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Ezincane kaZwelonke: ingxaki, ukhuselo kunye namalungelo
Umbuzo yobuzwe wayesoloko kakhulu kunene. Oku kungenxa nje kuphela izinto eyenziwe ngumntu, kodwa ke uphuhliso nembali yoluntu. Kuluntu ukuzazi, Ndingumphambukeli usoloko waqonda kakubi, njengokuba ugrogriso okanye "molesting" isiqalelo ofuna ukusuka apho balahle. Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, lo mba iye yazuza oluphucukileyo ngakumbi, kodwa wahlala isitshixo. Kumgweba okanye ukunika nayiphi na uvavanyo akwenzi ngqiqo, kuba ukuziphatha kwabantu kakhulu nikhokelwa ugxuba ngemvelo, xa kufikwa "umbhalo".
Yintoni yona imbinana wesizwe?
ezincane yeSizwe - Amaqela abantu abahlala kwilizwe elithile, njengoko abemi balo. Noko ke, bengengabo kwabantu bomthonyama okanye lisonjululwe yommandla kunye zigqalwa kuluntu lwesizwe eyahlukileyo. Ezincane babe namalungelo afanayo kunye nezibophelelo njengoko abantu ngokubanzi, kodwa sengqondo ngakwabo amaxesha akulunganga kakhulu ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi.
Vladimir Chaplinskiy, isazinzulu Polish ababefunda ngenyameko lo mbandela, ukholelwa ukuba bambalwa zikazwelonke - liqela edityanisiweyo labantu, abadla abahlala kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo lizwe, wayelangazelela ukuzimela, oko akafuni ukuba balahlekelwe iimpawu yobuhlanga - inkcubeko, ulwimi, inkolo, , amasiko, njl Ibinzana kwenani ngaphantsi kakhulu ngaphezu kubemi kunesiqhelo. Kananjalo kubalulekile ukuba abambalwa likazwelonke liya kuze kungene urhulumente okanye kuqala amaxabiso ezibalaseleyo, iimfuno zabo kunokuba kubomi bomntwana. Nasiphi na abambalwa eyaziwayo kufuneka ahlale kuloo mmandla eli lizwe kakhulu ixesha elide. Kwakhona Kuyaphawuleka ukuba bafuna ukukhuselwa ekhethekileyo evela kurhulumente, njengoko inani labemi yaye abemi ngabanye banokubalisa ndlongondlongo kakhulu malunga namanye amaqela eentlanga. Oku kuziphatha aqheleka kakhulu onke amazwe ehlabathi, umiwe ezithile iintlanga zabantu.
Ukukhuselwa kwamalungelo abantu abambalwa yesizwe - ngumba ophambili amaninzi mazwe, ngenxa yokuba ukwamkelwa yehlabathi abambalwa akuthethi ikhokelele ukuba utshintsho kuyo yonke indawo. Amazwe amaninzi kuthatha kuphela izinto zokuqala lowiso, neya kugxininisa ukhuselo bambalwa.
Ukuvela lo mba
amalungelo abambalwa baye baba isihloko shushu ngenxa yokuba lo mbuzo kakhulu ngokusondeleyo enxulumene nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente. Kakade ke, kwavela ingqiqo yaye wafakwa ukusetyenziswa ngenxa yocalucalulo labantu ngezizathu zobuhlanga. Njengoko umdla kulo mba landa kuphela, urhulumente ingahlali ebukele.
Kodwa yintoni kuye ngokuba nomdla abambalwa? Yonke le nto yaqala ngenkulungwane XIX, xa abaninzi bukhosi waqala iba. Oku kwabangela ukuba abantu ababehlala 'awungeni ndawo. " Kokuwa koBukhosi Napoleonic, Austria-Hungarian, Ottoman, iMfazwe Yehlabathi II - konke oku kwakhokelela ukukhululwa kwabantu abaninzi, nokuba abantu. ithi abaninzi Yafumana inkululeko emva ekuweni eSoviet Union.
