Le mizobo ilungileyo yi Durer. "Melancholia" yi Dürer

Albrecht Dürer (1471-1528), ngomzobi waseJamani, umzobi graphic, Njengomhlaziyi elidumileyo art, wazalelwa kwintsapho enkulu Hungarian Albrehta Dyurera uSister noBarbara Holper baseJamani. Usapho wayehlala kwisixeko Nuremberg ise kwinxalenye kumzantsi-mpuma yaseJamani. Lo tata, umnyibilikisi, lo mfana wazama ukuyifundisa nomdla kumsebenzi othengisa kaThixo, kodwa Albrecht oselula wayefuna ukuba umculi. Kwaye xa Dürer eneminyaka engama-15 ubudala, yena wathunyelwa kumasifundisane abadumile Nuremberg opeyintayo Michael Wohlgemuth.

Amanyathelo okuqala wegcisa entsha

Albrecht wazibonakalisa umfundi ukulungele yaye unako, yena kwixesha elifutshane kakuhle izinqumo esisiseko yokudweba yaye babhala Imizobo ezininzi ezincinane. Dürer Imizobo ziye zamkelwa ngutitshala. Wohlgemuth, ukongeza ekudaleni imizobo, wafunda imizobo. zenja yakhe, wayenza ngokwesiseko woodcuts (lokukrola phezu kweenkuni), esetyenziswa kwincwadi yakhe "Nuremberg Chronicle" Hartmann Schedel, a cartographer waseJamani. Imizekeliso wenza Wohlgemuth kunye nabafundi bakhe sasiyinxalenye iphambili yale ncwadi, esi sehlayo waya embalini nje umsebenzi wobugcisa. Umbhali kwelinye liyayishicilela encwadini "Dance of Death" yaba Albrecht Dürer.

uhambo creative

Ngenkulungwane ye-15 eJamani kwakukho ngokwesithethe Iihambo zabafundi, ngexesha apho ngumfundi wayeqhelene nomsebenzi amagcisa kwezinye iingingqi zeli lizwe. Wenza hambo kwaye wayengumzobi oselula Dürer. uhambo lwakhe lweminyaka emine, ukususela 1490 kwada th-1494. Ukongeza izixeko German wegcisa Dürer, ogama imizobo ababesele kwaziwa kakuhle, nayo watyelela isixeko e Switzerland nase-Netherlands, ukuba bafumane amava angathethekiyo ukusuka iinkosi enkulu umzobo Flemish kunye neengcali Swiss kulo mfanekiso. Ukuqala uhambo lwakhe, Dürer wayefuna ukuba ukudibana ne umzobi Martin Schongauer, lowo ke wakunonelela njengoko umgangatho ukugqwesa kubugcisa obubonwayo. Nangona Schongauer e Colmar wahlala kwaye wasebenza nemikrolo kwi zezobhedu. Noko ke, intlanganiso neyamagcisa amabini akazange athabathe indawo, njengoko uMartin ngaphambi nje kokuba afe ukufika Albrecht.

Basle

Albrecht Dürer, imizobo kunye nemikrolo leyo esele eyaziwa esangqeni leengcali, badibana umzalwana ongasekhoyo Martin Schongauer, Ludwig, naye wakrola zezobhedu. Ludwig and Albrecht wamnika ngamava akhe. Imishini copper umbhalo izacholo nezakhono ezifunekayo, yaye baye Durer, ukususela ebutsheni, wachitha iminyaka eliqela sinceda xa izacholo shop uyise. Albrecht wafudukela Basel, iziko yoshicilelo. E Basel, waphila omnye Schongauer mzalwana, Georg. Nokubambisana nabo, Durer kakuhle zonke ubuqili yokudala incwadi imikrolo, yaye emva kwethutyana yaqala ukuvela imifanekiso, iincwadi Basel kwi entsha, ngaphambili ayaziwa, isimbo. Ubuchule Durer lugqibelele, yena ngempumelelo babesebenzisa uhlobo entsha. Kwincwadi "Ship of Abamathileyo," yi-uHorace waseJamani Sebastian Brant, kwakukho 75 of imizekeliso yakhe ngemizobo. Kwakhona e Basel Dürer wadala uthotho ngokrolo ukuba incwadi zikwenza kubonakale ngathi kaPubliyo Terence, comedy wamaRoma. Basel Albrecht waya eStrasbourg, apho wabhala yakhe edumileyo "Self-Portrait kunye nenkunzane", nto leyo iya kuthunyelwa umtshakazi.

Buyela Nuremberg

In Nuremberg Albreht Dyurer, imizobo ezibhaliweyo ngam ngaphambili ngomoya bubumnandi German, wabuya ngo-1494 kunye isixa esikhulu ulwazi ezifunyanwe phakathi kweminyaka emine neyokudinga eYurophu. Kungekudala watshata Agnes Frey, intombazana ezifanelekileyo, intombi ka-Hansa freya, kubamba kumasifundisane echanekileyo izixhobo yokulinganisa. Umtshato wanika Albrecht ithuba ukuqala ishishini labo. Noko ke, yena waliseka ucweyo lwakhe laseNuremberg, nguye kuphela 1495, ngenxa yokuba iinyanga ezimbini emva kokuba umtshato wakhe waya eItali, apho leva kumsebenzi ka Giovanni Bellini, wayengumzobi yesikolo yelo xesha, yaye Mantegna, unamathela style ezibukhali kwaye engqongqo yokudweba wasePadua. Ezinye mizobo ngu Dürer kamva abhalwe ngendlela efanayo. A Umzobo-mhlaba ubuntu, Dürer wenza ngexesha uhambo kwelaseItali, kamva abe nokrolo.

