Romanticism njengombutho zoncwadi. Romanticism kuncwadi kwenkulungwane ye-19

Lo flow yenye imicimbi emikhulu ubugcisa kwi inkcubeko kwenkulungwane XIX eRashiya, eYurophu naseMelika. Romanticism njengombutho zoncwadi owazalwa ngenkulungwane XVIII kade, kodwa bafika inkqubela enkulu yalo 1830s. Ukususela 1850 yokuqala, ixesha uqala ukuya kungena ukuhla, kodwa imisonto zaso ngapha nangapha nge kwinkulungwane XIX yonke, ukunika isiseko kwiindawo ezifana imiqondiso, ukungakwazi kuziphatha kunye iniyo-romanticism.

Ukuvela romanticism

Ithatyathwa indawo awazalelwa kuyo kwicala Europe, ingakumbi iBritani kunye neFransi, kungoko ke igama kwicala ubugcisa - «romantisme». Isizathu sesokuba romanticism kwenkulungwane ye-19 yavela ngenxa ye-French Revolution.

INguqu wayitshabalalisa yonke elinegunya eyayikho ngaphambili, uluntu inkathazeko kunye nezigaba kwezentlalo. Lo mntu waqala uziva ulilolo, waza waqalisa ukufuna intuthuzelo kungcakazo kunye nezinye zokuzonwabisa. Kungenxa yoku, yaye ingcamango yokuba bonke ubomi umdlalo apho kukho abaphumeleleyo kunye uyalahlekelwa. Eyona hero ezingundoqo umsebenzi zothando ngasinye siba indoda idlala nxi, kunye ikamva.

Yintoni Romanticism

Romanticism - yinto obukhoyo kuphela iincwadi: ngezenzeko ezingaqhelekanga, ubukhalipha kwamnandi, ngexesha elifanayo ngexesha enxulumene ngoluvo yomntu ebomini balo yokomoya neyobuchule. Ikakhulu iziganeko ezenzeka sizoku lwisana angathabatheki bavakalisa, bonke abalinganiswa baye babonisa ngokucacileyo ngabalinganiswa, badla, enomoya eneenkani.

Ababhali ngexesha Romantic wabeka ugxininiso lomba wokuba ixabiso iphambili ebomini - ngokuzazisa komntu. Wonke umntu - ihlabathi eyahlukileyo ezele ubuhle obumangalisayo. Kwaba apho zonke nesikunikwayo ephakamileyo amazwi amaninzi, kwaye kukho umkhwa ukuba idealize.

Ngokutsho novelists, umgomo - wokuqala ukufundisa le mfundiso zexeshana, kodwa nangona kunjalo unelungelo lokuba khona. Umthetho-siseko kuku ngaphaya zonke zesiqhelo, ngoko umlinganiswa ophambili kunye nezimvo zakhe achaseneyo ngqo kubudlelwane zemihla ngemihla kunye nezinto eziphathekayo.

iimpawu ezikhethekileyo

Iimpawu Romanticism njenge intshukumo soncwadi zezi izimvo ezingundoqo kunye ungquzulwano.

Eyona ingcamango phantse yonke imveliso - rhoqo intshukumo iqhawe indawo emzimbeni. Le nyaniso njengoko ibonakalisa ukudideka komphefumlo, oko yokucinga gqolo ngoku kwaye ngexesha elinye - utshintsho ehlabathini ngeenxa zonke kuye.

Njengabo iintshukumo ezininzi obugcisa, Romanticism uye iimpixano zawo. Apha, imfundiso yonke isekelwe ngolwalamano entsonkothileyo ophambili kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle. Yena uyazingca yaye kwangaxeshanye bakreqile kokungeni, nekrwada, izinto eziphathekayo ubunyani ukuba ngandlel 'wabonakalaliswa izenzo zakhe, iingcinga kunye neengcamango lomlinganiswa. Eyona awasiwisayo nkalo le mizekelo ilandelayo of romanticism zoncwadi: Childe Harold - umlinganiswa ophambili "lokuphambukela Childe Harold kaThixo" Byron kunye Pechorin - ukusuka 'uHero Ixesha yethu "Lermontov.

