HIV: isifo kwaye afumane unyango, uthintelo

yaziwa syndrome immunodeficiency iminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amane, yenye yeengxaki engundoqo abantu namhlanje. Ngako oko, une-HIV ngoku ekutsaleni eninzi ingqalelo kunye nezibonelelo. Ngapha koko, le ntsholongwane kwangoko kuya kuthi ibonise ukuba itshabalalisa amajoni omzimba umzimba, kokukhona kuya kuba amathuba yokuphepha ukufa.

Umongo ngxaki

Phantsi ungayiqondiyo HIV Uyayifihla inkcazelo human immunodeficiency virus - omnye kakhulu eyingozi phakathi ezikhoyo kungoku nje. Phantsi impembelelo yayo kukho ukudakumba enzulu iimpawu ibakhusela eziphilayo. Le nto yenza ukuba ukuvela ezinezigulo ezahlukeneyo izifo.

Qubeka usulelo lwe-HIV ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngamanye amaxesha sifo obethe umntu iminyaka 3-4, kwezinye iimeko nga iminyaka engaphezu kwama-20. Kubalulekile ukwazi ukuba intsholongwane iyahlozinga yaye ngokukhawuleza uyafa xa umzimba iphumile yenethiwekhi.

HIV ezinokuqulathwa amadlozi, igazi, menses kunye kwamadlala secretion lobufazi. Njengoko ezibangela losulelo kufuneka ukhumbule iingxaki ezifana nesifo periodontal, abrasions, kunye nezinye iingozi.

Intshlongwane kaGawulayo le yosulela ngokuzenzela, kwaye ngokusebenzisa indlela biokontaktnogo bloodborne.

Ukuba bekukho umfowunelwa eyodwa yenethiwekhi le ntsholongwane, ingozi yosulelo esezantsi, kodwa intsebenziswano rhoqo liphuma kakhulu. Uxilongo lwe HIV - le nto ke ukutyeshelwa, ingakumbi xa ukutshintsha iqabane ngesondo

Nikelani ingqalelo iindleko kunye neendlela parenteral zosulelo. Oko kunokuthi kwenzeke ngexesha igazi ukutofelwa igazi, iinaliti kunye iinaliti athe ne ngegazi abantu abosulelwe-HIV, kwakunye neenkqubo non-engenazintsholongwane zonyango (ngumvambo, ukugqojozwa, iinkqubo zamazinyo usebenzisa izixhobo ayiphathwa kakuhle).

Kufuneka bazi ukuba akufuneki ukoyika ukosuleleka zoqhagamshelwano-khaya. Kodwa inyani kukuba umntu unalo susceptibility omkhulu kusuleleko lwe-HIV. Ke ukuba umntu osulelekileyo ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-35, ukuqhubela phambili ukuya AIDS kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kakhulu kunabo abo bangekabi ukoyisa engamashumi amathathu amazwe.

The main Iimpawu

Kakade ke, indlela engcono ukuchonga ingxaki okanye ukungabikho - yinto une-HIV. Kodwa yintoni ebangela inokuba umntu, ehamba indlela yokuphila esempilweni, ukuze aye zihlole phezu ubunyani usuleleko? Kungokwemvelo ukuba liphulo kufuneka ngake ugwetyelwe. Kubalulekile ke ngoko ukuba ukwazi iimpawu ukuze oko kubonisa lweenkqubo entshabalalo ukuba gqiba amajoni omzimba.

Nqanaba bafukanywe kwentsholongwane ngaphandle kovavanyo kwegazi ukutyhila akunakwenzeka ukuba baphumelele, kuba umzimba ngeli xesha nangoku akaziphenduli izinto ezikhohlakeleyo.

Inqanaba lesibini (ukubonisa eyona) ngaphandle koncedo ugqirha kwakhona ukuthatha indawo zifihlakele. Kodwa maxa wambi kukho phindana esebenzayo zentsholongwane kunye umzimba uqalisa abasabela ngayo - ithi ifiva, amaqhakuvana polymorphic ezahlukeneyo, syndrome splenic kunye pharyngitis. Xa inyathelo yesibini angazibandakanya izifo eziziisekondari ezifana herpes, usulelo fungal, inyumoniya kunye nabanye.