Igama elithi "ummeli liqaqobana lwesizwe" lalisetyenziswa kuphela kwinkulungwane XVII kumthetho wamazwe ngamazwe. kuqala abachaphazelekayo bambalwa ezincinane kuphela yengingqi. umbuzo livakalise kwaye kakuhle ukusekwa abambalwa wavuswa kuphela ngo-1899 kwenye ngeenkongolo ze-Social Democratic Party.
definition Echanekileyo kunye efanayo eli gama. Kodwa lilinge lokuqala ukwenza liqaqobana behlelo kakuhle eli yali yaseOstriya Otto Bauer.
criteria
Iikhrayitheriya ezincane kazwelonke ziye zabelwa ngo-1975. Iqela izazinzulu, kwezentlalo e University of Helsinki ligqibe ekubeni lenze isifundo-ntathu ngesihloko kwamaqela eentlanga kwilizwe ngalinye. Ezi khrayitheriya zilandelayo abambalwa kazwelonke ziye zabelwa ngokungqinelana iziphumo zophando:
- imvelaphi efanayo uhlanga;
- eliphezulu self-lokuzazisa;
- iimpawu libizwa yenkcubeko (ingakumbi ngolwimi lwabo);
- phambi umbutho othile zentlalo elinika intsebenziswano nemveliso ngaphakathi abambalwa kunye nangaphandle kuyo.
Okubalulekileyo, abaphandi ukusuka University of Helsinki akazange agxile kubungakanani weqela, kwaye kwezinye iinkalo kuqwalaselwe zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha.
Enye yokuhlola kufuneka siqwalaselwe calulo entle apho bambalwa banikwa amalungelo amaninzi amacandelo ohlukileyo oluntu. Oku kunokwenzeka kuphela xa nkqubo oluchanekileyo karhulumente.
Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba abambalwa zesizwe lizwe apho kukho inani elincinane kakhulu abantu badla awanyange ngcono. Oku kuchazwe yi into ngokwasengqondweni - uluntu akabuboni kogrogriso kwaye awajonge fully kumaqela amancinane. Nangona yecandelo ubuninzi, inkcubeko abambalwa yesizwe - ubutyebi zazo eziphambili.
ummiselo osemthethweni
Amaphepha emibuzo abambalwa yanyuswa kwangethuba 1935. Ngoko ke iNkundla obungesosigxina International Justice wathi ubukho abambalwa - umbuzo Enyanisweni, umthetho. definition akukacaci zomthetho iqaqobana yesizwe ekhoyo ngo-32 Copenhagen Uxwebhu, umhlathi 1990 SBSK. Ithi ukuba umntu ngamalungu nayiphi abambalwa ngabom, oko kukuthi, iminikelo yabo.
I UN Declaration
ummiselo osemthethweni abambalwa ukho kuzo phantse kuwo onke amazwe ehlabathini. Xa ngamnye kubo kukho uluntu kunye neqela labo uhlanga, inkcubeko, ulwimi, njl Konke oku kutyebisa kuphela labemi zabemi ntsimi. Kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, kukho imithetho elawula uphuhliso abambalwa ngokwemimiselo kazwelonke, zenkcubeko nezentlalo noqoqosho. Emva kokuba UN General Assembly lamkela IsiBhengezo amalungelo abantu abawela kumaqela aligcuntswana ngokobuzwe okanye ngokohlanga, lo mba uye waba kwinqanaba lamazwe ngamazwe. Isindululo umisela ilungelo abambalwa ukuba ubuzwe, ukonwabela inkcubeko yabo, bathethe ulwimi lwabo lweenkobe kwaye babe nenkululeko yonqulo. Ezincane kwakhona indlela imibutho, ukuseka abafowunelwa kunye neqela labo uhlanga abahlala kwelinye ilizwe, kwakunye ukuthatha inxaxheba kwizigqibo ezibachaphazelayo. Isindululo umisela Ngumsebenzi woMbuso ukukhusela kunye nokhuselo abambalwa yesizwe, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zabo nkqubo angaphandle kunye zasekhaya, ngokubonelela ngeemeko ukwenzela uphuhliso neenkcubeko abambalwa, njl
umhlangano sikhokelo
Ukudalwa i-UN Declaration yaba kukuba lo mthetho owavula amalungelo noxanduva abambalwa kazwelonke ziye zasekwa kumazwe amaninzi eYurophu, abahlala kwintsimi elinikiweyo. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba embi ngokwenene lo mba kuphela emva kokuba ungenelelo leZizwe eziManyeneyo. Ngoku, umbuzo abambalwa kwafuneka ukuba kulawulwa hayi ngurhulumente zabo, yaye ngenxa yokusebenza ngamazwe.