Ukuba ngamafuphi ngasentla, kuvela ukuba isiseko nayiphi na imveliso efanayo - umsantsa phakathi leyinene kunye nehlabathi enezigaba oluthixo ezibukhali kakhulu.

Romanticism ezincwadini European

romanticism yaseYurophu kwinkulungwane ye-19 Kuyaphawuleka ukuba kulo uninzi yayo imisebenzi zakhe isiseko kumnandi. Ezi iintsomi ezininzi yanendumasi engaka, amabali amafutshane kunye neenoveli.

Amazwe eziphambili apho romanticism njengombutho soncwadi kakhulu impressively ke, France, iBritani Germany.

Le meko bokubeka iye izigaba ezininzi:

1. iminyaka 1801-1815. Qala ukwakha bayo zothando.
2. iminyaka 1815-1830. Ukuvela Ukuphumelela Kakade, kwenkcazo postulates engundoqo nkongomiso.
3. iminyaka 1830-1848. Romanticism yambeswe ngendlela ekuhlaleni ngakumbi.

Ngalinye kula mazwe iye eyakhe, igalelo layo ekhethekileyo kuphuhliso isenzeko zenkcubeko utshilo. E France, romantic imisebenzi yoncwadi waba Umbala kwezopolitiko, ababhali kabi ngoohlohlesakhe bezindlu zasebukhosini nababenemihlaba entsha. Le uluntu, ngokutsho French amanani, yonakalisa isidima ngamnye, ubuhle kunye nenkululeko nomoya.

Ngokwesithethe IsiNgesi Romanticism waphila ixesha elide, kodwa kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII akazange eme uphuma intshukumo abahlukene zoncwadi. IsiNgesi isebenza, ngokwahlukileyo ukuya isiFrentshi, ezele ngalinye, inkolo, uncwadi lwemveli kuzwelonke, inkcubeko, yamahlwempu kunye nemibutho yabasebenzi '(kuquka ngokomoya). Ukongeza, IsiNgesi iprozi kunye lyrics uzaliswe yokuhamba kumazwe akude nezifundo kumazwe asemzini.

Xa Romanticism Isijamani intshukumo soncwadi saphenjelelwa bulumko idealist. Usekela sobuntu zentsimbi kunye nenkululeko umntu idlwengulweyo feudalism nendlela abayibona ngayo yonke nje inkqubo ophilayo. Phantse wonke umsebenzi German ukuba kwakugcwele izibhengezo wobukho bomntu kunye nobomi umoya wakhe.

EYurophu: imizekelo yemisebenzi

Phakathi imisebenzi ephawuleka imisebenzi yaseYurophu zoncwadi zilandelayo zithathwa ukuba umoya Romanticism:

- lo othi "Genius ubuKristu", ibali "Atala" yaye "uRene" Chateaubriand;

- iinoveli "Dolphin", "UCorinna, okanye Italy," noGermaine de Stael;

- inoveli "Adolf" uBenjamin Constant;

- inoveli "bavume uMntwana yeNkulungwane" Musset;

- inoveli "Cinq-Mars," Vigny;

- Umbhalo "Intshayelelo" ukuya kwimveliso, "Cromwell", inoveli "Notre Dame de Paris" Hugo;

- Drama "Henry III nenkundla yakhe", uthotho iinoveli malunga Musketeers, "Le Count of Monte Cristo" yaye "koroleva Margo" Dumas;

- iinoveli "Indiana", "ingumhambi", "Horace", "uConsuelo" Zhorzh Sand;

- Umbhalo "Racine and Shakespeare" Stendhal;

- lo mbongo "Endala matiloshe" yaye "Kristabel" Coleridge;

- "umbongo Mpuma" yaye "UManfred" Byron;

- ingqokelela imisebenzi Balzac;

- inoveli "Ivanhoe" Valtera Skotta;

- tale "eseshumi, uRose" inoveli "Heinrich von Ofterdingen" Novalis;

- ingqokelela amabali amafutshane, iintsomi kunye namabali of Hoffmann.

Romanticism ezincwadini Russian

romanticism Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 yavela phantsi kwempembelelo ngqo iincwadi Koloni. Noko ke, nangona oku, sase iimpawu zayo, nto leyo egcina umkhondo lamathuba zangaphambili.

