Bhopal intlekele: ezibangela, amaxhoba, iziphumo

Le kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini yaba zaguquka awenzele uluntu, njengoko isantya sophuhliso zobugcisa liye landa amaxesha kweshumi eziliqela. Kodwa kunye neziganeko eyaguqula imbali kuba ngcono, ukuba kubekho iimeko ezininzi, yaye baba impazamo enkulu. Eyona inkulu iintlekele ezenziwe awuyitshintshanga le ebusweni bomhlaba kwaye kungakhokelela ekubeni neziphumo ezimaxongo. Eyona inkulu kubo kucingwa ukuba ingozi kwi mveliso imichiza e Bhopal. Esi sixeko Indian e Madhya baya kuwa, yaye akemi ukuya ku Disemba 3, 1984. Lo mhla phambi komtshato sitshintshile kubantu Bhopal yonke into.

Imbali ukwakhiwa izityalo

Ngo-1970, urhulumente Indiya igqibe ekubeni ukuphakamisa uqoqosho yayo ngoongxowankulu angaphandle. Ngoko ke, inkqubo ekhethekileyo yaqaliswa, ijolise ekutsaleni abatyali-zimali bamanye amazwe ukutyala kushishino lwangaphakathi. ukwakhiwa isityalo sele sivunyiwe, nto leyo iza kuvelisa zinambuzane kwezolimo. Ekuqaleni yinxalenye iikhemikhali izicwangciso ukungenisa kwamanye amazwe. Kodwa kwathi kuba azincedi lutho, njengoko ukhuphiswano kulo icandelo emarikeni laliphezulu kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ukwenziwa wafuduselwa kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo, ezinokuntsonkotha yingozi. Kule 80 kwisixeko Bhopal (India) kunye eyingqongileyo ebonisa kwesivuno ngakumbi, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni ukuhla kwemfuneko imveliso yezityalo. Ngoko, kwagqitywa ukuthengisa inkampani, kodwa umthengi abuyi kufunyanwa.

Plant phambi kokuba ingozi

Le mveliso manyala idumileyo osezandleni Union khabhayithi India Limited - inkampani American, nto leyo ezizodwa ekuvelisweni kwezichumiso eziyimichiza (izinambuzane). Bhopal silima nguvimba ubuncwane zinetyhefu kakhulu - isocyanate imethyl, okanye MIC. Kuyinto into ebulalayo enobuhlungu, leyo kwiphondo serhasi ziqhagamshelane inwebu yangaphakathi ngephanyazo lona livutha, ukusuka apho emiphungeni zidumbe. Ukuba sikwimo elulwelo, kwiimpawu zazo efanayo sulphuric acid.

Kwakhona unalo iipropati ezithile kakhulu emzimbeni. abilayo lobushushu - 40 degrees Celsius, nto leyo kakhulu njengesiqhelo lobushushu emini India. Ukuba sifakwe umxube nkqu imali encinane yamanzi, uqala lisenziwa shushu ngako ngokukuko, nto leyo ebangela ukuba kubekho ukusabela chain, ngenxa apho iziyobisi abole ukhululeka hydrogen benqanda, kwenitrojeni, carbon monoxide. Le cocktail unako ukutshabalalisa nabani na kummandla ochaphazelekayo. Kwi-mveliso udale iindlela ezininzi ezaye ebekumele ukuba ukuthintela indlela efanayo, kodwa abazange ukusebenza ngenxa yezizathu eziliqela, ezichazwe ngezantsi.

Zinto zifuneka kuqala ukuze kokuwa

Phambi kwakukho intlekele Bhopal, kukho izinto ezininzi ezibabeka ukuba ivela khona. Eyokuqala kwezi inkanuko umnini isityalo ukuba ulondoloze imali kumvuzo. Ngoko ke bakha, ishishini labo eIndiya, apho umvuzo na kalishumi ngaphantsi kumazwe phambili. ezinjalo abasebenzi lekhono yayingekho phezulu ngokwaneleyo, kodwa izicelo zabo kakhulu. Oku kuluncedo kakhulu ngokwezemali.