Ukususela-80 ngenkuthalo ukuhamba indalo, uphuhliso kunye nokuphuculwa sivumelwano ngamazwe. I ukuyigqiba le nkqubo elide eyaye yamkelwa yi-Convention Framework for the Ukukhuselwa bambalwa National. Walathe ukuba ukhuselo aligcuntswana kunye nokubanika wamalungelo ziye abe yinxalenye yinxalenye yale projekthi kukhuseleko ngamazwe kwamalungelo ngamnye. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, i-Convention Framework usayinwe kumazwe angama-36. Convention for ezincane kaZwelonke lubonise ukuba ihlabathi ebona isiphelo amaqela ngamnye eentlanga.
Ngelo xesha linye amazwe ico baye bagqiba ekubeni amkele umthetho jikelele ngokukhuselwa bambalwa. Ukusekwa abasingethe amaxwebhu ngamazwe abambalwa yesizwe lubonisa ukuba umba uyekile ukuba urhulumente waza waba ngamazwe.
iingxaki
Asimele silibale ukuba amazwe ukuba asayine izivumelwano zamazwe ngamazwe, imingeni emitsha. Izibonelelo weNkomfa kufuna utshintsho olukhulu emyalelweni. Ngoko ke, eli lizwe kumele utshintshe inkqubo yayo yezomthetho, okanye ufumana ezininzi izixhobo ezahlukeneyo ngamazwe. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba naluphi na uxwebhu ngamazwe Awukwazi ukufumana inkcazo elithi "bambalwa zesizwe". Oku kukhokelela kwiqela kobunzima, njengoko State ngalinye Ilungu ngalinye kufuneka ukuyila bafumane imiqondiso olwamkele eqhelekileyo zonke bambalwa. bonke Kuthatha ixesha elide, ngoko ke le nkqubo ihamba ngokucotha okukhulu. Nangona umsebenzi ngamazwe kule nkalo, xa kusenziwa, izinto kancinci kakhulu. Ngaphezu koko, nkqu nemiqathango ngokufuthi aziphelelanga kakhulu kwaye aluchanekanga, ebangela ezininzi iingxaki nokungavisisani. Musa ukulibala malunga izinto ezingafanelekanga lonke uluntu, nto leyo unqwenela kuphela imali kwi umThetho othile. Ngenxa yoko, siyaqonda ukuba iingxaki kummandla wolawulo yomthetho ngamazwe kakhulu. Bona isonjululwe ngokuthe ngcembe yaye ngamnye, ngokuxhomekeke-nkqubo kunye esizithandayo karhulumente ngamnye.
ummiselo Legal kumazwe ahlukeneyo
amalungelo abantu abambalwa yesizwe ziyahluka kakhulu kumazwe awahlukeneyo. Ngaphandle jikelele kunye nokwamkelwa ngezizwe abambalwa njengeqela labantu kufuneka amalungelo abo, kodwa sengqondo iinkokeli ezithile zezopolitiko kunokuba ezikhathazayo. Ukunqongophala iikhrayitheriya ezicacileyo ukulungiselela ukhetho enenkcukacha amancinane negalelo kuphela kule isiphumo. Cinga oko imeko kunye iingxaki abambalwa yesizwe kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi.
Xa amaxwebhu Russian Federation akukho inkcazelo ethile le kota. Noko ke, loo nto idla kusetyenziselwa kuphela ngamazwe le-Russian Federation, kodwa kwi siseko Russian. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ukukhuselwa abambalwa ngazo kwimeko wokuziphatha Federation kwaye kwimeko kolawulo odibeneyo Federation kunye nezifundo zalo. Minority Russia banamalungelo ngokwaneleyo, ngoko ke asikwazi ukuba iRussia Ilizwe endala.
umthetho Ukrainian ukuzama ukucacisa elithi "iqaqobana yesizwe", esithi ukuba liqela elithile labantu abangekho Ukraine ecaleni zobuzwe, ukuba bangoobani uhlanga kunye noluntu kulo.
