AIDS: Okuthethwa namathemba

Intsholongwane eyandulela okanye immunodeficiency virus Human (HIV), usapho Igciwane kowazo Lentivirus. Kuzenza kuquka abameli ezibangela izifo ezahlukeneyo ezosulelayo igazi kunye ukunqongophala ezigonyekileyo sisilwanyana esincancisayo.

Imvelaphi kunye nokuchongwa

Olu hlobo imelwe iiarhente ezimbini non-cellular - HIV-1 no-HIV-2, ekwaziyo ebangela isifo ukudodobala Syndrome - (. Engl isifo immunodeficiency syndrome, AIDS) AIDS. Nangona kunjalo, ezi iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela ayashiyana isantya sophuhliso sifo. Kukholelwa ukuba le yesibini HIV-2 uhlobo banzi kangako kumajoni omzimba womntu. Yena kabanzi e-Asia, eYurophu, Merika nase-Afrika.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukufunyanwa ivuso yapapashwa kulindixesha Science, xa kwafunyaniswa ubukho arhente ezosulelayo kwi zamanzi lifanasini abahlukunyezwa syndrome ngasentla. Uhlalutyo DNA wabonisa ukuba ohlobo ezimbini-human immunodeficiency virus enemvelaphi ezahlukeneyo. Isihlobo ekufutshane ye-HIV-1 yajika intsholongwane ebangela uphuhliso immunodeficiency e iinkawu, ngoko waqalisa gqala zenyathi zezohlobo olufanayo. Kukholelwa ukuba le ndoda yiNTSHOLONGWANE ngayo ngokudibana ezigulayo. Uhlobo sesibini ezinxulumene ne lymphadenopathy.

Eli nqaku liza kujonga njani kwenzeka AIDS, imiphumo ukusasazeka ngenkxaso yayo emzimbeni womntu.

inkqubo yekontraka

inkqubo usuleleko eqhelekileyo zonke iintsholongwane. Ngaphakathi esiseleni, arhente esosulelayo ihlanganise DNA lwalo kweleli host chromosomal, ngaloo ndlela ukutshintsha uhlobo yokuvakalisa yayo gene, oko kukhokelele ekwandeni kwipesenteji yamathumba amabi.

AIDS eyenzeke kunye nokudla arhente esosulelayo HIV. Luhlasela zonke iiseli kumphezulu lwalo receptor immunoglobulin ethile. Ngexesha ngokwayamana kunye neqabane ezosulelekileyo ukulungele intsholongwane kuqala iiseli dendritic kunye macrophage, kwimijikelo epithelium of zokuzala, ezi receptors lymphocyte T (iiseli T ukuchonga abatshabalalise awakwazi amazwe) umnikelo wokudla nobuninzi kwi inwebu yangaphakathi. Ukuba intsholongwane ongena umzimba ngobisi lwebele, isango ukuze akhonze M-iiseli amabala Peyer kaThixo.

Ekugqibeleni, xa intsholongwane ingena egazini, yiyo ungena iindawo nkovu, osoloko zikhona iiseli host enokubakho ukuvakalisa T-lymphocyte. Kwiindawo nkovu nazo phakathi kwiiseli iantigens-nokunikezela (kutshabalalisa ezisegazini), nto leyo inako ukugqithisela intsholongwane ye-AIDS. Imiphumela esibi kakhulu.

Inqanaba lesi sifo

Kwiintsuku zokuqala emva kokuba usulelo iphuhlisa kwisigaba nokoyika esi sifo xa intsholongwane lilwandisela ngokukhawuleza abathwali phantse zonke iiseli receptors immunoglobulin, inkoliso yabo kufa. Emva koko arhente ezosulelayo uba karhulumente afihlakeleyo kwaye igcinwa ikakhulu provirus (sidityaniswe kwi host iseli), yenzelwe ikakhulu T-lymphocyte. Bona wenziwa emveni intlanganiso kunye iantigens ethile, kwaye iyasebenza xa kuyabuya. Abayi musa lokuyivelisa kwi imali encinane ajikelezayo egazini.

Kwandule ke ukubakho sigaba sibizwa zesi sifo, apho abemi wentsholongwane iba zemfuza owahlukeneyo ngenxa beqokelela izakhi. Ingabonakali kunciphise inani T-cells kuba kufa phindana nje wentsholongwane egazini.

