenziwe ngolwimi lwe HTML, kaninzi usebenzisa izikripthi ezahlukeneyo. Le sayithi abe eyahlukileyo umxholo. Oku iphephandaba online, blog, Ukusingatha ividiyo, ezemidlalo, ukuzonwabisa portal - mininzi iintlobo zezibonelelo ezinokuthi zibekwe kwi World Wide Web.

Internet Modern: Radio and TV

Ngaphezu sibonile ukuba uphuhliso technologies nokunyusa izinga data, ngokuya kuthandwa izibonelelo ezahlukeneyo ividiyo kwi Internet. Njengoko enjalo ingqalelo, umzekelo, Internet TV kunye nerediyo-intanethi. Ezi technologies kwenza kube lula ukwenza usasazo TV kunye neenkqubo kunomathotholo kwiziza ezizodwa kusetyenziso lweeteknoloji ezizodwa.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba uninzi iinkonzo olubhekisa phambili likuvumela ukuba ulungise isaziso yakho kuye nawuphi na umsebenzisi anomdla. TV Internet kuthathelwa ingqalelo ukwanda imigca-high speed - oku lungelo, kodwa ngumthombo eqhelekileyo. Ngelo xesha linokufuna ukuba utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo ukusuka kumsebenzisi (abantu, imali) wokunyusa kunye nophuhliso yayo. Kukwanjalo ke ukuba websites. iphephandaba online okanye ukuzonwabisa portal angabhaliswa nguye nabani na ofuna, kodwa zizenza brand okubonakalayo - kwakungelula.

Internet Modern: izicelo mobile

Enye yezinto ezininzi awasiwisayo kuphuhliso Internet namhlanje kuqwalaselwa izicelo ukuyo mobile - software eyodwa Ingaqhaliswa nge Smartphones okanye tablets. Osebenzayo, idatha isicelo kwiimeko ezininzi kunokuba efanayo amaphepha Web. Kodwa kukho izisombululo ezithile uhlobo efanelekileyo, umzekelo, zamkelelwa ukwenziwa ukukhusela ufikelelo kwi-akhawunti eyeyakho, ezifana ibhanki. Internet namhlanje - imeko unxibelelwano apho ungadlulisela phantse naluphi na ulwazi digital, kwaye kwiimeko ezininzi ifuna ukusetyenziswa elandelwayo ezithile neeteknoloji, kubandakanywa nezo izicelo mobile.

isishwankathelo

Ngoko ke, siye safunda ntoni na ingqikelelo ye-World Wide Web, kwakunye ubugcisa eziphambili asetyenziswa ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukusebenza kwayo. Kakuhle eli Internet - ukubonelela abasebenzisi ehlabathini lonke kukho ukufikelela ephantsi indleko ezinzileyo kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo inkcazelo ebalulekileyo, iifayile, isiqulatho multimedia, kwakunye kwizibonelelo apho abantu ukunxibelelana nabanye kwaye unokuyitshintsha ezahlukeneyo data. Loo amathuba namhlanje eziqhelekileyo kubemi, mhlawumbi kulo lonke ihlabathi, nangona ngaphambili sasikho bambalwa kakhulu abantu, kwiimeko ezininzi, ke zinokusetyenziswa kuphela xa kukho emfundo ephakamileyo kweli kwizifundo zobuxhakaxhaka bolwazi.

Ngubani na umboneleli we-intanethi, nguwuphi na kubo ukuxhuma oko ixabiso - imibuzo eza phantse ngokuqinisekileyo kuyazi umhlali wendlela a sixeko mihla. I-World Wide Web iyaqhubeka ukuba bathungelane: kukho iinkonzo ezintsha, iiteknoloji, ingqiqo lombutho abasebenzisi zonxibelelwano, ukuphuculwa isixhobo kugqithiso lwedata. Indlela ukuya yinkqubela zeteknoloji, ke, yintoni aya uqoqosho lwehlabathi, thina ezichaza kumda wesangqa ukwenzela uphuhliso oluqhubekayo Internet.