Yintoni yokucinga olubonakalayo?

Kudala kwaziwa ukuba ingcamango "khangela 'yaye' abone 'kuphela inxenye nye. Iingcali wabonisa ukuba ubuchopho bomntu iinkqubo ezimbini ezahlukeneyo: eyokuqala ikufutshane amalungu, le yesibini edibene isenesazela. Ngokomzekelo, abanye abantu ukuze ndikhangele into enye, kodwa ukuyibona ngenye indlela. Umzekelo elula yokuluka abantwana, ukusuka apho abantwana benze iimilo ezahlukeneyo imifanekiso. Oku uyakwazi creative ukubona kuphela ngamehlo kodwa ekuyileni lifumene inkcazelo efanelekileyo - iingcinga ezibonwayo.

Yintoni na?

Oku kusisipho isegazini lomntu ngamnye. Noko ke, ngenxa yobudala kwezinye abantu kokuba kwaye iba umsebenzi okanye indlela yobomi, ngoxa abanye, phezu koko, buthelezi ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Kwingcingane yokucinga olubonakalayo kubonwa nje indlela creative yokusombulula ngokwesiseko umzekelo yokomfuziselo. Nale meko sidibana yonke imini yonke, ukususela ukungeniswa amatyala kubasebenzi ukwenza umdlalo wechess.

Ivula Arnheim

Le mbono "yokucinga olubonakalayo" Eliya lingcwaba lomfo ngengqondo American URudolf Arnheim, yivule kwinkulungwane yokugqibela. Umongo lityhila kakhulu ngokucacileyo umzekelo ISAZINZULU, xa amakhwenkwe amabini bacelwa ixesha liya kuba phakathi kangangesiqingatha seyure, ukuba 3:40 kule wotshi. kuqala wenza ubalo zezibalo. Imizuzu 40 idityaniswa 30. Ukwazi ukuba imizuzu engama-60 kuphela, iyure enye, 10 onesiphumo imizuzu 70 wegqitha ilixa elandelayo. Ngenxa yoko, kwafika 4:10. Inkwenkwe yesibini thaca esithile ngeenxa zonke, apho isiqingatha seyure - isangqa enesiqingatha. Yena engqondweni liguqulelwe lutolo wafumana isiphumo esifana komanduleli yayo.

Ngoko ke, lo mfana yokuqala isonjululwe ingxaki ngokunengqiqo, esebenzisa amanani kunye nolwazi lwemathematika, kwaye eyesibini - abangaboniyo. Ingongoma ebalulekileyo apha kukuba akukho ubonisa iingcinga lusebenze ngokwayo njengokubonisa yokucinga ziye zasetyenziswa xa singenayo.

Ukufunda nkcukacha yale nkqubo, Arnheim yokucinga ebonwayo ahluka ngokucacileyo ukususela ezinceda njengesiqhelo ebonwayo (imifanekiso, izinto). Umahluko phakathi ngobuxoki babo, ngokutsho nzulu, kanye nohlobo nesenzeko. Ngoko ke, owayesakuba ayikho into-umfanekiso kunye nemveliso umsebenzi kwizifo ezithile bengqondo, umguquleli ukusuka ulwimi bomfanekiso ukuqondwa kolwimi, izenzo kunye nonxibelelwano lo mfanekiso kunye nezinye izinto. Ivela kule ndawo kuye kwavela zokukukhumbuza - unkqaya olusekelwe kwiingcamango olubonakalayo.

