Seigniorage - yintoni na le nto? Yimali yorhwebo

Ngowe-1290, uPhilip IV waba iimfazwe eFransi. Imali-mali akwanelanga. Zazinegama zemali ezintsha phila lonke emali enkulu. Ukuqinisekisa ubukho zegolide wokulondoloza imali, ukumkani ehluthwe zobukumkani Lombards yamthimba imali yamaYuda athimbe impahla ye Templars. Konke oku kwenziwa ukunqanda ukuhlawula seigniorage - ngumvuzo ngenxa zodumo zemali.

intliziyo

Seigniorage - lo Ingeniso evela ukwanda ubonelelo ngemali ngurhulumente. Urhulumente uyakwazi ukulawula isixa semali ejikeleza. Le yinto efunekayo kwi-nkqubo samatyala lizwe.

KumaXesha Aphakathi ukuba abandakanyeke zetyeleba ayenza. Le nkosi feudal efika metal ukusuka umthengi. Uninzi okubonakalayo esetyenziselwa ukwenziwa zemali, kwaye abanye bakhonza njengoko kukho intlawulo. seigniorage Monetary - na ingeniso, KuloMgabuli phakathi brassazhem (zetyeleba) kunye nokumkani (inkosi feudal) leyo.

ukubunjwa

Iindleko akazange ayahlukanga zazinegama eziinkozo zeecawa ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ubunzima lehla. Ngoko ke, kwamanye amazwe intlawulo iya kumiselwa kuxhomekeke kwexabiso elibekiweyo, okanye ipesenti ubunzima kunye nomthamo imali ezinkozo efanayo. Makhe sihlolisise oko seigniorage (mit).

Eli binzana liguqulelwa isuka kwisiLatini lithetha "inkosi", okanye "umdala." ukuba zibalwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo ngokwemigaqo yorhwebo kunye nemali fiatnyh. Ngexesha Intlawulo yenkonzo Philip IV yeyona umahluko phakathi ixabiso iinkozo zemali kunye nesilivere, eyayisetyenziselwa yezandla zabo.

seigniorage Modern - umahluko phakathi kwexabiso umba kunye ixabiso eliyimali yase ezintsha.

A incinane

IJaji kaMantyi ukhuphe sigqibo, njengoko apho Central Bank of Italy kufuneka ibe umahluko iindleko zokuprinta imali ukubuyela abemi beli lizwe. Kangangeminyaka 8 ityala yemisebenzi kaNondyebo ye-Central Bank kunyaka-2003 yaba EUR 5 million. Kodwa eli xesha esivumelwaneni safudukela kolawulo-European Central Bank. Kunye nenkxaso ye-Association of Abasebenzisi ADUSBEF ezijongene amabango kwicandelo logcino, amagqwetha i Central Bank wabhenela isigqibo yangaphambili, ebiza ngqiqweni.

Lo mzekelo ibaluleke kakhulu. Wavuka Seigniorage kwixesha feudal, kodwa isebenza unanamhla. Kwaye namhlanje, ngenxa yokumpompoza ngengeniso engamaphepha karhulumente. Ingxaki kukuba umba lwemali ayiphelelanga. Xa inani layo lidlula isixa kwezinto ezikhoyo, kukho ukunyuka kwamaxabiso.

Seigniorage kwakunye nayo yonke irhafu emali

Ukwandisa ubonelelo ngemali ingaba, umba engamaphepha, onikela imali egcinwe ebhankini nokuthengela kwiibhondi zikarhulumente. Xa indawo ezinzile kwezoqoqosho, umba engamaphepha kudala irhafu kwamaxabiso. Mhlobo kunciphisa ixabiso zorhwebo zayo asethi zemali. amazinga otshintshiselwano ezilawulwa ngurhulumente. iziko isidoda kwi kobuso Central Bank ifumana zonke iingenelo ukunyusa umthamo imali. irhafu Ukunyuka kuthiwa ezifihlakeleyo, ngenxa yokumpompoza kuchaphazela abantu benze isalathiso yengeniso yabo ayigcine ngohlobo iidipozithi ebhankini.