Kuba Isigaba sesithathu, efukamileyo, ebonakala ngu ukunyuka kancinane immunodeficiency. Ngenxa yokuba inkqubo zokhuselo iiseli kufa, le Dynamics imveliso zabo zomthetho landiswe, kwaye oku ukubuyisela ilahleko ebonakalayo. Kweli nqanaba ezimbalwa iindawo nkovu yelo iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo abe ebushushwini babo. Kodwa ubuhlungu obukhulu akukho ulandelwe. I-avareji Ixesha afihlakeleyo ithatha kwiminyaka emi-6 ukuya kwesi-7, kodwa kungenzeka imisiwe, no-20.

Ngexesha isigaba sesekondari sifo, nto leyo ke, intsebenziswano izifo yesine kubonakala fungal, protozoan ngokudluliselwa kwentsholongwane, imvelaphi wentsholongwane egazini kunye ezinezigulo. Konke oku kwenzeka ngokuchasene nemvelaphi immunodeficiency kakhulu.

Iindlela une-HIV

Ethetha ingcinezelo enzulu izixhobo zokhuselo lomzimba ngenxa yokuba sesichengeni intsholongwane, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ikamva isigulane kule meko ixhomekeke isigulo kwangethuba nangokuchanekileyo.

Ukuze benze oku, amayeza mihla, iinkqubo ezahlukeneyo uvavanyo, ezo zisekelwe immunohemilyuminestsentny kunye enzyme immunoassay negazi. Le yenza kube lula ukufumanisa ubukho omzimba akwi kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo. Le japan kunceda ukwandisa kakhulu isiqulatho lolwazi iindlela analytical, Okukodwa ngokwasempilweni kunye novakalelo xa kusingethwe nezifo ezosulelayo.

Umdla kwakhona kukuba ukuba indlela polymerase chain reaction kuvunyelwa ukuba uxilongo HIV ukuya kwinqanaba elitsha. Njengokuba material isifundo zifanele ezahlukeneyo izinto eziphilayo: plasma yegazi, biopsy, ukukrwela, serum, cerebrospinal okanye ulwelo pleural.

Ukuba sithethe malunga neendlela izifundo laboratory, ukuba ngokuyintloko swi ekuchongweni eziliqela izifo ezingundoqo. Sithetha nge-HIV, isifo sephepha, zonke izifo ukuba ezosulela ngokwabelana ngesondo, kunye hepatitis wentsholongwane egazini.

Ukuchonga intsholongwane immunodeficiency nazo kusetyenziswa iimvavanyo yemfuza serological eziphilayo. Kwimeko yokuqala umiselwa RNA wentsholongwane kwaye DNA proviral, kwimeko yesibini, uhlalutyo antibodies iantigens P24 HIV kwaye kubonakele.

Xa iikliniki, isicelo, ngoko ukuthetha, iindlela classical diagnostic, esetyenziswa ikakhulu protocol yokuzihlola serological.

Ukufunyaniswa kwangoko kwe-HIV

Olu hlobo nokuzimisela losulelo into efunekayo ukuze afumane ubungozi amajoni omzimba kwangethuba kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Oku, okokuqala, ukuthintela ukosuleleka yintsholongwane, okwesibini, kuchaphazela sifo kusekwangoko.

Xa siqwalasela umzekelo Russia, ukuhlelwa lwezonyango yosulelo lwe-HIV iye yaziswa kwi Army kunye waseManzini ye-Russian Federation. Kwanika iziphumo ezihle: inkqubo loxilongo onyango akwangoko iye lula kakhulu.

Njengoko iimpawu ezifanayo ezibonisa ukonakala kumajoni omzimba kunokwenzeka, unako ukumisela ebuhlungu, ukubila ebusuku nokudinwa unmotivated. Kwakhona kuyenzeka kuphuhliso umkhuhlane kunye iimpawu tonsils. Oku kuthetha ukuba ubushushu degrees 38 okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye ngaloo ndlela kwandisa tonsils iPalatine, kwaye kananjalo abonakale iintlungu ngexesha ukuginya. Konke oku zincediswe umzimba ngokukhawuleza. Ngelo xesha, ezi mpawu kaninzi ezintsonkothileyo.

