Ecumenical uMphathi waseConstantinople: imbali kunye nentsingiselo

Isiko elingcwele isixelela ukuba St. uMpostile Andrey Pervozvanny ngo-'38 le yabamisela umfundi wakhe ogama nakuStaki njengoko ubhishophu umzi Byzantium, indawo apho kwiinkulungwane ezintathu kamva lasekwa eConstantinople. Ngezi maxesha Sivela ibandla, okhokelwa kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi oosolusapho, ababethwala isihloko Ecumenical.

Ilungelo kunabanye phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo

Phakathi obeku- elinesihlanu autocephalous ekhoyo ngoku, okt elizimeleyo, leeNkonzo Orthodox, "nokubaluleka phakathi kwabantu abalinganayo" uthathwa ukuba uMphathi waseConstantinople. Oku intsingiselo yayo zembali. Isihloko elipheleleyo umntu ophethe isithuba esibaluleke - ubungcwele Divine uBhishophu baseConstantinople - New Rome kunye zeformula uMphathi.

Ngokuba lixesha yokuqala imbasa kwisihloko zeformula uMphathi baseConstantinople Akaki kuqala. Yentsusa esisemthethweni oku isigqibo yesiNe (Chalcedon) Ecumenical Council, ebanjwe 451, yaye ekudibaniseni ubume iintloko Church of baseConstantinople Entsha of Bishops - Second kwi kubalulekile obeku- beCawa yamaRoma.

Ukuba ekuqaleni, ngathi ukusekwa inkcaso wadibana ngokwaneleyo ngqwabalala kwizangqa athile ezopolitiko kwaye zonqulo, ngasekupheleni kwenkulungwane elandelayo kwaqinisa indawo kasolusapho ukuze eyona indima yakhe ngesisombululo imicimbi karhulumente kunye nebandla sazaliseka. Noko ke, ekugqibeleni kuqinisekiswa kunye nesihloko ukuze iluhlaza yaye ngamagama.

UMphathi - a isisulu iconoclast

Imbali beCawa yaseByzantium uyazi abaninzi igama oosolusapho ngonaphakade wangena kuyo, naphakathi abangcwele lamiselwa. Enye yazo St Nicephorus, uMphathi eConstantinople, yayingubani isitulo wayengusolusapho kunye 806 ngu 815 ngonyaka.

Ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe yabalasela umzabalazo ingakumbi bungwanyalala okwangoku lwalugqugqisile iconoclasm - intshukumo yonqulo, ukwala ukunqulwa kwemifanekiso kunye neminye imifanekiso engcwele. Le meko iye mandundu yi kukuba phakathi abalandeli yalo nentsingiselo eninzi yabantu anempembelelo, kwaye nkqu abalawuli ezimbalwa.

Bawo Ubhishophu Nicephorus, uMlawuli uConstantine V njengonobhala lokukhuthaza ukunqulwa icons ephelelwe ngumsebenzi, wathunyelwa eAsia Minor, apho wafela khona ekuthinjweni. njengoko Nikifor ngokwakhe, emva 813 ngonyaka etroneni wamiswa umlawuli iconoclast yiNgonyama Armenian, waba lixhoba intiyo yakhe imifanekiso engcwele, yaye yaphela imihla yakhe ngomnyaka 828 umbanjwa kwenye nezigodlo ezikude. Ukuze iinkonzo ezinkulu eBandleni, waza kamva lamiselwa. Namhlanje, uMphathi baseConstantinople St Nicephorus ukuba ayeze ekhaya kuphela kodwa kwihlabathi liphela Orthodox.

