Ixesha lokulinganisa lamamitha kagesi. Ukwahlula kwamanzi ombane

Njalo ngenyanga, nganye intsapho ifumana irisidi yokuhlawula umbane. Enye ibalwa ngesiseko seempawu zomlinganiselo ngamnye, enye - kwindawo yamandla yombane oqhelekileyo . Xa abantu bathenga izindlu zabo, ngokukodwa xa kuziwa kwiimakethi zepropati yangasese, njengomthetho, abacingi malunga naluphi uhlobo lweemitha ezifakwe kwigumbi okanye indlu, ukuya kutsho kumhla wokusebenza kwawo. Kwaye kamva okanye kamva, umrhumo wenkampani yokuthengisa yamandla ifikelela kwisigqibo sokuba ixesha lexesha eliphakathi kwexesha lokulinganisa phakathi kweemitha lifikile, okanye ukuba kufuneka indawo yalo.

Yilapho kuvela imibuzo eninzi. Kuqala kuphi? Uya kuphi na? Ngubani ozakubiza? Ukuba uthenge idivaysi entsha, ngubani obhetele kwiintlobo zeempahla kunye neenkonzo kwiimarike? Masizame ukuqonda lo mbuzo ngokubanzi.

Yintoni umbane wamandla?

Le fowuni yenzelwe ukulinganisa ibanjwe ngabanikazi bendawo yokuhlala, ishishini, umveliso, indawo yeofisi ye-AC okanye i-DC kagesi. Emva kokuqhuba ubuninzi bezilingo zenzululwazi ezivela kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, imitha yokuqala yombane yokuchithwa kwangoku yafakwa ekusebenzeni ngobuninzi ngo-1888.

Ukwahlulelwa ngohlobo lokwakha

Kuyinto yesiko ukuhlukanisa i-induction, i-electronics, i-counters of counters.

Ukuchithwa, okwakwi-electromechanical, isixhobo siqwalasela amandla okusebenza okukhoyo okwangoku. Isixhobo sombane wamandla yile khoyili ekhoyo kunye nekhoyili yombane, insimu yamandla phakathi kokuqhuba i-disk element. Ukuphakama okwangoku kunye nombane kwintanethi, ngokukhawuleza isitya sijikeleza, sibala amandla ombane. Isixhobo sisigaba esisodwa kunye nesigaba sesithathu. Ukukhishwa kwezinga elilodwa. Efanelekileyo ngakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwamandla aphantsi. Kwimimandla emininzi, kusekho amamitha omdala omdala wale hlobo. Kwaye ndimele ndithi bathembeke kakhulu - ubomi babo benkonzo budlula iminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu! Ngenxa yokuba bangenayo enye indawo, kukho iifom ezifakwe kwiifom ezifakwe kwii-50 ezifakwe kwilizwe. Phakathi kwamacandelo angalunganga kwesi sixhobo kukuba inokunika ubungqina ngokungacacanga, kunye nokukhuselwa kakubi ekusebenziseni kombane okungagunyaziswanga.

Esikhundleni sensimbi yokuqulunqa ukuvelisa enye imitha yecomputer yekhompyutheni, ibuye isite. Isixhobo esinjalo silinganisa ngokuthe ngqo ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunye neendleko, ukuthumela idatha kwisibonakaliso sedijithali nakumemori yecingo. Efanelekileyo ngakumbi kumafulethi, amashishini, iiofisi ezinamandla okusebenzisa. Unokufakwa kwiindawo zokubanda, esitalatweni, njengoko ibekezelela iimeko eziphantsi zokushisa. Ivumela ukuba kwenziwe iindleko zombane kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zeentsuku: ikhutshwa i-odnotarifnym kunye nemirhumo emibini. Okokuthi, umntu unokucwangcisa idivayisi ngezikhathi ezahlukeneyo zexesha. Xa kuthelekiswa kunye nenketho lokungeniswa, i-static idilesi inokuthenjwa okuthenjelwayo kwibabi zombane, kwaye ibonakala ngeendleko eziphezulu. Kodwa ngelo xesha, imitha yamandla kagesi ayithembeki kangako.

I-Electrodynamic, kunye ne-hybrid, ayidla ngokusetyenziswa. Eyona yimizila yamagesi kagesi, izithuthi zomzila.