Kwezinye iimeko usuleleko yi-HIV kwi zigaba lwakwangoko kwenzeka ezahlukeneyo utshintsho yesikhumba. Sithetha amabala, roseola, amathumba, abrasions kunye nabanye. Ukufunyaniswa kwangoko HIV kuquka ukusebenza kunye neempawu ezifana ngokubanzi okanye eliqingqiweyo ukwanda kwiindawo nkovu peripheral.

Ukuba kukho ukukhula ngaxeshanye kwiindawo nkovu eziliqela kangangeenyanga ezintathu okanye ngaphezulu, kwaye kumaqela ahlukeneyo ngaphandle nasemiphakathweni, ngoko kukho zonke isizathu sokukrokrela intsholongwane kumajoni omzimba womntu.

Ukuthetha malunga sifo kwindawo umhla kamva, kufuneka sinikele ingqalelo ngokubonakala immunodeficiency zasesekondari, nto leyo ke kaninzi kwenzeka phantsi owazenza iimpawu ezahlukeneyo zonyango. Zizo ezo izinto ezilandelayo:

• unmotivated ngokubanzi lymphadenopathy peripheral;
• arthralgia umyalezo unknown esingaba lihlangana yangoku;
• Ari (etsolo isifo yokuphefumla), ukukrala kwemiphunga kunye yomoya, leyo azibonakali kaninzi ngokwaneleyo;
• fever imvelaphi ongaziwayo kunye elide yicesina eliphantsi-grade;
• ubuthi ngokubanzi, apho kuboniswa ubuthathaka unmotivated, ukudinwa, silale, kunye nabanye.

HIV-unesifo kamva ngexesha uhlolo kuquka izifo ezifana nee- kaThixo, imbonakalo multiple walibonakalisa neoplasms kaninzi nakumphezulu umzimba ngabantu abatsha, kulandele sophuhliso sesizwe kunye Ukudlulela.

Polymerase chain reaction

Ukuqwalasela iindlela ezahlukeneyo une-HIV, oku kufuneka banikwe ingqwalasela eyodwa. Ngoko nangoko kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba uvavanyo igazi kufuneka lujoliswe iimpawu kunye nemigangatho yazo.

Njengoko injongo yale ndlela efumanise abanentsholongwane kumiselwa le misebenzi ilandelayo:

• isigulo kwangethuba zosulelo lwe-HIV;
• ecacisa ubukho iziphumo ethandabuzekayo ekupheleni immunoblottingovogo uphando;
• ekuchongweni kwisigaba ethile sifo;
• esweni impumelelo unyango ukuvalela le ntsholongwane.

Ukuba sithethe usuleleko ephambili, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba le ndlela ivumela ukumisela HIV RNA egazini emva kweentsuku 14 usulelo. Oku kubangelwe elungileyo kakhulu. Ngaloo ngokwayo ngesiphumo phando kuya kuba ibinzana qualitative, nokuba ngaba intle (intsholongwane ekhoyo) okanye embi.

PCR amazwi oluninzi

Olu hlobo polymerase chain reaction isetyenziselwa ukugqiba isantya AIDS kunokwenzeka, kwaye ukuqikelela ixesha lobomi yesigulane.

ukuzimisela ubuninzi lwe-HIV RNA e kwiiseli egazini kwenza kube lula ukuqonda xa isifo ingena kwisigaba clinical.

Iyafuna ukunikela ingqalelo kwinto ukuba ilabhoratri iindlela HIV diagnostic zinika yoko luchaneke kakhulu, ukuba kuyimfuneko uhlalutyo biomaterial ibalwe ngokuchanekileyo, kwaye ucingo yayo yenziwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Ukuze enze esweni umgangatho abosulelekileyo kuyimfuneko (apho kunokwenzeka) ukusebenzisa indlela emanyeneyo ekufundweni iwonga omzimba isigulane. Sithetha ngayo ukuzimisela oluninzi kwaye zisebenza kuzo zonke iiyunithi ze-nkqubo yokhuseleko: cellular, okukwazi humoral kunye nokumelana nonspecific njengoko injalo.

laboratory uphethwe

Iya isanda zaselebhu mihla wasebenzisa indlela multi-nqanaba ulinganisele imo kwamajoni omzimba. Le ndlela uquka yokuchaza subpopulation omzimba, lymphocyte egazini. Oku kuthetha ukuba ngxelo sidlalwa kumhlaba umlinganiselo leeseli ze-CD4 / CD8. Ukuba yoko ubonisa ngaphantsi kwe 1.0, kukho isizathu immunodeficiency umrhanelwa.