lophuhliso lwenzululwazi

Ithiyori malunga nkcukacha zokucinga esiphakanyiswa wengqondo yaseMelika, yaqhubeka izifundo ezininzi lweengcali mihla waza waba isiseko kuphuhliso iindlela zoqeqesho kunye nophuhliso babenobuchule. Inani elikhulu imisebenzi abazinikele neengxaki esikolweni. Ngapha koko, ulwazi olufanayo ifunxwe abantwana ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, omnye wemisebenzi lootitshala ukufundisa umntwana ukuba acinge abangaboniyo. Kule meko akukho nokucengceleza eyomileyo awunanjongo nje imithetho kunye neetekisi, kunye nokusekwa ubudlelwane babo ubunyani ezingqongileyo, unxulumano ngaxeshanye phakathi ithiyori practice. Ukuba ukhumbule ngokusekelwe yokucinga esizibonayo indlela eziluncedo uqeqesho memory kunye nophuhliso yengqondo ubuchule kunye ezinobuchule umntwana.

uqeqesho

Njengoko kubonakala, ndicinga abangaboniyo akukho kwizikrelemnqa. Le nkqubo Kulula ukusebenzisa ngcono, into ubunzima amaqhinga kunye namacebo sadalwa. Umntu elula ufumana, Kakade ke, esikolweni, iyavuleka izisekelo zokukukhumbuza. Umzekelo, ukuba xa ngentloko amagama eelwimi zasemzini ezisetyenziswa nenkcubeko Russian ngelizwi-umbutho. Okanye ukuchaza intetho ngamanye amazwi itekisi ezintsonkothileyo kusetyenziswa imifanekiso kunye neziganeko iqhosha kwebali. Kwinkalo yesifundo nganye inkqubo yaso iimanyano imifanekiso zinceda ukugaya lwazi.

Okubonakalayo ndicinga An indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa ezingqondweni. Imizamo yokuqala kwi ongenantandabuzo uluhlu yayo weyele ebuntwaneni, xa abantwana ilele phezu kwengca, ukuzama ukuba 'ukuwuqonda "amafu engaqhelekanga. Umfanekiso- ngqondweni inceda iwabonakalalise lamagumbi ingqondo bha iplagi kuzo, njengoko kubonakala xa uqala kuqala, amanqe, kwaye nezisombululo engalindelekanga.

Apho ukufunda iingcinga ezibonwayo?

Namhlanje ke asiyonto inzululwazi okanye indawo entsonkothileyo. owabanjwa ezizodwa zoqeqesho kunye noomasifundisane apho abantu baqhelane ubuchule ezisisiseko, kunye izifundo ngokoqobo, ukuba babelane ngamava kunye nempumelelo kunye namanye amalungu kumazwe amaninzi. Noko ke, abanye abantu lubhenele ekuzenzakaliseni-isifundo. Kuba oku kukho ezininzi iincwadi ezifanelekileyo, iincwadi, izifundo odiyo.

Kuya kuthatha ixesha elingakanani?

Umcimbi kwexesha ixhomekeke yobudala kunye neminqweno ngamnye. Noko ke, kukufakwa ubuchule nezakhiwo hamba ngokoqobo imizuzu, abanye ngumbandela amaza mkhuba.

Iingcali bacebisa ukusetyenziswa kweendlela zokucinga olubonakalayo ngxi kule minyaka zabasakhasayo. Noko ke, umntu kufuneka athathe ingqalelo ugqaliselo inkqubo. Esemncinane isetyenziselwa imfundo ophezulu ezikumgangatho kunye nokusetyenziswa neemfuno zolwazi ukwanda abadala yaye ayipheleli umsebenzi ngokwasengqondweni.

su Roema

le ncwadi yapapashwa ngo-2011, "Indlela" ukuthengisa "iingcamango zabo ngoncedo imizobo." LezaBasebenzi kukuye Dan Roemu - zeengcali enkulu mihla entsimini yokucinga olubonakalayo. Namhlanje ke nohola inkampani kokubonisana yimpumelelo kunceda ukusombulula iingxaki zoshishino besebenzisa imifanekiso zesiqhelo.