E Estonia umthetho "Kwi ukuzimela yenkcubeko" ithi kwigcuntswana - abemi Estonia, ezinxulumana ngayo ngokwembali kwaye kuhlale, kudala wahlala kwelo lizwe, kodwa ayahluka Estonia ethile kwinkcubeko, inkolo, ulwimi, amasiko, njl Kuyinto uphawu ungubani bambalwa.
Latvia wamkele Convention Framework. umthetho Latvian ichaza minority njengabemi yinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo, ulwimi kunye nonqulo, kodwa ukutyhubela iinkulungwane zaye ebotshelelwe ntsimi. Kwakhona ibonisa ukuba ekuso kwibutho Latvian, ukugcina kunye nokuphuhlisa inkcubeko yabo.
Kumazwe Slavic, umlinganiselo wabantu abambalwa yesizwe othembekileyo ngaphezu kwamanye amazwe. Ngokomzekelo, amaqela eentlanga eRashiya kukho phantse amalungelo afanayo nalawo baseRashiya zomthonyama, ngoxa ayibonwa njengemali ekhoyo kwiqela kumazwe abambalwa.
Ezinye iindlela nempikiswano
Kwihlabathi kukho amazwe ukuba zizakubalulwa indlela yabo ngokukhethekileyo umba bambalwa yesizwe. Izizathu enokuthi yenziwe. Enye ixhaphakileyo - ixesha elide-iminyaka ubudala uvulele kwabambalwa, nto leyo ixesha elide braked yophuhliso lizwe, abantu bomthonyama abacinezelekileyo wafuna ukuba athathe isikhundla nenzuzo kakhulu eluntwini. Amazwe ukuba ngenye khangela imiba abambalwa ekunokuthiwa eFransi North Korea.
France lilizwe EU kuphela ukuba uyala ukusayina i-Convention Isakhelo Ukukhuselwa bambalwa National. Kananjalo ngaphambili ukuba French iBhunga siseko bazitshitshisela ukuvunywa European Charter kwiiLwimi zoMmandla okanye zegcuntswana.
Xa amaxwebhu ezisemthethweni lizwe wathi eFransi akukho bambalwa, nokuba nezomthetho musa ukuvumela ukusayinwa France izixhobo ngamazwe ngokhuseleko kunye ukujoyina sabo bambalwa yesizwe. arhente UN bakholelwa ukuba urhulumente kufuneka iyiqwalasele kakhulu izimvo zabo kulo mba, njengoko igosa kweli lizwe kakhulu ezinabantu abambalwa yeelwimi, yobuhlanga nonqulo, abafuna ukuba amalungelo abo asemthethweni. Noko ke, ngalo mzuzwana, umbuzo exhonywe emoyeni, njengoko France onganqweneli lisiqwalasele kwakhona isigqibo salo.
North Korea - lizwe libe ngeendlela ezininzi ezahlukeneyo ukusuka kwamanye amazwe. Akumangalisi ke bengavumelani kulo mba nemibono elikhulu. amaxwebhu asemthethweni wathi North Korea - ilizwe luhlanga omnye, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba umbuzo ngokubakho liqaqobana abukho umgaqo. Noko ke, kuyabonakala ukuba akunjalo. Ezincane akhoyo phantse kuyo yonke indawo, le yi nyaniso yesiqhelo olubethelela imiba lwembali indawo. Kaloku, ukuba abambalwa ekungathethwayo bayavuswa kwinqanaba yabantu zomthonyama, kodwa kuphela ukuba ngcono. Noko ke, kunokwenzeka ukuba ligcuntswana uqal ngamandla amalungelo abo, hayi kuphela ngurhulumente, kodwa ngabantu, ayithiyileyo kunye nogonyamelo zizinto bambalwa.
