Ukunikezela ulwazi kwikhompyutha: sebenzisa imizekelo

Ukuba umntu ibandakanyeka isifundo lobuchwepheshe khompyutha phezulu, kodwa kakhulu, kufuneka ngokuqinisekileyo bazi ntoni na ezahlukeneyo iindidi zolwazi kwi computer. Lo mbuzo esisiseko, kuba nje ukusetyenziswa kwe-software neendlela zokusebenza, kodwa udweliso yi-siseko ngokusekelwe kula uAhazi.

Isifundo "Ukunikwa kweenkcukacha kwi computer": iziseko

Ngokubanzi, izixhobo zekhompyutha ngendlela uyasibona ulwazi okanye imiyalelo, iguqula zibe iifomati zefayile kwaye inikeza umsebenzisi isiphumo ogqityiweyo yahluke kancinane iingqiqo oluqhelekileyo.

Isibakala sokuba zonke iinkqubo ezikhoyo isekelwe abaqhubi ubhalo amabini kuphela - 'oyinyaniso "yaye" »lobuxoki (yinyaniso, bobuxoki). Ngandlel 'ithile elula ukuba "ewe" okanye "hayi."

Kuyabonakala ukuba leyona amagama computer akaqondi kutheni inkqubo ekhethekileyo ledijithali ikhowudi olunemiqathango iye obuyiyile ekuqaleni ubuchwepheshe computer, apho imvume iyunithi echaphazelekayo, nokwala - zero. Yiloo nto kanye lokubonakala ekuthiwa-ukumelwa kabini ulwazi kwikhompyutha. Kuxhomekeka indibanisela iintsapho zeros uzimisele kwaye ubungakanani kwento data.

Iyunithi incinane kolu hlobo ubungakanani kancinane - kancinane, nto leyo enokuba ixabiso nokuba 0 okanye 1. Nangona kunjalo, iinkqubo zale mihla kunye izixa ezincinane ezinjalo awusebenzi, yaye phantse zonke iindlela lokunikeza ulwazi kwi computer bancipha bits nje ezisibhozo, leyo kunye i-bytes (2 ukuya ngamandla wesibhozo). Ngenxa yoko, Byte elinye zingenziwa umsebenzisi encoding of 256 kunokwenzeka. Kwaye ke kukho code yokubini lilitye lembombo naluphi na ulwazi into. Kuya kakuhle, yothiwani sikhangeleka practice.

Yokwazisa: ubonelelo kulwazi computer. inani fixed-yokudada

Ekubeni ekuqaleni sithetha amanani, sicinga inkqubo njani abaphathe ngayo. Umelo ulwazi ngamanani kwi computer namhlanje zingahlulwa zibe neenombolo imveliso kunye indawo esisigxina nezinejika. Uhlobo lokuqala nazo kubangelwa integers eziqhelekileyo, emva kokuba kwesishumi ixabisa zero.

Kukholelwa ukuba amanani kule hlobo ingathatha 1, 2, okanye 4 bytes. I ebizwa ngokuba yi-head byte unoxanduva umqondiso inani, lo gama uphawu oluvumelanayo ingqamana zero, kwaye awunayo - unit. Ngoko ke, umzekelo, i-2-byte imbonakaliso uluhlu lwamaxabiso ukuba amanani akhabayo kuluhlu ka-0 ukuya ^{ku-16 Februwari} 1, apho kwe65535, nangenxa amanani akhabayo - -2 ¹⁵ ukuya 2 ¹⁵ -1, nto leyo ilingana uluhlu inombolo -32768 ku 32767.

ukumelwa lencopho-yokudada

Ngoku cinga kuhlobo lwesibini amanani. Isibakala sokuba izifundo zekharityhulam yesikolo kwi "ingxelo kwi khompyutha" (Grade 9) amanani lencopho-yokudada azithathwa. Imisebenzi nabo zintsonkothe kakhulu kwaye zisetyenziswa, umzekelo, xa imidlalo yekhompyutha. Hi ndlela leyi, kancinane uyaphazamiseka ukusuka isihloko, oko kufuneka wathi ngenxa amakhadi yemizobo mihla ngenye eziphambili lokwenziwa komsebenzi isantya imicimbi engekenziwa ukunye kwamanani ezo zikolo zinjalo.