ndlela umbhali ihlola ukuthi amandla endalo ebonakalayo yokucinga umntu ukubona ingqondo, ngaloo ndlela ukubona ngaphakathi kwabo iingcamango ndiye kuyabonwa enganelisekanga. Le amandla kunceda ukubona kuphela, kodwa kananjalo ukuphuhlisa bazise nabanye abantu, oko kukuthi ukuze yazi.

umgomo

Dan Roem yokucinga olubonakalayo usebenzisa njengesixhobo ukusombulula ngokupheleleyo naziphi na iingxaki. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ngokwembono yakhe, kufuneka kuphela ukuzoba (draw) Umbuzo umdla usebenzisa iziphiwo zemvelo wendala amehlo, izandla nomfanekiso- ngqondweni. Sifanele ukuba ukubuza wena umbuzo jikelele: "Ngubani / ntoni?", "Uphi / Nini?" Yaye "Kutheni / kutheni?" Loo ozise umntu uba uhlobo 'isicwangciso ngobungxamo "okanye isicwangciso, ukuvumela ukuba angalandeli imeko kwaye ufumane ngokukhawuleza kakhulu ngendlela efanelekileyo, okanye, icala, ukuba ndifumane indlela emfutshane kunye nempumelelo le njongo. Ngaloo ndlela, umntu ngokuthe ngcembe efunda ukufumana lokucoca ulwazi, ukuba ucinge, ukongeza aze akuchazele yona.

Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ukukwazi ukufunda bubuchule ukuba ukuzoba kakuhle ayikho imfuneko. Kuba umfanekiso le meko uswele umfanekiso ingqiqo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - yinto nokuthelekelela engqondweni.

umbono Sheremetyeva

A umbuzo ofanayo isindululo ngempumelelo iingxaki sele kuchaziwe kwaye nzulu Russian uKonstantin Sheremetyevo, iminyaka emininzi benza ukufunda ingqondo. Ke iqulunqe isifundo uqeqesho olulodwa kwiisethi ethile yokucinga izixhobo (reticles) ezivumela indlela ebubuchule kuye nawuphi na umntu ingxaki yobomi.

Umbhali ubhala ingqondo (okanye engqondweni) njenge ekulo kunye iingcango ezininzi. Xa umntu esenza ukhetho, wenza isigqibo esibalulekileyo, isebenzisa i eziqhelekileyo ukucinga. Noko ke, le ndlela ayisoloko kukhokelela kwimpumelelo. Xa kunjalo, kukho enye - iingcinga ezibonwayo. Sheremet'ev libiza kwalo kakhulu, ngokuba emva kokubona umntu ufumana 90% kolwazi.

nqubo Iinjongo kunye memory noqeqesho lombhali - nokucengceleza ekhawulezayo ngokusebenzisa imifanekiso ebonwayo. Kwakhona inkqubo kokufunda umntu uzuza izakhono wokubona balungise kakuhle kwemali enkulu kolwazi.

Izinto eziluncedo yokucinga olubonakalayo

Phakathi iimpawu abaqhutywa yokucinga ezibonakalayo, ezona ziphambili ukuba:

• Ukukwazi ukubona imeko xa iyonke, evumela umntu ukuba athathe ngokukhawuleza isigqibo esisiso.
• Ukukwazi khumbula ulwazi oluninzi ngaxeshanye ukuhlalutya baze balungise oko ukuze zisetyenziswe kwixesha elizayo.
• Ukwazi ukubona kakuhle eli ngxaki, ukuba ukuhluza data ezingafunekiyo.
• yokucinga Visual yindlela esebenzayo ulwazi olukhulayo lwelizwe.

Le eziluncedo kunye nsimbi ubalisa inkqubo engqondweni lolu hlobo. Ngoko ke, Roem yokucinga ezibonwayo akukhuthazwa ukuba zisetyenziswe kuzo zonke iimeko: .. Commercial, zokuhlala, ezemfundo, ubuciko, njl Ngaphezu koko, ubuchule umfanekiso konga ixesha namandla, nto leyo inkqubo Ukukhetha eyonwabisayo and umnandi.

bangazisebenzisa

Le ndlela yokucinga olubonakalayo kuxhomekeke umntu yobudala ngamnye abazi. ithandwa enkulu ngayo onobuhlobo abantu iimbono. Ngapha koko, amagama ayisoloko ngokwaneleyo.

