Echinoderms izilwanyana: inkcazelo, igama, photo

Echinoderms - uhlobo lwesilwanyana. Abakwazi luthelekiswe nalo xa isakhiwo kwezinye iintlobo. Inkangeleko yesilwanyana ufana intyatyambo, inkwenkwezi, a yemixoxozi, ibhola, njalo njalo. N.

History of the isifundo

AmaGrike amandulo wabanika igama "echinoderms." Abameli olu hlobo kudala banomdla ntu. Imbali isifundo ezinxulumene, ingakumbi, ngokwamagama Aristotle noPliny; yaye ngenkulungwane ye-18 nasekuqaleni 19 ukuba bafunda zizazinzulu ezaziwayo-kakuhle ezininzi (Lamarck, Linnaeus, Klein, Cuvier). Sekunjalo, Izazi ezininzi ngexesha nawuphi ngamazinga kunye coelenterates, okanye ntshulube. I. I. Mechnikov, isazinzulu Russian, wafumanisa ukuba babe nolwalamano kishechnozhabernymi. Ngeentshuntshe wabonisa ukuba ezi zinto ziphilayo kunxulumene kubameli efanayo chordates.

Iintlobo ngeentlobo echinoderms

Ekuhambeni kwexesha lethu, ziphuma ukuba echinoderms - izilwanyana ezivela kwiqela ezingenamqolo eziququzelelwe kakhulu kakhulu - ukuba deuterostome. Avele eMhlabeni kwiminyaka engaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-520 eyadlulayo. Iintsalela echinoderms zifumaneka neetyuwa lilungu Cambrian ekuqaleni. Olu hlobo luquka malunga 5000 iintlobo.

Echinoderms - izilwanyana elwandle, ezantsi, uninzi lwazo na izinto simahla-eziphilayo. Azixhaphakanga ziqhotyoshelwe ezantsi usebenzisa esiqwini okhethekileyo. Imizimba eziphilayo ezininzi ibekwe phezu rays-5, kodwa inani labo kwezinye izilwanyana. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ookhokho echinoderm waba ulingano amabini, ukusuka apho mihla ilifa ezamahala-yokuqubha kwindawo.

isakhiwo yangaphakathi

Abameli echinoderms kule nwebu ongama nokuqina liphuhlisa amathambo eyakhiwa amacwecwe calcareous neenaliti, enameva, njl N. On kumphezulu umzimba. Njengoko chordates, ezi zinto ziphilayo zesekondari kwisisu umzimba akhiwa ukungcola iingxowa mesoderm emathunjini. Gastropor ngexesha kuphuhliso lwabo yene okanye similise okwaloo empundwini. Kulo mzekelo, i imibungu emlonyeni abunjwe ngokutsha.

Echinoderms izilwanyana zinenkqubo kwegazi. Noko inhalation saqulunqa kakhulu buthathaka okanye azikho kwaukubakho. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ngokufutshane ukuchaza ezinye iimpawu echinoderms. Kuzo ezo zinto ziphilileyo, akukho amalungu akhethekileyo zinomgutyulo. inkqubo kunokuba abangekaphuhli luvo izinto eziphilayo umdla kuthi. Le ebekwe eyase sangaphandle okanye invaginates epithelium ngaphakathi emzimbeni.

isakhiwo sangaphandle

Echinoderms mpawu kumele ukuba luphunyezwe kwidama yi iinkalo isakhiwo sangaphandle ezi eziphilayo. Le epithelium olungaphandle kwindawo engundoqo ye echinoderms (yemixoxozi elwandle ngaphandle) iye isiliya adala yangoku yamanzi. Banoxanduva lokubonelela ukutya, exchange igesi kunye wokucoca umzimba eludakeni. Kumaqweqwe echinoderms ngeendlela ezahlukahlukeneyo umhlaza (ebangela kukhanya kunye ezinobuhlungu), kunye zombala, leyo ukunika umbala emangalisayo kwezi zilwanyana.

izinto skeletal in ezizinkwenkwezi - iipleyiti calcareous, leyo zimiswe ngokwemigca longitudinal, ngokuqhelekileyo ameva, ebalaseleyo ngaphandle. umzimba leurchin yaselwandle nezikhuseli iqokobhe calcareous. Siqulathe uthotho iipleyiti, ambathe oqhagamshelwano phakathi, kunye neenaliti elide, ehleli phezu kwazo. Elwandle cucumber emzimba calcareous, leyo bagcwele eluswini yabo. Amathambo ezi eziphilayo kwi imvelaphi zasekhaya.