Oku kuyingozi ne-AIDS. Imiphumo esi sifo sikuko kukuba kamva senani syndrome weseli T kunciphisa ngokunzulu, ukuphinda-yintsholongwane nezihlunu kwiindawo nkovu kukhokelela angakwazi elidlulileyo, kwaye uninzi usulelo ntsholongwane ifumaneka ngakubhalileyo ngokoluhlu olubanzi iiseli host. Lasebenza nxaxheba cytotoxic impendulo zeselula omzimba, ukumelana izilwa-anti-wentsholongwane egazini, kwezinye iimeko, izicwili ezahlukeneyo tropism.

Kweli xesha yophuhliso sifo kunye naluphi na usuleleko kunokwenzeka inokubulala ukuba eziphilayo. Ngokuchasene imvelaphi AIDS kubantu abanamajoni leli omzimba bavame nezinye izifo wentsholongwane egazini. Umzekelo, i-HIV sele kudala ingqalelo esifanelwe umhlaza, kodwa kamva kwavela ukuba buthathaka kwemeko omzimba umhlaza kubangwa Iintsholongwane ezahlukeneyo ngokupheleleyo, kwaye akukho ngefuthe le-HIV ne-AIDS.

Kutheni amajoni omzimba womntu ayikwazi ukumelana nosulelo lwe-HIV?

Inyaniso kukuba intsholongwane kaGawulayo yajika ukuba abe "eneqikili" abanezakhono, kungaphazanyiswa iziseko sifo nokuhlawula ukuba inzuzo yabo. "Advanteji" bubukho olude HIV ukuba ahlale ifomu afihlakeleyo. Ukuba ngoko nangoko emva kokuba usulelo yokuqala inkqubo yayintsholongwane eyosulela into abathintela, ngoko ngokuthe ngcembe (iminyaka emininzi) itshabalalisa amajoni omzimba. Ithagethi iphambili virus T-lymphocyte. Ngesiqhelo run inani reactions omzimba kwi sifo baphelelwe ngamandla abo ukwanda, yaye inani lilonke kunciphisa. Ezinye iiseli zamajoni omzimba (B-lymphocyte, monocytes kunye NK-iseli) ukuqaphela ukuyeka iimpawu engumlamleli iiseli T badla ukuqala ukusabela sokuhlasela. Makayeke, ukusebenza ngokwesiqhelo zonke iiseli iantigens-nokunikezela, njengokuba nabo bosulelwe yintsholongwane.

Kutheni na ukuba iziphumo ezifana nesifo sikagawulayo?

Umzimba abosulelekileyo ukhupha izilwa lwaze HIV. Nangona kunjalo, inani labo soze eziphakamileyo, kwaye kwezinye ngqiqo akakho ikhuselwe njenge ivuselela Ukwahluka kwale ntsholongwane. Ngaxeshanye, iqela izilwa kuhlanganiswa, epitopes ukuba ayangenana (moiety awaziwa yi izoba) ngemvulophu wentsholongwane egazini, kwaye ngaphandle efikelelekayo kancinane ngenxa yokuba glycoproteins zabo isiqinisekiso okhethekileyo. omzimba ngandlela kakuhle evunywe iiseli zamajoni omzimba.

Kwezinye iimeko, macrophage qhoboshela ukukwazi intsholongwane ukuba basebenzisane receptors ezongezelelweyo kumphezulu weeseli ekujoliswe kwaye angene kuzo ngokuthi endocytosis. Ngaloo ndlela, ukusabela humoral omzimba, esona sixhobo sinamandla amajoni omzimba kwi HIV yaphulwe ngokupheleleyo.

iimpawu

Ngoko nangoko ingqalelo esi sifo kuba nzima, kuba xa nisaqala losulelo akukho zimpawu. A Iimpawu okulandelayo kube lula kubhidaniswe nezinye izifo. Umzekelo, iindawo nkovu ezandisiweyo, chronic fatigue yaye ubuthathaka, ukungabi namdla, ukwehla kobunzima, ukulahlekelwa inkumbulo, ingqondo ze - zonke ezi mpawu ezinokubangelwa iziphene zesondlo. Kwaye oku, njengoko ngamanye amaxesha iziphumo zosulelo lwe-HIV ne-AIDS.

Ngoko ke, ezi mpawu zilandelayo kufuneka ahlawule ingakumbi ingqalelo: ukubila esigqithisileyo okanye Ukugodola, ingakumbi ngexesha ebusuku, ukuvela iintlobo ngeentlobo amabala okanye irhashalala kakhulu eluswini, iphika ekhohlela okukhawulezayo, ifiva, ukuphazamiseka komsebenzi namathumbu obuqhelekileyo.