Ubhishophu Photios - obonwa yi uyise ibandla

Ukuqhubeka ibali abameli ubalaseleyo labefundisi of eConstantinople, awukhumbuli le wezakwalizwi owaziwayo Byzantine uBhishophu Photios, awonisa umhlambi wakhe 857 ngu 867 ngonyaka. Emva Ioanna Zlatousta kunye Grgoriya Bogoslova nguyise eyaziwayo yesithathu yecawe, ababekholelwa kanye waseConstantinople.

ekuzalweni kwakhe, umhla ngqo engaziwayo. Kukholelwa ukuba weza ehlabathini kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala kwinkulungwane IX. Abazali bakhe baba zizityebi kakhulu yaye ubhetyebhetye abafundileyo abantu, kodwa ebudeni bolawulo uTiyofilo - iconoclast komsindo -podverglis ingcinezelo yaye waya ekuthinjweni. Xa efanayo bafa.

Ngokhokho Photios umzabalazo kunye upopu

Emva Ukuvuma etroneni ilandelayo * uKhesare Michael III umntwana, uPhotius waqalisa umsebenzi wakhe brilliant - kuqala njengomfundisi, yaye emva koko kwi nemisebenzi yolawulo kunye nezenkolo. Ngo-858, ubazisa ofisi iphakamileyo sabaphathi ecaweni. Kodwa nizole ke zatsho phantsi. Ukususela kwimihla yokuqala uBhishophu Fotiy Konstantinopolsky waba angqingqwa lomzabalazo amaqela ezahlukeneyo yezopolitiko kunye neentshukumo zonqulo.

Ubukhulu becala le meko mandundu yi longquzulwano neCawa Western, yabangela impikiswano kwi kolawulo phezu emazantsi eItali kunye Bulgaria. Umqalisi le nkinga i Pope. Ubhishophu Konstantinopolskiy Foty wathetha ugxekwa yakhe elibukhali, awusebenzeleyo wasikwa ecaweni yi upopu ibandla. Kuba engafuni ukuba bahlale ematyaleni, uMphathi Photios kwakhona anathematized umphikisi wakhe.

Ukusuka kwakulisikizi Ukumiselwa

Kamva, sele kwisithuba soMhlekazi olandelayo, Basil mna, Photios waba isisulu oliqhophololo enkundleni. Impembelelo kwinkundla kwamfaka abaxhasi zamaqela elichasayo ezopolitiko, kwakunye uBhishophu wahliswa ngaphambili Ignatius I. Ngenxa yoko, Photios, ngoko lithemba ukuba baphendule upopu, wagxothwa kwisebe, ecaweni waza wafa elubhacweni.

Emva phantse iminyaka eliwaka, ngowe-1847, xa nezo neCawa baseConstantinople waba uBhishophu VI Anthimus, yayingamkelekanga usolusapho eneenkani sisusiwe, kwaye, ngenxa imimangaliso emininzi eyenziwa kwi ingcwaba lakhe, yena lamiselwa. Noko ke, iRashiya ayaziwa isenzo ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni iingxoxo phakathi abameli uninzi iicawa zehlabathi Orthodox.

isenzo zomthetho, akuvumelekile ukuba iRussia

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba iCawa yamaRoma kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi wenqaba ukuqaphela ibandla kweConstantinople indawo ebekekileyo kathathu. UTata watshintsha ingqondo yakhe kuphela emva ngo-1439 i-ebizwa ngokuba yi-Union esatyikitywa kwiBhunga Florence - isivumelwano kudityaniswa amabandla zamaKatolika Orthodox.

Esi senzo yokondla igunya otshatsheleyo Pope, yaye, lo gama kugcinwe ibandla lwaseMpuma izithethe zabo, ukwamkeleka wawo imfundiso yamaKatolika. Kungokwemvelo ukuba isivumelwano eso iyaphikisana neemfuno Charter of the Russian Church Orthodox, walahlwa yi eMoscow, waza wabeka isiginitsha yakhe Metropolitan Isidor evinjwa nesidima.

solusapho zamaKristu isimo Islamic

eminyaka Ngaphantsi kwe enye enesiqingatha. Ngowe-1453 uBukhosi baseByzantium Wawa phantsi Ukuhlasela amabutho Turkish. Okwesibini eRoma wawa, ukulahlekelwa indawo yakhe eMoscow. Kodwa ke Turks kulo mzekelo baye ukunyamezelana omangalisayo yempambano zonqulo. Yakha onke amaziko kwamandla karhulumente kwi-siseko ka-Islam, ke, kunjalo, bavunyelwe ukuba zikhona kweli lizwe kakhulu noluntu ezinkulu zamaKristu.