Musculature nenkqubo ambulacral

Musculature yezi zilwanyana thaca ngezithandelo kwimisipha kunye nezihlunu ngamnye. Waba kakuhle, kude ezinokususwa omnye okanye esinye isilwanyana. Kwiintlobo ezininzi echinoderms inkqubo ambulacral isebenza ukumchukumisa, intshukumo, yaye ezinye urchins ulwandle kunye neenyibiba ulwandle eyenzelwe ukuphefumla. Ezi eziphilayo zohlukile, baye babone uphuhliso olukhulu le umbungu.

ngezigaba echinoderms

Kukho iiklasi 5 echinoderms: Emile, korale, urchins ulwandle, iinyibiba ulwandle kunye Holothurians. Uhlobo wohlulwe iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ezimbini: ukuhamba ngokukhululekileyo echinoderms thaca iinkwenkwezi nkum holothurians, urchins ulwandle korale, kunye attachments - neenyibiba elwandle, kwakunye ezithile extinct. Yinto eyaziwayo malunga namawaka amathandathu iintlobo mihla; kananjalo kabini extinct abaninzi. Zonke echinoderms zizilwanyana zaselwandle ezihlala kuphela amanzi amtyuba.

ezizinkwenkwezi

Ummeli idumileyo lohlobo sinomdla gca le ezizinkwenkwezi (photo womnye kubo uchazwe apha ngasentla). Ezi zilwanyana ziphantsi Asteroidea eklasini. Korale musa ngempazamo ukufumana igama labo. Ekwimo yakhe, uninzi lwazo inkwenkwezi-etsolo ezintlanu okanye pentagon. Nangona kunjalo, kukho iindidi, inani reyi oya kufikelela amahlanu.

Khangela ukuba yintoni umzimba umdla uba korale, awayezibonakalisa iifoto ngaphezulu! Ukuba umva, oko kunokubonwa ukuba elingaphantsi imiqadi kukho imiqolo imilenze ezincinane tubular kunye ikomityi ofunxayo kwi ekupheleni. Yezilwanyana, ozichukumisayo, ukukhasa phezu kolwandle, kwakunye sikhwele indawo nkqo.

Zonke echinoderms bangakwazi ngokutsha ngokukhawuleza. Korale umqadi nganye, nto leyo ahlukane emzimbeni, oko ebonakalayo. Ngoko nangoko regenerates, kwaye umzimba omtsha uphuma kuyo. Uninzi ezizinkwenkwezi zitya izidumbu into ephilayo. Bafumana kubo emhlabeni. ukudla kwabo kubandakanya imizimba intlanzi kwakunye nezityalo. Noko ke, amanye amalungu ziinkwenkwezi - ezizingelayo ezihlasela amaxhoba awo (ezingenamqolo ezisisigxina). Emva kokuba uyifumene utsalo kukuthi, ezi zilwanyana kulahlwa ngaphandle esiswini sakhe. Ngenxa yoko, ngenxa yesisu ethile ezizinkwenkwezi yokuphanga wenziwe. Imitha yezi zilwanyana kuba izihlunu anamandla kakhulu. It ivumela ukuba uzivulu lula ngombhinqo udaka. Korale angakwazi uwaphule ukutshona xa kuyimfuneko.

Edume kakhulu phakathi izilwanyana zasendle i Acanthasterplanci - isithsaba sameva. Le utshaba imbi lezixhobo zaselwandle. Kukho malunga nama iintlobo 1500 kule klasi (uhlobo echinoderms).