Isignali ebalulekileyo, ithetha ukuba i qho isenzeko zizifo ezinzwaneni. Oku kusebenza kuzo zombini ngokwesondo kunye iintsholongwane herpes, usulelo kwisisu ngomlomo, kunye nabanye. Ngoko ke, ukuvela ngexesha elifanayo ngakumbi kwezi mpawu zilandelayo kubalulekile ukuba bayokuvavanya, singasathethi iimviwo zonyango yonyaka ukuxilonga AIDS ngexesha. Imiphumo sifo kunokuzibonakalisa nangaliphi na ixesha.

izibalo sifo

Nangona iinzame oogqirha, izazinzulu, uluntu, amatyala inkxaso, ingxaki isahleli ilawulwa kakuhle, yaye ukuba ukuzinzisa le meko de banikwa ithuba. Ngokutsho kwe World Health Organization, ekupheleni kwezi 80s ku-2006, ukusuka 'isibetho kule nkulungwane yamashumi amabini "yabulala abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-25. Kumazwe amaninzi, le ngxaki kuba yondele kakhulu. Ngokutsho kwe data kwaziswa kwinkomfa yamazwe ngamazwe kwi-AIDS ngo-2010, abantu abangaphezu kwezigidi ezingama-40 zithathwa ukuba wosuleleke abathwali sifo. Oonobangela kunye neziphumo AIDS zixoxiwe ngasentla.

Idatha kwi usulelo

iziko Russian yesayensi-lwemethodoloji olwa-immunodeficiency syndrome inika iinkcukacha zilandelayo kwi sifo, ukususela ngo-1994:

• 1994 - 887 abantu;.
• 1999 - 30647 abantu;.
• 2004 - 296 045 abantu;
• 2009 - 516 167 abantu.

Ngokuhlalutya ezi data, unako ukufumana Dynamics bhubhane. uluntu lwale mihla kunye kusafuna ubuntununtunu ngakumbi umzimba uphando ukuba arhente wentsholongwane egazini ezazingekho ifuthe ukuze eyoyikekayo AIDS. Ngomhla umzimba izenzo intsholongwane abangenayo ngokucacileyo.

Treatment kunye nokuthintela

amandla Ingxelo ye-HIV kudala ingxaki enkulu ekufuneni iindlela kuthomalaliso AIDS. amanyathelo ezininzi zokuzikhusela amagciwane zinxulunyaniswa ukukhuthazwa kwamajoni omzimba kwaye intsholongwane ugxobha ngokupheleleyo wesenzo ezinxityelelanisiweyo, nto kulo mzekelo kunokukhokelela imiphumo engalindelekanga.

Akwenzeki ukuba luyayilwa i-HIV, elonakalisileyo lonke wathelela iiseli zabo kuba oku kuya kukhokelela kwilahleko lakho memory omzimba. Oku impembelelo ye-AIDS. Kwi umzimba womntu kufuneka ukuba ezinye neziphumo.

ulwalathiso ethembisa kuphuhliso unyango AIDS - ukukhangela iziyobisi gqiba phindana kwentsholongwane kwindawo yokuqala inkqubo ye-reverse, leyo njengoko anjalo afana ndingekho eukaryotes. Kweli cala, kunye nempumelelo. Ngoko ke, ukuba kwithuba leenyanga ezintathu zokugqibela zokumitha, unina iziyobisi kanye "AZT" okanye "Lamivudine", umntwana ngo-99% yamatyala abazalwa yi-HIV. Ukusetyenziswa unyango antiretrotvirusnoy kakhulu xa isigulane ijongene unyango ngexesha elifanayo Ixesha reverse transcriptase inhibitor kunye inhibitor protease, bavulelele ukuba iminyaka ukuba isantya phantsi ukuqhubela phambili kwesifo.

isiphelo

Ugonyo nxamnye AIDS uhlala ngqiqweni, ekubeni akukho ukucacisa imiba ezininzi ngefuthe le-HIV kwi-amajoni omzimba. Ayivezi nokuba immunogenic ngakumbi epitopes kweziyi wentsholongwane egazini. Isantya nzame zentsholongwane ongene umzimba womntu liphezulu kakhulu, nto leyo ishenxisa ithuba zophuhliso lwexesha elide wamachiza, ngelixa ugonyo aluphumelelanga Uyakwazi ukukhuthaza uphuhliso usulelo. Ezi ziziphumo Mawoo une AIDS.