Ukususela ngoko, i-uMphathi eConstantinople, ibandla ayaba ngokupheleleyo impembelelo yawo yezopolitiko, wahlala, nangona kunjalo, iinkokeli zonqulo abangamaKristu abahlala kuzo. Nokubuyisa rated kwindawo yesibini, ke anqunyulwe nezinto eziphathekayo kunye phantse akukho yindlela yokuziphilisa, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukubambana ezinendingeko enkulu. Ukuya ezabelwe iziko ngo- 1589 lo ngubhishophu eRashiya, uMphathi waseConstantinople wayeyintloko zeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, kunye umnikelo nesisa yeenkosana eMoscow wamvumela ukuba ngandlel 'ukuziphilisa.

Ngenxa yoko, i-uMphathi baseConstantinople yaye abazange bahlale ematyaleni. Kuba phezu kweenxweme Bosphorus yamiselwa kwisihloko yokuqala Russian Tsar Ivan IV abangcangcazelisi, kwaye uBhishophu Ierimiya II wabasikelela kwi ukulawula ukuba abe ngusihlalo yokuqala Moscow uMphathi uYobhi. Eli linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwelizwe, awawabeka eRashiya belingana namanye amazwe Orthodox.

velela engalindelekanga

Ukuze ngaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu, looSolusapho kaConstantinople ibandla wadlala kuphela indima wayengaphakamanga iintloko zoluntu abangamaKristu ibekwe ngaphakathi Ottoman enamandla ngenxa ngesiphumo leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ukuba akukho wayaphula. Kubomi kurhulumente, kuninzi itshintshiwe, kunye nemali yakhe yangaphambili eConstantinople ngowe-1930 labizwa ngokuba Istanbul.

Labefundisi of eConstantinople Ngomhla emanxuweni amagunya someleleyo nangoko enomfutho. Ukususela kwiminyaka yee-eko zenkulungwane lokugqibela iinkokeli zayo ukuphumeza ngenkuthalo igama, njengoko apho uMphathi baseConstantinople kufuneka sanikwa igunya yokwenene kwaye ufumane ilungelo kuphela kukuphila ubomi zonqulo yonke zaseDiaspora Orthodox, kodwa kwakhona ukuthatha inxaxheba ekusombululeni iingxaki zangaphakathi kwamanye amabandla autocephalous. Le ndawo sele ungene phantsi umlilo ehlabathini Orthodox waza wafumana igama "popery mpuma."

isibheno lezobulungisa uMphathi

Ungenile ngo-1923, iSivumelwano Lausanne lwanika ngokuwa Ottoman waza wamisa imida umgca ngurhulumente elalisandul 'ukusekwa. Wabhala kwakhona kwisihloko zeformula uMphathi kweConstantinople nje, kodwa urhulumente kwiriphabliki Turkish mihla engafuni nokuva. Inika imvume kuphela ukuqondwa kwe-uMphathi zoluntu Orthodox Turkish.

Ngo-2008, i-uMphathi baseConstantinople ndanyanzeleka ukuba ndibhenele YaseYurophu kwiNkundla Yamalungelo oLuntu isimangalo nxamnye Government of Turkey, omnye zokufihla bayitya Orthodox ku Buyukada Island kuLwandle Marmara. NgoJulayi waloo nyaka, emva kokuphonononga kunjalo, inkundla yanelisekile ngokupheleleyo isibheno, kwaye, kananjalo, wenza ingxelo malunga ingqalelo yemeko yakhe esemthethweni. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba oku yaba kokokuqala ukuba nezo beCawa kaConstantinople sijoliswe kwiinkundla yaseYurophu.

uxwebhu Legal ngo-2010

Enye uxwebhu yomthetho ebalulekileyo iinkalo ezininzi wagqiba nesimo esikhoyo ngoku i uMphathi eConstantinople, yaba isigqibo esithatyathwe yiNdibano yePalamente ngoJanuwari 2010, i-Council of Europe. Olu xwebhu kufuna ukusekwa inkululeko yonqulo amalungu ezingezo-Muslim zonke ezinabantu abambalwa abahlala Turkey naseMpuma Greece.