Korale uyakwazi ukuzala zombini ngokwesondo asexually kangaka (okutsha). Inkoliso yezi zilwanyana - eziphilayo dioecious. Ukuchumisa abayenzileyo emanzini. Umzimba eba milo. Ezinye iinkwenkwezi ulwandle Zinokuphila zide zibe neminyaka engama-30.

Zmeehvostki (aphuke)

Ezi izilwanyana ezifana kakhulu iinkwenkwezi, ukuba ngemiqadi babebhityile elide. Xa iinkwenkwezi ukudleka (uhlobo echinoderms) hepatic akukho ezihlobene, ingquza kunye hindgut. Xa indlela yobomi, nobona efanayo ezizinkwenkwezi. Ezi izilwanyana dioecious, kodwa iyakwazi zombini ngokutsha kunye yokuzala maqanda. Ezinye iintlobo ngeendlela ezikhanyayo.

umzimba zmeehvostok (aphuke) esondeza disc flat ogama ubukhulu yi-10 cm. Ukusuka kwalo 5 okanye 10 abamnkela imiqadi omde obhityileyo. Izilwanyana ezisetyenziselwa intshukumo kwimitha enomva ngayo ukukhasa ecaleni kolwandle. Ezi eziphilayo zihamba uphakamisa. Bona kume ngaphambi ngambini zaso ezimbini 'izandla' uze umngena isongiwe ndibabuyisele. Zmeehvostki awadli detritus kunye nezilwanyana ezincinane. iinkwenkwezi ukudleka bahlala phezu kolwandle, iziponji, nekorale, urchins zolwandle. Kukho malunga nama-2 amawaka iintlobo. Ezi zilwanyana zaziwa ukusuka Ordovician.

crinoids

Echinoderms zizilwanyana zahlukahlukene kakhulu. Imizekelo crinoids ukuze nabo babe kule hlobo, uchazwe apha ngasentla. Ezi eziphilayo kukhona kuphela ezantsi. Akhokelela ukuphila umzimba. Kufuneka igxininiswe into yokuba iinyibiba ulwandle - oku ayisiso isithombo, ezizezi izilwanyana, nangona igama labo. Umzimba ezi zinto ziphilayo iquka isitya, isiqu kunye iingalo (brachiolar). Izandla luhluzwa amasuntswana ukutya ngamanzi. Uninzi iintlobo mihla simahla-edada kunye acaulescent.

Besstebelchatye iinyibiba kancane ukugaqa. Ziyakwazi ukudada emanzini. ekudleni kwabo iqulathe izilwanyana ezincinane, ezincinane, iintsalela ulele. Inani lilonke kweentlobo Kuqikelelwa ku-6000, apho njengangoku limelwe ngaphantsi kwe 700 Ezi zilwanyana ziye kwaziwa ukususela Cambrian.

iintlobo emihle enemibala neenyibiba yolwandle bahlala ikakhulu kwiilwandle kunye neelwandle ze kwimimandla efudumeleyo. Bona apha ukuba izinto ezahlukeneyo kwamanzi. Kukholelwa ukuba le silwanyana ezisengozini, kodwa Mesozoic kunye Paleozoic era, indima yabo yamanzi ziilwandle kunye ezilwandle omkhulu kunene.

cucumber Sea (cucumber elwandle)

Ezi eziphilayo ibizwa ngokwahlukileyo: yemixoxozi ulwandle, njengezingxobo iqanda okanye holothurians. Bamele udidi ezingenamqolo ezifana echinoderms. Kukho izimvo ukuba umntu utya. Igama oqhelekileyo kwaneekomkomere yolwandle enokutyiwa - "cucumber ulwandle". Trepang geni ngomlinganiselo omkhulu kwiMpuma Ekude. Kukho kwakhona cucumber yolwandle enetyhefu. Kwezi kufumana amachiza ezahlukeneyo (umz, goloturiin).