Apha asebenzise ifomu bomtya, apho zingatshintshwa indawo kwesishumi. Njengoko indlela esisiseko, ebonisa imbonakaliso yayo nayiphi na inani kwamkelwa _{^{kulandelayo: A = m A * q P}} , apho m _A - lo ^P mantissa, q - yinto radix, kunye P - order inani.

I mantissa kufuneka ihlangabezane nemfuneko yokuba q ^-1 ≤ | m _A | <1, ngoko kufuneka kubekho iqhekeza efanelekileyo yokubini equlathe umvo emva indawo enedesimali, nto leyo yahluke ukusuka zero, kwaye umyalelo - inombolo yonke. Kwaye nabani na inani lokugqibela nganye ezinga malungu abantu kunokuba lula kakhulu ukuba uyicamngce kwifom bomtya. Inani olu hlobo abe ubukhulu bytes 4 okanye 8.

Umzekelo, inani lokugqibela 999.999 ngokwe formula ye mantissa nganye iza kukhangeleka ngathi 0,999999 _~ 10 ^3.

Ukubonisa kwidata yokubhaliweyo: isuntswana lembali

Uninzi bonke abasebenzisi yeenkqubo zekhompyutha zisasebenzisa ulwazi uvavanyo. Kwaye Ukujonga ulwazi oye kwi computer ingqamana efanayo imigaqo binary khowudi.

Noko ke, ngenxa yokuba namhlanje sinako ukubala lukhulu zeentetho ehlabathini, ukumela ulwazi kwisicatshulwa usebenzisa inkqubo enkhowudingi ezizodwa okanye ikhowudi ezitafileni. Nokufika MS-DOS njengento eqhelekileyo esisiseko ujiko CP866, kunye iikhompyutha Apple Mac uya kusebenzisa umlinganiselo yayo. Nangona okhethekileyo ISO 8859-5 encoding Ndaziswa ulwimi Russian. Nangona kunjalo, kunye nophuhliso lobuchwepheshe computer eziyimfuneko ukuze aveze imigangatho ezintsha.

ezahlukeneyo enkhowudingi

Ngokomzekelo, ngasekupheleni-imi- 90 kwinkulungwane lokugqibela kwakukho jikelele enkhowudingi ye Unicode, leyo ingaphatha kuphela data itekisi, kodwa eziviwayo kunye nevidiyo. peculiarity lwayo kukuba uphawu olunye yabelwa bit ngaphezu kwesinye, kodwa ababini.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, kukho ezinye iintlobo. Kwiinkqubo-based Windows, i ezisetyenziswayo kakhulu ke CP1251 enkhowudingi, kodwa ulwimi Russian kwaye isasetyenziswa nangoku yi koi-8P - encoding, owayebonakele kwi-70 kweye-, kunye 80 abafake ezisetyenziswa kwiinkqubo UNIX-based.

Ulwazi olufanayo kakhulu umhlabi umfanekiso ikhompyutha esekelwe ASCII etafileni, kuquka isiseko kunye nesabelo elide. Eyokuqala ibandakanya Iikhowudi 0 ukuya 127, owesibini - ukusuka 128 ukuya 255. Noko ke, iikhowudi uluhlu lokuqala 0-32 sirhoxisiwe ngaphaya iimpawu babelwa izitshixo ikhibhodi eqhelekileyo kunye nezitshixo umsebenzi (F1-F12).

Graphics: iintlobo eziphambili

Njengoko ngokuba imizobo, nto leyo lisetyenziswa kwihlabathi lanamhlanje wedijithali, kukho ezinye bokuqonda. Ukuba ukhangela ukumelwa graphic kolwazi kwikhompyutha, kufuneka kuqala anikele ingqalelo iintlobo eziphambili imifanekiso. Phakathi kwazo iintlobo ezimbini eziphambili - kumda wesangqa kunye yeraster.

yemizobo Vector ngokusekelwe umsebenzi weemilo nobu- (imigca, izangqa, ezigoso, iipolygons, njalo njalo. D.), iibhokisi Umbhalo Wawuzalisa umbala ethile. Ibitmaps zisekelwe nokusetyenziswa matrix buxande, isiqalelo ngasinye apho kuthiwa pixel. Ukongeza, kuba isiqalelo ngasinye, ungabeka ukugqama kunye nombala.

umfanekiso yomzobo

Namhlanje, ukusetyenziswa wesangqa na indawo elinganiselwe. Ukuba ilungile, umzekelo, xa kudalwa imizobo yobugcisa kunye nemizobo, okanye kumacala amabini okanye imifuziselo-ntathu yezinto.