Urhulumente ufumana imali eyongezelelweyo, ukwandisa izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso. Okokuqala waphawula amaMelika waza wadala owawunenjongo enye ezikhupha - REP. Emva umfutho ngokumiselwa esinakho yaba le-Great Depression. Namhlanje esebenza icebo apho urhulumente ufumana imali emarikeni.

Inzuzo ngemali fiatnyh

Ukuba mali senziwe ngayo kokuba ixabiso imali yesabelo ngumahluko phakathi kwexabiso iindleko kunye ixabiso eliyimali engamaphepha (zephepha okanye ngekhompyutha). Umzekelo, ukuba iindleko iindleko dollar ikhulu ngu-4 eesenti, le seigniorage iya kuba 9996 eesenti. Kwaye ngoku ukuba imali elinye. Ukuba ukhangele, ukuba ngonyaka ngamnye kule minyaka-10 yobudala iBhili epasiswe yi-avareji 4 imali, ingeniso ifunyenwe ibaluleke kakhulu.

Isidoda non-cash kuyavuza phantse ngokupheleleyo. Ngoko ke, abanye abaphengululi bathi seigniorage elektroniki yeyona ingundoqo beqokelela ubutyebi kwinkulungwane xxi.

Inzuzo evela umba amanqaku kwandisa, ukuba imali phesheya. Ngokomzekelo, eUnited States ifumana seigniorage ngaphezu naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini. Dollar ezisetyenziswa kurhwebo lwamazwe ngamazwe, sibe loovimba. Kulo mzekelo, i seigniorage - na ingeniso evela asethi eyongeziweyo ezifunyenwe ngenxa kwilizwe koovimba babo bangaphandle ngaphantsi utyalo of non-nabahlali zonke iindleko zolawulo.

Ulwazi malunga enkulu ngayo le seigniorage kuyimfihlo karhulumente. Ke yena olusana. Seigniorage eRashiya isusela ku-15% ye-GDP. Kwi-Netherlands kuba 0,66%, e-USA - 3%, lo gama Italy kunye Greece - kwama-10%.

Seigniorage - na ingeniso nje kuphela, kodwa ilahleko amadlozi. Iindleko zokuvelisa eziinkozo bobuhlelo amancinci amaninzi kungakhankanywanga zabo ixabiso par. Ngoko ke, iibhanki amaninzi musa zinikelwe, okanye ukhutshiwe izixa ezincinane kakhulu.

Phi seignorage?

Share premium ayikho ezandleni abucala, nokundulula Central Bank. Kwi-US, ingeniso evela umba idluliselwe kwi-akhawunti ye-Federal Reserve, nangona urhulumente olawula ukusetyenziswa kwayo. Inxalenye ingeniso (6%) uyalelwe kwintlawulo nezahlulo, yaye intsalela kwabalelwa iingeniso mali. Xa kuthelekiswa, abatyali zabucala BOJ kufumana 4% esiqendu share. Seigniorage eRashiya yahlulwe iinxalenye ezimbini. Isiqingatha eya kurhulumente, yaye inxalenye yesibini imisebenzi ezixhaswa yi-Bank of Russia.

ERashiya, nje yokubhena kukhutshwa yamaphepha million 15 kwaye iinkozo nezigidi eziyi-50. Oko kukuthi, nkqu iingqikelelo angqingqwa ingeniso evela mhlobo kakhulu. Seigniorage nako kwenzeka ngenxa yokuhlawula yonke i kurhoxiswa kunye ongasetyenziswanga abaqokeleli yamaphepha. Noko ke, Eurostat iye lakuphelisa amazwe ase ukuthumela isabelo premium ukunciphisa ukunqongophala mali. Kodwa kumazwe ne emali, phezu koko, seigniorage isetyenziswa njengomthombo wengeniso.

isiphelo

Isidoda nemali - umsebenzi nenzuzo. Ngoko ke, ilungelo abadla bodwa akhuphe yamaphepha kuphela urhulumente. Ukususela ekuphunyezweni kwalo mbono ibe Central Bank, ngoko ubhala isiphumo yemali ngokuhambisana yayo kwiphepha lomncono. Kodwa Russia ufumana isiqingatha imali-mali karhulumente.