Laboratory une-HIV kufuneka luquke olu vavanyo inyanzelekile, ekubeni intsholongwane ekuso sisilonda esidumbileyoesingaphakathi uyakhetha CD4-lymphocyte, nto leyo ekhokelela ukuba uphazamiseko wokuthi umlinganiselo (ngaphantsi kwe 1.0) zikhankanywe apha ngasentla.

Kuphonononga imo oogqirha ngumzimba ukuze kwenziwe uvavanyo ubukho iziphene inkqubo 'rough "okanye jikelele okukwazi humoral kunye zeselula. Kumalunga hypogammaglobulinemia hypergammaglobulinemia okanye i-terminal kwisigaba, kwakunye nasekunciphiseni imveliso cytokine, ukwandisa uyondelelwano lwee- esasaza izakhiwo omzimba impendulo lymphocyte ukuze mitogens kunye awakwazi buthathaka.

Iyafuna ukunikela ingqalelo yokuba uxilongo kwilebhu ye-HIV lunezigaba ezibini:

1. Ukuhlolelwa laboratory. Ukuba kukho iziphumo ezidibanisayo kwi ELISA (olungqanyaniswa enzyme-kulingwa immunosorbent), oko kuphindwa kabini kwinkqubo enye kwaye ngaphandle ukutshintsha serum. Kwimeko apho ezimbini iisaveyi ezintathu yakhokelela kokufunyanwa kwentsholongwane impembelelo serum wathumela ukuba uphando kwi laboratory reference.
2. Inqanaba lesibini, ezibandakanya iindlela kuxilongo kwilebhu yosulelo lwe-HIV, - kwenkcazo yamajoni omzimba. Kukholelwa elebhu reference ikhankanywe ngasentla. Apha kwakhona sera HIV uphando ELISA, kodwa usebenzisa iinkqubo zovavanyo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo olwahlukileyo ukwakhiwa yangaphambili antigen, izilwa-buhlungu okanye ifomathi iimvavanyo ngokwabo. Ekumiseleni isiphumo esibi yenziwa uphando-up kwinkqubo yovavanyo wesithathu. Ukuba ifuthe le ntsholongwane ngenxa abuyi kufunyanwa, litshixeke ukungabikho yosulelo lwe-HIV. Kodwa iziphumo ezidibanisayo, i-serum olufundwa kwi isisihla yomgama okanye omzimba.

Ekugqibeleni algorithm onjalo uvelisa iziphumo ezihle, cala okanye embi.

Wonke ummi weli kufuneka bazi ukuba uxilongo HIV iyafumaneka. AIDS bungabonakala kumaziko abucala, ezempilo kamasipala okanye yoluntu.

unyango

Kakade ke, ukuphawulwa ntsholongwane kuya kuba luncedo kangako kungekho iindlela ezahlukeneyo sesichengeni kusuleleko. Kwaye nangona ngalo mzuzu nangoku akukho ugonyo ukuba akwazi yokungenelela ngokupheleleyo intsholongwane, unxilongo enobuchule, unyango kunye nokulandela-up yothintelo lwe-HIV kunokuba ngcono imeko yomguli, ngaloo ndlela ayolule ubomi bakhe. Le thesis luqinisekiswa into yokuba umlinganiselo yamadoda ezaqalisa unyango kwangoko lwe-HIV engama-38 ubudala. Abasetyhini ukuqala gciwane anti-immunodeficiency, baphila isilinganiso engama-41.

Xa isifo sele wenziwe, unyango lwe-HIV yehliswe ukusetyenziswa iindlela eziliqela. Njengokuba elinye ixhaphake kakhulu singakwazi ukubona esebenzayo antiretroviral therapy HAART iyafana. Ukuba ixesha ngobuchule usebenzise olu hlobo lonyango, kunokwenzeka ukuba inciphise kakhulu ukuqhubela phambili kwe-AIDS okanye uyeke ngayo.

HAART umongo mbambano yokuba ngelo xesha usebenzisa iimveliso ezininzi zamachiza, esinenjongo ukuphembelela iindlela ezahlukeneyo human immunodeficiency.