Imizekelo iimilo vector emileyo na ezinjenge PDF, WMF, PCL. Kuba ezihambayo iimilo ikakhulu wasebenzisa Macromedia Flash standard. Kodwa ukuba sithethe malunga nomgangatho okanye zokwenza imisebenzi enzima ngaphezu isikali enye, kubhetele ukusebenzisa iifomati yeraster.

ibitmaps

Ngezinto yeraster nto inzima kakhulu ngakumbi. Isibakala sokuba le ntetho kolwazi isizalo-based khompyutha kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa ezongeziweyo iparameters - umbala ubunzulu (ibinzana oluninzi imibala kwiplanga elimcambalala) apha naphaya, kwaye ubukhulu matrix (inani pixels nge-intshi, nezaziwa DPI).

Oko kukuthi, kwiplanga elimcambalala le ingaba ziingxaki anazo-16, 256, 65.536 okanye 16.777.216 imibala, kwaye matrix kuyohluka, kodwa ixhaphake kakhulu ibizwa ukusonjululwa pixels 800x600 (480 000 pixels). Ngokutsho kwezi zalathisi ukufumanisa inani ziikhowudi ezifunekayo ukugcina into. Kuba oku kuqala ukusebenzisa ifomula N = 2 ^Mna, apho N - linani imibala, yaye mna - ngumba onobunzulu umbala.

Ke kubalwa inani ulwazi. Umzekelo, ukuba ukubala ubungakanani yomfanekiso ifayile equlathe imibala 65.536 kunye matrix ka 1024x768 pixels. Isisombululo ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• I = log ₂ 65536, oko kukuthi amasuntswana-16;
• inani pixels 1024 _* 768 = 786 432;
• imemori umthamo amasuntswana 16 _* 786 432 = 12 582 912 bytes, engqamana 1.2 Mb.

Ezahlukahlukeneyo audio: kwicala engundoqo yokuqaphela

Ukunikwa ulwazi kwikhompyutha, ekuthiwa odiyo, ngokuxhomekeke kwimigaqo ezifanayo ezithe ichazwe ngasentla. Kodwa ke, njengokuba ngokuba naluphi na olunye uhlobo lolwazi izinto ukumela isandi, kakhulu, kusetyenziswa iimpawu zazo ezongezelelweyo.

Ngelishwa, ezikumgangatho ophezulu ukuzala ephilileyo, babonakala kubuchwepheshe computer kule yokugqibela kakhulu. Noko ke, ukuba sokudlala uchume ngakumbi kakuhle, le Yindibanisela isixhobo somculo yokwenene-yixina kwakungenakwenzeka engenakwenzeka. Ngoko ke, ezinye iinkampani irekhodi anenkqubo imilinganiselo zabo. Namhlanje, zezona lwimi zisetyenziswa kakhulu, le njini FM kunye indlela netafile-ngumtshangatshangiso.

Kwimeko yokuqala oko kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umsindo wemvelo, nto leyo eqhubekayo, ibe ibolile ibe ulandelelwano ethile (ukulandelelana) kwi harmonics zilula usebenzise indlela isampulu nokuvelisa umboniso kweenkcukacha kwinkumbulo yekhomputha ngokusekelwe kwi khowudi. Ukudlala ukusetyenziswa inkqubo umva, kodwa kulo mzekelo, ukulahlekelwa kunqandwa zamanye amacandelo ukuba kuvela umgangatho.

Xa itheyibhile-wave amagama Kuthathwa ukuba kukho itafile pre-wadala kunye nemizekelo isandi izixhobo eziphilayo. Imizekelo enjalo ibizwa iisampulu. Ngelo xesha ukudlala kwiqela MIDI (Musical Instrument Digital Interface) sisetyenziswe ngokufuthi ngokwaneleyo ukuqonda ukusuka uhlobo ikhowudi yesixhobo, kwelizwi, ubude, ngamandla isandi kunye neentshukumo zotshintsho, izicwangciso okusingqongileyo kunye nezinye iimpawu. Ngenxa olu hlobo sandi ukusondela kufutshane zendalo.

izakhiwo zale mihla

Nangona ngaphambili isiseko WAV umgangatho sele elithathiweyo (enyanisweni, isandi kakhulu kwaye iluhlobo ngumtshangatshangiso), ekuhambeni kwexesha kwacaca axakeke kakhulu, ukuba nje ngenxa yokuba loo iifayili abahlala isithuba kakhulu kwi kumajelo lokugcina.