Isimo sengqondo yoluntu
kwi ezincane kazwelonke kwilizwe ngalinye, umthetho waphawula ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Nakuba kufaneleka esemthethweni abambalwa, calulo ezinabantu abambalwa eqhelekileyo kuyo yonke indawo, ubuhlanga kunye nokukhutshelwa ngaphandle kwintlalo. Izizathu oku kuba baninzi: izimvo ezahlukeneyo unqulo, ukulahlwa kunye ligatya bezinye iintlanga njengoko enjalo, njl Akubuzwa ukuba ucalucalulo kuluntu - oku kuyingxaki enkulu enokukhokelela iingxabano ezininzi kakhulu kwaye zintsonkothile kumgangatho karhulumente kulo. Le ezincane UN bakumbuza nto iyimfuneko kweminyaka engama-60. Ngaphandle koku, amazwe amaninzi kuhlala akakukhathalele kwabantu naliphi iqela kweli lizwe.
sengqondo Society xa aligcuntswana kazwelonke kuxhomekeke kwi-nkqubo karhulumente, ngegalelo lako nokuqiniseka. Abantu abaninzi uthando nje lokuthiya, njengokuba kuba iya kuba msulwa. Kodwa intiyo elingenasiphelo kanye oko. Abantu kunye namaqela, yaye apho iyaqala ukubonisa enobunzima bengqondo. Isibakala sokuba umntu omnye akasoze yokwenza yokoyika okanye yokuziphatha, owaphula xa yena a isihlwele. ngokwenene ukuba iimeko ezinjalo kwenzeke kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini lonke. Kwimeko nganye, oko kukhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu, ukusweleka kunye nobomi ongumlwelwe.
Umba abambalwa yesizwe kuyo yonke uluntu kufuneka avuke esemncinane, abantwana bafunda ukuba ukuhlonipha umntu bolunye uhlanga ezahlukeneyo yaye baqonde ukuba banamalungelo alinganayo. uphuhliso Uniform le nto kweli hlabathi: amanye amazwe ngenkuthalo wenza kakuhle kwezemfundo, abanye baye ekhompyutheni intiyo abangekaphuhli nobudenge.
izinto ezimbi
amaqela eentlanga uneengxaki ezininzi nkqu ehlabathini kakhulu- lanamhlanje. Amaninzi, ucalucalulo ezinabantu abambalwa ayisekelwanga ubuhlanga okanye intiyo, kodwa imiba eqhelekileyo ibinyanzeliswa inkalo zentlalo noqoqosho. Oku ixhomeke kurhulumente, apho ayisiyiyo ukunikela ingqalelo ngokwaneleyo ukhuseleko loluntu abemi babo.
Ngokuqhelekileyo, iingxaki zivela kwimida yokuqesha, imfundo kunye nezindlu. Uphando kunye nodliwano-ndlebe kunye neengcali ezininzi ezikhokelayo zibonisa ukuba ukunyanzeliswa kwezizwe ezincinci kwenzeka. Abaqeshi abaninzi banokungafuni ukufaka isicelo ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukahlukeneyo. Ngokukhethekileyo ucalulo lunxulumene nalabo abafika bevela e-Asiya kunye nabantu baseCaucasian. Ukuba kwinqanaba eliphantsi, xa ufuna nje abasebenzi abancinci, lo mbuzo awucaciswanga, kodwa xa ufaka isicelo sikhundla esihlawulekayo, lo mkhwa ukhanya kakhulu.
Ingxaki yezindlu nayo ibaluleke kakhulu. Abemi abaqhelekileyo abanqwenela ukuthatha ingozi kwaye banikele izindonga zabo zangaphandle kubantu abasolisayo. Bakhetha ukunika inzuzo ngaphandle kokuqhagamshelana nabantu bobuzwe obuhlukile. Nangona kunjalo, umba ngamnye unomlinganiselo. Yingakho inzima kunabo bonke abafundi abangaphandle kwamanye amazwe abangenayo imali eninzi. Abo banako ukufumana ubukho obuhle bafumana oko bafuna.
Ukukhuselwa kwamancinci kazwelonke yimbambano ebalulekileyo kulo lonke uluntu jikelele, kuba wonke umntu angaba ilungu leqela ngenxa yezenzakalo zembali. Ngelishwa, akuwona onke amazwe alungele ukuqonda nokwamkela amaqela eentlanga apho kukho ukuchasana kwixesha elidlulileyo. Nangona kunjalo, ukukhuselwa kwabancinci belizwe kufikelela kwizinga elitsha ngonyaka. Oku kuboniswa ngamanani ehlabathi, njengoko imithetho iya kuba yinyanisekileyo ngakumbi.
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