Izinto yesibini - lunyhasho nemigangatho yamazwe ngamazwe, nemimiselo yokugcina izinto eziyityhefu. Xa mveliso ukuba ugcine hayi ngaphezulu kwe-1 ngetoni MIC, yaye sele e Bhopal izihlandlo 42 ngaphezulu, oko kukuthi iitoni 42.

Umba wesithathu - kukungakhathali abahlali yobulali kwi zilumkiso, apapashwa kwiphephandaba. ulawulo Isityalo walumkisa ukuba kufuneka ukuba ube nje ngenyameko ukuba uve isandi siren, kuphunywe kwangoko.

I elilandelayo kukuba isixeko Bhopal ngelo xesha urhulumente ngokuqhubekayo wajika iliso eyimfama ukuba ukungaphumeleli ukuthobela imimiselo yokhuseleko, yaye ngenxa yoko, kuye kwaba eziliqela iingozi kwi kwisityalo.

Enye into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukugxagxiseka izixhobo, ukutshintshwa imali eninzi imali. Kungenxa yoko le nto zonke iinkqubo ezathi ezifanele ukuthintela loo ngozi, uyabanda zokusilungisa, okanye nje icinyiwe.

Izinto ezibangela le ntlekele

Unobangela esemthethweni yengozi asizange wayezimisele. Yinto eyaziwayo nje ukuba ukukhululwa irhasi ezibulalayo emoyeni kwabangelwa ungene Itanki yamanzi kunye methyl isocyanate. Oku kubangele engamanzi abilayo, kunye komphunga phantsi isivingco ukhuseleko koxinzelelo oluphezulu iphazamisekile. Indlela amanzi wangena izinto ngalo ukuze uqhagamshelane oko kuyingozi kakhulu, elingaziwayo kude kube ngoku. Ngesi sihlandlo, kukho iinguqulelo ezimbini.

Ukuba uyakholwa yokuqala, yinto nje kwingozi emanyumnyezi. Kuye kwenziwe kwi olwandulela ukuhlanjwa kwindawo engqongileyo, kwaye njengoko imibhobho izivingco baba eziphosakeleyo, amanzi wangena la bhotile MIC.

Eyesibini ithi le ntlekele Bhopal ke ubudlelane obabuyilwe ngenkohliso. Enye yabasebenzi yokunganyaniseki ezizezakhe izizathu bakwazi ukudibanisa nethumbu lamanzi itanki, kwaye yaqala yokusabela. Ngubani na ke ezi nguqulelo uyinene yena, akukho bani owaziyo. Kucacile nje ukuba umnqweno rhoqo ukonga imali yaba oyena nobangela wale ntlekele ezenziwe ngabantu.

Ubalo lweziganeko

Bhopal ntlekele yenzeke ngobusuku-2 ukuya kwemi-3 Disemba 1984. Umthamo we E610, aqulathe iitoni 42 imethyl isocyanate, ngenxa yezizathu ezingaziwayo, wavuka malunga ton amanzi. Oku kubangele ukuba kwenziwe ulwelo lashushu 200 degrees Celsius. Abasebenzi baye baphawula iimpawu yokuqala yembandezelo netanki MIC kwi imizuzu eli-15 ezidlulileyo kobusuku, ngephanyazo phinda onke amanani. Ngaphandle nabenzi boluvo engenakuphepheka sangeniswa rasp ngamandla, nto leyo epapashwe phantsi isikhongozeli isiseko aqhekekileyo. Abanini baphuma ziquka iisistim ze-alam, kodwa ukufumanisa ukuba ube nje emsebenzini. Ngoko bagqiba kwelokuba esandleni Ukupholisa kwitanki waza waqalisa ukutshiza amanzi kuyo evela ngaphandle, kodwa impendulo iye unganqandeki. 00,30 ivelufa nokhuseleko nje likwazi ukumelana xi kakhulu uqhume. Ebudeni iyure elandelayo, iitoni ezingama-30 igesi enetyhefu bubonakala emoyeni. Ekubeni MIC yesimathane inzima kunezo umoya, kuba sisiqalo lelifu esibulalayo yokuhamba ecaleni emhlabeni ukukhasa ngokucothayo ngapha ummandla kwayijikeleza kwisityalo.