imikrolo

Ekubuyeni kwakhe Italy Albrecht Dürer wavula ucweyo lwakhe waza wachitha iminyaka 10 ezayo imveliso woodcuts nobhedu. Kusetyenziswane nabo Nuremberg-iinkosi - Hans von Kulmbach noHans Shoyfelinom, ezinikwa ngokrolo Dürer ebonisa iintlelo ze Pindar, kunye Goltselya Koberger. imisebenzi Albrecht baba lomntu enzulu weendawo, umgangatho wabo kwinqanaba eliphezulu yokuluka. Dürer njengento inkosi elihle kwincwadi mzekeliso. Ngowe-1498 umvakalisi Koberger apapasha incwadi ethi "Apocalypse", equka woodcuts 15 artist graphic, kuquka "abamahashe emine" yaye "Idabi of Arhangela Mihaila nenamba." I ukupeyinta "Apocalypse" Dürer ithathwa intle umsebenzi wakhe. Lo mxholo olumanyanisa amabali 15 zibe yinto enye, ukuba krelekrele ibonakala umculi. umbhalo nganye njengoko nokuqhubekeka yangaphambili olungaphambi elandelayo. Yaye kamva, ngowe-1514, baba lubizwa, nokukrola zezobhedu osihloko sithi "Melancholia" zadalwa. Dürer zizotywe kuyo isithunywa ndidikwe, nto leyo, mhlawumbi, linophawu amava ngokweemvakalelo.

yokudweba

"Apocalypse" Albrecht Dürer yazisa udumo ehlabathini lonke, yaye "Melancholia" yi Durer wangena fund yegolide arts. Enye umsebenzi enkulu lencwadi womzobi "angathabatheki St. Brigid", eziquka ngokrolo-30. Ukongeza ekusebenzeni kwi imifanekiso iincwadi mihla, Dürer wadala etchings ngenxa yemisebenzi ababhali bamandulo ezifana Aristotle uTheophrastus, Aristophanes kunye Lucian. Ukuganga imizobo, Albrecht zange ashiye nokupeyinta, Durer athile bavele phambi uluntu jikelele. Kwakhona kule minyaka 1497-1499 kuyo portraits zaye epeyintwe: Albrehta Dyurera Elder, uyise womzobi, i Elector Frederick III of Saxony, uOswald Krell, i-arhente yorhwebo. Enye yezona ncwadi awayeza womzobo uthathwa Durer ukupeyinta "yokunqulwa izazi." Okulandelayo kufika "Dresden Altarpiece" yaye "inomvandedwa asixhenxe" - an polyptych olubanzi.

Venice

Ngowe-1505 Dürer waya Italy kwakhona. E Venice, wabhala "Umthendeleko we seRosari", kodwa umfanekiso ayidalwanga kwi ngelaphu zemveli, kwaye ebhodini ezisemanzi zepampiri, ngenjongo uyibeka ebandleni of San Bartolomeo kufutshane nendlu yorhwebo waseJamani Fondaco Dei Tedeschi. umfanekiso oda abarhwebi abaziwayo German. Okwangoku, i "nomthendeleko seRosari" kwi-National Gallery e Prague. Ixesha ixesha kuphawulwa ngokwasemisebenzini iinkosi enkulu, titian, Palma Vecchio, Giorgione. Noko ke, Albrecht Durer gravitated ku ubuchule Dzhovanni Bellini, nto leyo kuye umzekelo umbala nanto. Ekugqibeleni, wenza abahlobo kunye ngumzobi Italian kunye nesicelo sakhe, wabhala enye ngemizobo yakhe yelo - "Madonna kunye Chizhik". Omnye umsebenzi wadala ngoxa Venice, Dürer, "uKristu phakathi Oogqirha," kusenokwenzeka ukuba yakhiwe anikelwe umhlobo Albrecht.

Bologna

Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubuhlobo kunye Giovanni Bellini, Dürer wayeyindoda ehloniphekileyo kwaye iziqu e Venice. IBhunga City waya sakubambezela ngumzobi onesiphiwo, kunye nesiphakamiso kuye ducats 200 njengento bonus yonyaka. Bekucingelwa ukuba Albrecht Dürer baya kuthatha inxaxheba kwiiprojekthi ezidolophini. Noko ke, umculi akukho izicwangciso ebomini ungenzi nto, yena aspired ekuyazini into entsha ngokwabo, yaye ngenxa yale njongo ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuhamba rhoqo. Emva kwethuba Dürer wayeseRoma, apho wayenethemba ukudibana kunye noMlawuli Maximilian. Intlanganiso akazange ndawo, yaye Albrecht waya Bologna ukuya kutyelela yunivesithi kunye kudibana izazinzulu. Waba nomdla amathuba imibuzo, ukufunda apho wayeza kukwazi ukwakha ngendlela eyiyo bekwenza ngemizobo yabo yepeyinti. Iingcebiso kunye sezibalo Luca Pacioli, uze emva koko bancokola ixesha elide kunye wezakhiwo Donato Bramante wajoyina ivenkile lolwazi igcisa, nemizobo yi Dürer waba wamazwi ngakumbi.