Yintoni iphepha ikhabhoni

Uyilandela yaqala kumawakawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo. Kanye ngexesha ngabembi zakudala eYiputa yafunyanwa amacwecwe odongwe ezininzi kakhulu kunye itekisi efanayo. Yeremiya ngoxa benza ngamakhoboka nokubhala.

Kuba okokuqala ubuchwepheshe apho baqalisa ukuvelisa iphepha ikopi, ukuba amalungelo awodwa abenzi-Oktobha 7, 1806 e-UK. Eli phepha yaba amabini, buzane inki. Wayila laziwa "iphepha carbon" Ralph Wedgwood bobabo.

Kule 1820s, ikopi yephepha ngokususela umle yaqala ukuvelisa ngendlela engazange mveliso. Kwincopho udumo lwakhe bafika kwi-70, xa yaqala ukubonakala nd oomatshini bokuchwetheza endle. In ukutyabeka waqalisa ukudibanisa zemastic ukuba uyayiphepha iintsilelo iinguqulelo ezidlulileyo - konke ukungcola, ukuba amthinte. Ngaphambi kokufika kwezixhobo kukopa mihla (WOKUKOPA, ifeksi) iphepha carbon lidumile kakhulu. Namhlanje akukho ithandwa kangaka, yaye isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lokwenziwa kwempahla.

iphepha Carbon ukwanda ephantsi. Kwelinye icala elinye yabangela umaleko Umbala, nto leyo inceda ukufumana ukubhala, ushicilelo okanye ukuzoba iikopi ezininzi. Eli phepha ilele phakathi imibala iphepha eqhelekileyo kuhla phantsi. Xa ubhala kwimakhishithi ibekwe phezulu, ngenxa ukuphehla amasuntswana imibala handle zifakwa kwiphepha watyala ngezantsi osengqondweni.

Ngesi phepha, ungakwazi ukufumana iikopi zamaxwebhu ezahlukeneyo. Namhlanje wakhupha izinto ukukhanya-ethe ezizodwa, kukho kwakhona iqela ongenabuyambo yayo, eyenzelwe neplani eziphuculweyo umahluko.

Kwakhona, ngoku kukho phototechnical reflex originals ikopi yephepha kwi bar (single kwaye kabini) ngendlela ukukopa qha. Kwabakho fotostatnye izinto ukukhanya-ethe (negative, positive) ukufumana iikopi kwi bar kwaye nesiqingatha-ithoni originals ukufotokopa. Enye imbono - fotokalka, esetyenziswa ukwenza iikopi bha originals usebenzisa yoshicilelo zoqhagamshelwano kunye nokunyuka. Kwakhona esetyenziselwa thermoset carbon yephepha reflex phindana in thermal reyi (infrared) , kwaye thermally udlulisela umfanekiso ephepheni ethafeni. Izixhobo imifanekiso Photosemiconductor kubhaliwe phezu a semiconductor maleko photoactive ubhityile ngokusekelwe zinc oxide.

Office ikopi yephepha, onokuwatshintsha ukuthenga kwiivenkile amaninzi, umahluko images. Ixesha ukwenza iikopi kusenokufuneka imizuzwana embalwa ukuya umzuzu okanye ngaphezulu. Xa kwezobugcisa processing (kwamanani, ukubonisa, njalo njalo) kunye nobude ukugcinwa iikopi njengoko kukho ezahlukeneyo iintlobo kwephepha.

zisetyenziswa ukwenza iikopi kunye iphepha elingenanto, singanyangwa ngokungathi indlela kontaktno- okanye matrix-lokomfuziselo boko kukopa, kwakunye enomfanekiso wokuqala esebenzisa offset ubunakho yoshicilelo.