Nokulungiswa enye ebizwa kurhulumente Turkish ukuba bahloniphe isihloko "Ecumenical" njengoko ubhishophu omkhulu waseConstantinople, uluhlu apho uya abantu emva eziliqela amakhulu, bazinxibe ngokusekelwe kwemimiselo zasemthethweni ezifanelekileyo kunokudenda.

Le nezo ngoku Church of baseConstantinople

ubuntu Bright kwaye original nguye uMphathi baseConstantinople nguBhartolomeyu mna, nokubekwa eyagqitywa ngo-Oktobha 1991. Igama lakhe wempangelo - Dimitrios Arhondonis. IsiGrike ubuzwe, yena wazalwa ngo-1940 kwisiqithi eImbros engeka eTurkey. Ukufumana imfundo yamabanga ngokubanzi iziqu Halki secawa, Dimitrios, xa elikwinqanaba umdikoni, wakhonza igosa lomkhosi Turkish.

Emva kwamabutho eqalisa ukunyukela phezulu yolwazi zenkolo. Phakathi kwiminyaka emihlanu abaqeqeshwe Arhondonis kwiiyunivesithi eItali, eSwitzerland kunye Germany, ngenxa yokuba iba ugqirha wezakwalizwi kunye umhlohli le Pontifical Gregorian University.

Polyglot esitulweni ngamadoda

Ukubanako zivalele ulwazi lo mntu nje yentle. Kwiminyaka emihlanu yokufunda yena yoncutshe ezinjengesiJamani, isiFrentshi, IsiNgesi kunye Italian. Apha kuyimfuneko ukongeza kulwimi lwakhe lweenkobe Turkish nezazi - Latin. Emva kokubuyela eTurkey, Dimitrios waya kuwo onke amanqanaba weqela legunya zonqulo, ngelixa ngo-1991 wonyulwa nezo kwiCawa kaConstantinople.

"Green uMphathi"

Kwinkalo yemisebenzi ngamazwe eYona Ngcwele uBhishophu Bartholomew baseConstantinople wafumana udumo njenge elilwela ekulondolozweni bume yendalo. Kweli cala, yayinguye ngumququzeleli eziliqela omhlaba. Kwakhona kwaziwa ukuba uMphathi uqhuba intsebenziswano esebenzayo kukho iqela lemibutho kokusingqongileyo. Kuba leyo isebenza zonke-engcwele Bartholomew wafumana isihloko sencwadi - "Green uMphathi".

Ubhishophu Bartholomew uye close nobuhlobo kunye iintloko zeCawa yobuOthodoki yaseRashiya, elo likhulu utyelelo ngoko nangoko emva kokubekwa kwakhe ngo-1991. Iikhosi thethwano i baseConstantinople nezo ngoko wavakalisa inkxaso yakhe iCawa Russian yobu le Moscow labefundisi sinomzamo yayo kunye engekho self-kuhanjiswe kwaye ukusuka kwindawo eziphefumlelweyo lwembono, Kyivan labefundisi. nabo ezinjalo waqhubeka kwiminyaka elandelayo.

Ecumenical Ubhishophu uBhartolomeyu, uBhishophu eConstantinople, wayesoloko isigqibo kwimigaqo kuzo zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi oku intsebenzo yakhe elandelayo ngo-2004 kwi-mpikiswano All Council Russian Abantu ngomhla ingqalelo ubume Moscow yesiThathu eRoma kubonisa ukubaluleka kwayo yonqulo zezopolitiko ezithile. Kwintetho yakhe, usolusapho wabalahla le ngqikelelo njengoko obangwe theologically kwaye kuyingozi kwezopolitiko.