Idivaysi nganye inexesha eliphakathi lokulinganisa. Ihamba phakathi kweminyaka eyi-6-16. Emva kokuphela kwekota, ukuqinisekiswa kwemitha yamanzi kuyimfuneko.

Ukwahlula ngohlobo lwexabiso lokulinganisa

Kukho isigaba esisodwa kunye nesithathu semitha. Okokuqala - 220 V, 50 Hz, yesibini - 380 V, 50 Hz. Kwizijikelezo eziphezulu zamandla, izixhobo zesigaba esine-transformer zingafakwa. Izixhobo zamanqanaba amathathu zamanje ziveliswa ngenkxaso yesigaba esisodwa.

Ukwahlula ngohlobo loxhumano

Kungenzeka ukudibanisa imitha kwisiphaluka samandla ngokuthe ngqo (oku kudibanisa ngqo) okanye ngeendlela ezilungiselelwe ngokulinganisa abaguquleli (oku kuxhunyiwe kwe-transformer). Kwiinkqubo ezizinzi-sigaba esinye, ukhetho lokuqala luyinto eqhelekileyo, kwizixhobo zesigaba esithathu-zombini iindlela. Kwiindawo zokuhlala, njengomthetho, uxhulumano oluchanekileyo lisetyenzisiweyo.

Ukwahlula ngokuchaneka kwiklasi

Kukho iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zamamitha zombane ngokuchaneka kwe-2.5; 2.0; 1.0; 0.5; 0.2. Esi sibonakaliso sikwazisa malunga nephulo leepesenti evumelekileyo kwimilinganiselo. Njengomthetho, umiselwe ekufowuneni ngumenzi.

Izixhobo ezindala zokuqhotyoshelweyo zibonakaliswe ngeparameter ye-2.5 kunye namandla angoku angaphantsi kwama-30 A. Ezi zixhobo zenzelwe ukuphendula ngombane kwiindawo ezincinci. Ukususela ngo-Oktobha 2000, abazange bathunyelwe uviwo ngenxa yokungangqinelani nemigangatho. Emva kwexesha lokuqala lokuqinisekisa, lingabalwa kwimithwalo ebalulekileyo, baxhomekeke ekutshintsheni okufunekayo.

Ekubeni kwihlabathi lanamhlanje izinto ezininzi ezibonakalayo "zihlakaniphile" zibonakala ziza kunceda umntu, nokuba ngaba ziindawo ze-thermo-posts, i-washing machine, i-multivars, ii-oven microwaves, i-toaster, i-computer, izixhobo zekhompyutha, imfuneko yezixhobo kunye nokuchaneka kuye kwavela. Ngaloo ndlela, iimitha zamanzi zombane zibonakaliswe ngeklasi echanekileyo ye-2.0 kwaye ivumela ukutshintshela kwelinye ipharamitha: 1.0; 0.5; 0.2. Ziye zibonakaliswe ngokunyuka okwangoku ukuya kwi-60 A.

Intlawulo yeemitha zamandla zombane

Esi sibonakaliso esibalulekileyo ukusuka kwindlela yokujonga. Kukho amaxabiso angamaxabiso angama-single kunye namaxabiso amaninzi. Okokuqala kubalwa umbane, kungakhathaliseki ukuba yimini, kwaye okwesibini kuthatha ukusetyenziswa kwesixhobo ngokubhekiselele kwimimandla. Ngoko, yabela ubusuku nemini yendawo. Iyokuqala isetyenziswe kwisithuba se-23: 00 ukuya kwi-07: 00 iiyure, okwesibini kubandakanya ixesha eliphakamileyo (ukususela ngo-9: 00 ukuya ku-11: 00 ukuya ku-17: 00 ukuya ku-19: 00) kunye nexesha eliphambili (yonke into). Ngokuqinisekileyo, iimitha zombane zombane zixabisa kakhulu umthengi, kuba zivumela ukugcina ukusetyenziswa kwamandla.

Iiprogram zokuprogram

Ngokwahlukileyo, kufuneka kuthethwe ngolu hlobo lweparitha njengoluhlaziyo lweemitha zombane. Kuqhelekileyo kwiixhobo ezininzi zokuhlawula umrhumo. Kukho imilinganiselo yokulungiswa ephezulu evumelekileyo yedatha elawulwa yimigangatho yangoku. Ngokutsho kwabo, imfoloko yeenguqu kwixesha lexesha akufanele lidlule kwii-7.5 imizuzu. Ukuguqulelwa kweeyure ebusika kunye nexesha lasehlotyeni (iyure eliphambili okanye iyure eledlule) lidlula inani elivumelekileyo, kodwa kusetyenziswa.