Ekuhambeni kwexesha, ubugcisa compress le fomathi. Ngako oko, watshintsha iifomati ngokwabo. Le namhlanje eyaziwa kakhulu ingabizwa MP3, Ogg, WMA, FLAC kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Noko ke, kude kube ngoku parameters eziphambili nayiphi na ifayile yesandi ihlala isampuli frequency (44.1 kHz yinto eqhelekileyo, nangona amaxabiso zingafunyanwa ngasentla kwaye ngezantsi), kwaye inani amanqanaba uphawu (16 amasuntswana, 32 amasuntswana). Enyanisweni, omnye idijithali enjalo ukuchazwa njenge imbonakaliso ulwazi kwi ive uhlobo computer ngokusekelwe uphawu zamabanga analog (yobume nayiphi isandi na ekuqaleni analog).

video

Ukuba iingxaki isandi zaye isonjululwe ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo, ividiyo yonke into arhabaxa njalo. Ingxaki yayikukuba ikliphu, movie okanye umdlalo wevidiyo ziyintlanganisela yevidiyo nomsindo. Bekuya Kubonakala ukuba oko kungaba lula kunokuba ukudibanisa ezihamba umfanekiso kunye isikali? Kwathi kanti, le yingxaki enkulu.

Yonke into ebalulekileyo kukuba ukusuka kwindawo yezobugcisa lwembono, ekuqaleni ukuze ukhumbule kwisakhelo sokuqala ndawo nganye, ngokuba isitshixo, kwaye ke kuphela ukulondoloza umahluko (umahluko seKMail). Yaye yintoni na ngakumbi buhlungu, idijithali okanye iividiyo wadala wafumana ubukhulu onjalo ukuba uwugcine kwi computer yakho okanye imidiya elisusekayo nje akunakwenzeka.

Le ngxaki ingasonjululwa xa wabonakala format AVI olumele isikhongozeli ethile jikelele, kuqulethe iseti iibhloko ezinokuthi lugcinwe ulwazi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo, ngoko nkqu zixinaniswe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ngoko ke, nkqu iifayile ze ifomati enye AVI omnye komnye ziyahluka kakhulu.

Kwaye namhlanje uyakwazi ukuhlangabezana okuninzi nezinye yeefomati ezithandwayo vidiyo, kodwa bonke bephela kusetyenziswa parameters kunye nemilinganiselo parameter, omkhulu phakathi apho inani ngesekhondi yabo.

Codecs kunye STB

Ukunikwa ulwazi kwi khompyutha njengoko isicwangciso Kunzima ukucinga ngaphandle kokusebenzisa codecs kunye STB esetyenziswa ucinezelo kunye decompression omxholo wokuqala ngexesha lokudlala. igama lawo libonisa ukuba ezinye encode (cutha) umqondiso, wesibini - phezu koko - ukuba kucazululwa.

Ngabo abanoxanduva umpakati kwizikhongozeli nayiphi na ubukhulu, kwakunye kugqiba ubungakanani ifayile lokugqibela. Ukongeza, indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa ngokwesigqibo i parameter, njengoko kubonisiwe lwemizobo yeraster. Kodwa namhlanje sinako ahlangana UltraHD (4k).

isiphelo

Ukuba othile siyibeka ngasentla, ukuze kuqwalaselwe kuphela ukuba iinkqubo zekhompyutha mihla kuqala ukusebenza kuphela kwimbono ikhowudi yokubini (enye nje ukuqonda ukuba ngaba). Nokusetyenziswa kwayo isekelwe zona iinkcukacha kuphela, kodwa bonke ezaziwayo iilwimi uhlelo namhlanje. Ngenxa yoko, ekuqaleni, ukuba baqonde indlela yonke imisebenzi, kuyimfuneko ukuba uliqonde kakuhle ukusetyenziswa ulandelelwano abo kunye amaqanda.