kuhlukunyezwa

Zonke ezi ziganeko zenzeka ebusuku, ngoko bonke abantu wayelele ngoxolo. Noko ke, abantu nangoko imiphumo ityhefu. Ke kuyekwe ukukhohlela, amehlo esihogweni sabo, uphefumlele kwaba nje akunakwenzeka. Oku kukhokelele ekuswelekeni kuninzi kwiiyure zokuqala emva kwengozi. Ukwesaba ekuphumeni njengoko nto yandincedayo. Bonke babesaba yaye akazange aqonde ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Oogqirha bazama ukunceda abantu, kodwa wayengazi njani. Ngapha koko, ulawulo isityalo akazange afune ukuba aveze ukwakhiwa igesi ngenxa nemfihlo zorhwebo.

Kusasa ilifu dissipated, kodwa washiya ngasemva ezininzi kakhulu izidumbu. Yaba sisiqalo nje. Kwiintsuku ezimbalwa ezizayo, amawaka abantu bafa, ngaphandle koku, indalo nalo ngamandla kakhulu abachaphazelekayo: imithi lehla amagqabi, izilwanyana kufa endle.

iziphumo ngozi

Into nje ukuba le ntlekele iqatshelwa luyingozi kakhulu kwimbali, othetha kwalo. Xa iiyure okuqala igesi enetyhefu wababulala abantu 3787 ngexesha kwiiveki ezimbini emva ukuba iziganeko unelishwa wabulala abantu 8,000 kule minyaka ilandelayo, nokuba 8000.

Uphando ngo-2006 lwabonisa ukuba amanani ezimbi: 558 125 amatyala ngokutyelela oogqirha ngenxa esinganyangekiyo emva osenyameni ngexesha oko kwabhalwa, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba ityhefu MIC. Ukongeza, le ntlekele Bhopal iye yaba yintlekele yokwenene eziphilayo. Ubuthi ityhefu yonke imeko kwiminyaka ezayo. Le nkampani osetekenini isityalo ehlawula imali eninzi ukuze amaxhoba, kodwa akuyi kulungisa nto.

Tyala emva kwengozi,

Kwanasemva kokuba siganeko, inkampani yavalwa ngoko nangoko. Kwaqhubeka ukusebenza de ukuncipha kwezixa ze MIC. Ngowe-1986, kwakusekho le mveliso ivaliwe kunye nezixhobo wathengisa. Kodwa akukho namnye wazama ecaleni ngokupheleleyo ummandla eyingozi. Yajika nje ibe linxuwa yokulahla yemichiza yatyhefa ubomi wonke umzi. De namhlanje, xa lwezityalo iitoni ezingaphezu kwama-400 ka izinto eziyityhefu, leyo ndzulu emhlabeni kwaye wenze asihambelani amanzi nokutya ekhuliswa ekuhlaleni ukusela. Ngo-2012, abasemagunyeni Indian baye bagqiba ekubeni ukulahla inkunkuma, kodwa okwangoku licwangcisela kuphela.

Ngenxa yoko, esibi kunazo intlekele umntu-yabangela Bhopal intlekele (India) lwamiselwa kwimbali yoluntu. 1984 kweli lizwe liye laba uphawu ukufa. Nkqu engamashumi amathathu kamva iziphumo ngozi efanelekileyo bonke abemi balapha.