Okwangoku, iinkqubo zemfundo kunye zoshishino ngakumbi kusetyenziswa imiboniso computer. Banceda ukubona ukuba yintoni kodwa, yaye "avuselele 'ezingqondweni kweenkcukacha ezifakwe ngumfaki-ngomlomo. Ukusuka kwesi sikhundla, rhoqo abasebenzisi yokucinga olubonakalayo zezi:

• Zimisiwe. indawo Responsible kufuna indlela uxanduva. yokucinga Visual kulo mzekelo kunceda ukufumana izisombululo ekunene kwaye original, ukuzila ukwenza ukhetho.
• abaphathi kunye nabacebisi zoshishino Top. Abantu kule imisebenzi kufuneka ukusebenza izixa esikhulu solwazi, ukuphendula ngokufanelekileyo naluphi na utshintsho, ukuba ukusebenza ngamandla, ngokukhawuleza, unika izisombululo ezizodwa.
• Abadlali. Abadlali, abadlali kunye wonk 'ubani ufuna isicwangciso, badla sebenzisa ukucinga ezibonwayo, ukuqikelela indlela yalo mdlalo.
• Bezakhiwo kunye nabayili. Ngokuba abantu aba imisebenzi yokucinga olubonakalayo - esi sixhobo sibalulekileyo ukuthetha malunga nomsebenzi ayifuneki.
• Ootitshala nabahlohli. Ukuba izifundo kunye neeseshoni zoqeqesho hayi busuke njengomlambo eyomileyo amazwi, ezi iingcali badla sebenzisa izixhobo ezibonwayo. Kodwa akukho nje imifanekiso nemibala kunye visualizers lebyi ukuba zibe links ezithile iinkcukacha.
• Zengqondo. Kakade ke, indlela engqondweni ukutyeshelwa ziingcali. Amaxesha amaninzi xa isigulane waya ngengqondo ubuza nombono ngxaki, oko kukuthi ukudala lentlangano. Kunokuba umfanekiso womntu okanye isilwanyana, okanye kanye lo mbandela. Ngokuxhomekeka oku, lwakha nomxokelelwane ubhalo unobangela kunye nesiphumo, nto leyo eza kunceda ukuqonda ingxaki ize nesisombululo.

iziphumo

nempembelelo engenakulinganiswa kuphuhliso komntwana. ukucinga Visual, ngokoluvo ootitshala, kunye logic kufuneka sisebenze kwinkqubo yokufunda kunye nolwazi yehlabathi kwakunye nokusetyenziswa izixhobo ezibonwayo eklasini nokukhuthaza ukufunda. Le ndlela kube lula kakhulu umsebenzi, ugxininise abafundi ngalo mbandela, ugcina umdla. Imfundo iyayeka ukuba "imfama" yokukhumbula kwaye iba ukuntywiliselwa umdla leyo ndaba kunye nokwenziwa olukhawulezayo lolwazi.

Endle yeshishini, uRoy yokucinga ezibonwayo lidla ngokuba sixhobo siphambili nokudalwa izimvo. Ngenxa scheme elula ukuzoba imeko, naziphi na iingxaki zisonjululwe ngokukhawuleza kwaye ngamanye amaxesha ngesiquphe lula. Ukongeza, le ndlela yokusebenza incedisa ukuba lula umsebenzi, nto ichazwe ngokucace gca nokunxibelelana kubaphulaphuli. Ngoko ke, lo myalelo uqala ukucinga size senze kwicala elinye, ngaphandle ungquzulwano okanye ukudideka mathuba iintloni.