Le meko bokubeka eRashiya ibonisa ngokupheleleyo abasebenzi eliphezulu mbuso ukungathandi oohlohlesakhe olawulayo, ingakumbi, indlela yalo yokuphila - ongalawulekiyo, kakubi yaye ukhohlakele. romanticism Russian ngenkulungwane ye-19 yaba sisiphumo ngqo mood eneenkani kwaye ilindele milestones ebalulekileyo kwimbali yeli lizwe.

obala iintsingiselo ezimbini iincwadi ixesha: ngokwengqondo nembambano. I lokuqala esekelwe kwi inkcazo kunye nohlalutyo iimvakalelo kunye neemvakalelo, elesibini - ekukhuthazeni ekulweni uluntu lwale mihla. Jikelele kunye uluvo oluphambili zonke novelists kukuba imbongi okanye umbhali kwafuneka izakuziphatha kwabo iimbono ke echazwe imisebenzi yakhe.

Russia: Imizekelo yemisebenzi

Le mizekelo iphawulekayo Romanticism kwiincwadi Russian kwinkulungwane XIX - is:

- tale "Ondine", "mbanjwa Chillon", lo ballad "nguKumkani Ihlathi", "Umlobi," Zhukovsky "Lenora";

- imisebenzi "Eugene Onegin," "Mchako Spades" yi Pushkin;

- "The Night Phambi iKrismesi" yi Gogol;

- "A uHero Ixesha yethu" Lermontov.

Romanticism ezincwadini American

E Melika, i nentsingiselo kancinci kamva zophuhliso: i sigaba sokuqala yaba emva kweminyaka 1820-1830, ezilandelayo - 1840-1860 iminyaka kwinkulungwane XIX. Xa bobabini sokugcina kuphela ifuthe zoqhankqalazo eFransi (ezabangela ukuba indalo le US), ngoko ngqo kwaye e Melika (empini uzimele geqe eBritani kunye imfazwe phakathi North kunye South).

ulwalathiso Artistic e American Romanticism zimelwe iintlobo ezimbini: abolitionist, Ukumela inkululeko ebukhobokeni, nasempumalanga, Plantation enezigaba.

uncwadi Melika eli xesha isekelwe phezu ulwazi acace iintlobo wathimba eYurophu oxutywe nendlela nesantya yobomi yoqobo xa kusekho omtsha encinane wayeqhelene nezwe. imisebenzi waseMelika imvakalozwi yesizwe ngokobutyebi eliphekwe, azive ukuzimela kunye nomzabalazo wenkululeko.

romanticism american. imizekelo yeemveliso

- uthotho "iAlhambra" amabali "ghost umtshakazi", "RIP Van Winkle" yaye "The Legend of sleepy Wosenza," Washington Irving;

- ethi "The Last of the Mohicans" nguJames Fenimore Cooper;

- umbongo "I noRaven", amabali "Ligeia", "Golden Beetle", "Ukuwa zeNdlu Usher 'kunye nezinye E. Allan Poe;

- inoveli "I Ebomvu Letter" yaye "The House of the Gables Asixhenxe" Gorton;

- inoveli "Typee" yaye "Moby Dick" Melville;

- inoveli "yabahamba Malume Tom kaThixo," uHarriet Beecher Stowe;

- banentsomi echaza "Evangeline", "I Ingoma Hiawatha", "ukuthandana ka Miles Standish," Longfellow;

- ingqokelela "Amagqabi of Ingca," Whitman;

- Isincoko "Woman kwi lethoba Century" yi uMargaret yomsuki weengubo.

Romanticism njengombutho yoncwadi nempembelelo enkulu umculo, imidlalo yeqonga kunye nokupeyinta - kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba imisebenzi emininzi nemifanekiso baloo maxesha. Oku kwenzeka ubukhulu becala ngenxa iimpawu kwiindawo ezifana ubuhle abakhulu kunye imvakalelo, bokubanga kunye ubuqhawe, neenqwelo zokulwa kunye idealization lwabantu. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba ubudala Romanticism yaba ngobulungisa obufutshane-, oko aluchaphazeli ukuthandwa iincwadi ezibhalwe kwinkulungwane XIX, kule minyaka ilishumi ezayo - imisebenzi zoncwadi yobugcisa kwethuba uyathandwa yaye uyahlonelwa luluntu unanamhla.