Emva iindlela ezahlukeneyo une-HIV wachaza into losulelo, ingasetyenziswa amayeza, banayo mpembelelo ilandelayo:

• Ngumzimba. Uzinzo amajoni omzimba, elele kwinqanaba T-lymphocyte, Nokubuyiselwa zokuzikhusela zizifo ezahlukahlukeneyo.
• Clinical. It ithintela uphuhliso AIDS yonke obubonakala, ayolule ubomi kwezigulane ukulondoloza yonke imisebenzi zomzimba.
• Virological. Kwenzeka uvimba yintsholongwane phindo, ngokwenjenjalo kuncitshiswe umthwalo wentsholongwane kwaye kamva esisigxina kwinqanaba elisezantsi.

Kunzima ukuba zazi ukubaluleka afana nemilinganiselo impembelelo sifo, njengokuba isifo, unyango kunye nothintelo lwe-HIV. Ngoko ke, eyona nto intle kakhulu onokuyenza emva kokuba iziphumo ezakhayo uphando ngesihloko losulelo - uthathwa aqale ukulwa nezifo. Njengoko enye indlela, nto leyo eya kwenza kube lula ukufumanisa unyango virological.

Kule meko sithetha ngayo ngokusebenzisa iziyobisi, nto leyo musa ukuvumela ukuba intsholongwane qhoboshela T-lymphocyte, yaye ukuze ayifu- ngaphakathi emzimbeni. iziyobisi ezifana kuthiwa entry inhibitors. In "Tselzentri" uyakwazi anikwe njenge umzekelo ethile.

Ukucinezela HIV ingasetyenziswa viral protease inhibitors. Injongo yale qela iziyobisi kukuthintela ngokosuleleka iiseli ezintsha. It iziyobisi ezifana "Viracept", "Reyataz", "Kaletra" et al.

Iqela lesithathu amayeza mlonyeni - reverse transcriptase inhibitors. Kufuneka ukuvala i-enzayimi ivumela intsholongwane ukuba phinda RNA ngaphakathi kwinucleus a lymphocyte. Ezi ndlela ukuvumela isiphumo appreciable kwimiba efana kusulelo lwe-HIV. Uxilongo, unyango kunye nothintelo lwe-AIDS - Kwimeko oogqirha abafanelekayo, ngoko ke algorithm nokusebenzisa iziyobisi, kufuneka wenze oko.

njengokuba neziphumo somzimba kunye lwezonyango zingasetyenziswa xa kuyimfuneko.

ukuvimbela

I-World Health Organization inikela le ndlela zilandelayo yosulelo lwe-HIV:

• Uthintelo losuleleko ngesondo. Kuyinto iinkqubo ezikhuselekileyo ngesondo, iikhondom, unyango STD kunye noqeqesho.
• Kuba abasetyhini abakhulelweyo usulelo ogama HIV ibhaqwe, - sifo, uthintelo, esebenzisa amachiza ezifanelekileyo, ngokunjalo nokucetyiswa zobungcali kunye nonyango.
• Umbutho yothintelo ngeemveliso ngegazi. Kule meko sithetha processing anti-virus kunye nabaxhasi ukuhlola.
• uncedo lweNtlalo kunye zonyango kwizigulane kunye neentsapho zabo.

Ukuba une-HIV zange zityhila ubukho ntsholongwane, kufuneka ulandele imigaqo elula yokhuseleko:

• ukuba igazi abosulelekileyo ukhwela esikhumbeni sakho, kufuneka ngoko nangoko ndakuhlambulula ngesepha namanzi, emva koko inkqubo umfowunelwa indawo utywala;
• Ukuba umonakalo lufumanekile iinkalo zezifundo kwale ntsholongwane, kuyimfuneko ukuba compress enxebeni, yalugudla igazi ukwenza indawo hydrogen peroxide, kwaye ezinemiphetho cauterize iodine;
• ungaze usebenzise ngesirinji ukuba inzalo ibekwe engozini;
• ngexesha lokwabelana ngesondo besebenzisa ikhondom, kwaye kungcono ekuqaleni ukuvavanya iqabane ukuba infiltrations.

iziphumo

Ngenxa yokuba une-HIV ayikho indawo, amawaka abantu bayakwazi ukuba ukuqala unyango ngexesha nokwandisa kakhulu ubomi bakho. Eyona nto ephambili ukuba ngoyaba iimpawu ezicacileyo Musa ukoyika ukuya kwagqirha.