Okwangoku zimelwe malunga 1.150 iintlobo cucumber yolwandle. Abameli kuzo bohlulwa babe ngamaqela 6. xesha, nto leyo ibandakanya iifosili zindala yemixoxozi yolwandle - Silurian.

Ezi eziphilayo zahlukile kwezinye echinoderms, lume, uhlobo ungqukuva okanye umbungu-like, kwakunye nokunciphisa ithambo dermal, kunye nento yokuba kungekho spikes kwenqaba. Mouth yezi zilwanyana singqongwe aureole eyenziwa nemisipha. Ngoncedo ezi ulwandle yemixoxozi umfanekiso ukutya. Ezi izilwanyana emazantsi, nangona ezinqabileyo kakhulu, kwaye zihlala lolu daka (ipelagic). Akhokelela ukuphila umzimba. cucumber Sea awadli planktonic encinane okanye udaka.

urchins ulwandle

Ezi zilwanyana bahlala emazantsi okanye kufutshane ezantsi. Iqumrhu abaninzi kubo phantse ungqukuva, yaye iqanda-emise. Ubukhulu bayo isusela ukusuka cm 3.2 ukuya kwi-30. Ngaphandle umzimba igutyungelwe imiqolo zokutyhomfa lezitya calcareous okanye neenaliti. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le plate fixedly idityaniswe omnye komnye, ekusekeni iqokobhe (Shell ashinyeneyo). Eliqokobe akavumi ukutshintsha imilo kwesilwanyana. Namhlanje, urchins ulwandle, kukho malunga 940 iintlobo. Inani omkhulu iintlobo zimelwe Paleozoic. Okwangoku, kukho iiklasi 6, ngoxa extinct - 15.

Ke ukuba ukudla, ngoko amanye urchins ulwandle ezisetyenziswa ukutya inyama kwabafileyo (detritus), ngoxa abanye kokuphalwa evela ngamatye Ingca yolwandle. Kwimeko yokugqibela emlonyeni sesilwanyana ifakwe izixhobo ihlafuna eyodwa ebizwa ngokuba lantern Aristotelian. Imbonakalo kufana kombiwa kuyo. Ezinye iintlobo echinoderms (urchins elwandle) ngoncedo nje kufuna ukutya, kodwa ukuba uguqule iliwa ngokuthi ukugrumba imingxuma kuyo.

Ixabiso urchins yolwandle

Ezi zilwanyana - uhlobo oxabisekileyo izibonelelo zebhayoloji yolwandle. I umdla ngokorhwebo ikakhulu nebhadi of urchins yolwandle. Ngo-Japan kunye namanye amazwe akwingingqi Asia-Pacific, ibe yimveliso emnandi. Caviar ezi zilwanyana iqulathe izinto ezininzi eziphilayo esebenzayo. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba izinto ekuwo, ungasetyenziswa somhlaza njenge arhente zonyango kunye umbala. Kwakhona, akhokelela uxinzelelo yesiqhelo igazi, ukwanda amandla, ofakwe kwi-atom emzimbeni womntu. Kufunyaniswe ukuba amaqanda ukutya ukutya kwandisa ukumelana izifo, inceda abanezigulo wokugaya, kunciphisa iimpembelelo unyango radiation, kuphucula umsebenzi unamadlala ngesondo kunye ndlala, inkqubo sentliziyo.

Njengoko oku kungasentla, akumangalisi ukuba sea - echinoderm ulwandle, nto leyo iba isidlo yokukwamkela. Umzekelo, abahlali Japanese nyaka ngamnye kudla malunga 500 iitoni amaqanda isilwanyana ifomu yayo yendalo, okanye njengoko ongeziweyo ukuya izitya. Hi ndlela leyi, kunye nokusetyenziswa kwemveliso yokutya enxulumene ubomi kangaka kweli lizwe, apho abantu bahlala kwi-avareji engama 89.

Kweli nqaku, kuphela izilwanyana echinoderms engundoqo thaca. Amagama abo, ngethemba niyakhumbula. Uyavuma, ubomi baselwandle yayiyinzwakazi encamisileyo umdla.