Ngo-Oktobha 2014, leli lizwe ligcine liguqulwa ixesha elibusika, elaba yinto esigxina kwaye ayikwazi ukulungiswa kwakhona. Kuze kube sekupheleni kuka-2014, abanikazi beendawo zokuhlala kunye nabangendawo zokuhlala befunekayo ukwenza inkqubo yokwenza i-reprogramming meter zombane, ekubeni i-formula ingazange iphumelele kwifomula ukususela ekuqaleni kuka-2015, kwaye inkampani yokuthengisa yamandla inegunya lokubala ngexabiso elilodwa elingafaniyo kwimimandla yonke yemihla ngemihla. Nangona kunjalo, urhulumente wongezelela imiqathango yale miqathango yonyaka omnye. Inkqubo ngokwayo idinga umsebenzi wesigaba ngasinye. Okokuqala, kufuneka ubuyele kwinkqubo imvume yokutshintshela kwixesha lehlobo lasebusika, elisuswe emva kokutshintsha ngo-2011. Emva koko, le nkqubo kufuneka ivinjelwe ukusuka ekutshintsheni iwashi ukuya kwixesha lokugcina. Ewe, ekupheleni, iziphumo zomsebenzi maziqinisekiswe ngamaxwebhu. Kufuneka kwakhona kugxininiswe ukuba kwangaphambili i-reprogramming yamamitha kagesi yayihlawuliswa. Ngokomyinge, iindleko zesevisi zahluka ukusuka kuma-ruble angama-400-1,000. Inani lixhomekeke kwisigaba, umzekelo wombane ngamnye wombane. Ngoku lo mbandela uphendululwe kumgangatho wesigqeba. Ukususela ngoku, abanini beendawo zokuhlala abayi kuhlawuliswa kule nkqubo.

Kutheni kubalulekile ukujonga umbane wamanzi?

Isixhobo ngasinye sineenkonzo zobomi. Kufika ixesha apho ifowuni idinga ukuguqulwa okanye ifakwe endaweni enye. Umthetho weRussian Federation (okuyiKhowudi yeZindlu, izigqibo ezahlukahlukeneyo zoRhulumente waseRussia Federation) ithi yonke imbopheleleko yokugcinwa kwezixhobo zokumisela umbane ihlala ngokupheleleyo kunye nabanikazi beendawo zokuhlala kunye nabangabemi. Ngulo lawulo lwabo lwangaphakathi ngexesha lokuqinisekisa.

Ixesha leemitha okanye i-inter-calibration yeemitha zombane lixesha elide, elilinganiselwe kwiminyaka, ngelixesha apho ifowuni ifanele isebenze ngokufanelekileyo. Lo luhlobo lwesigunyaziso somgangatho weempahla kumthengisi. Ixesha lokuqinisekisa libhaliswe ngqo kwipaspoti yezobugcisa yomveliso. Iifom yexesha lokuqhuba uviwo kwiimodeli ezahlukeneyo ziyahlukahluka kwimida ye-6-16. Umnikazi wendawo uhlola ngokuzimeleyo ixesha, kwaye unokufumana isaziso-isikhumbuzo ngokuqinisekiswa kwenkampani yokuthengisa yamandla. Ikwabodwa iquka iinkqubo ezininzi, oko kukuthi: ukuxothwa kombane wamanzi, ukunikezelwa kwayo kwiinkonzo ezizodwa, ezinikezelweyo zinebhubhorari eyenzelwe ezi njongo. Ngendlela, le nkonzo ihlawulwa. Ngenxa yendlela yokuziphatha, umnini-zakhiwo uya kukhutshwa isenzo okanye isatifikethi esichazela ukuba umbane uncedo okanye awunjalo. Kwimeko yokuphendula okulungileyo, ilebula ekhethekileyo ye-holographic kwisitywina ingenziwa okanye idatha yesiphumo sokuqinisekisa ingabhalwa kwipaspoti yezobuchwepheshe. Isatifikethi kufuneka sihanjiswe kwi-ofisi yokuthengisa yamandla, ukwenzela ukuba unike imvume yokuqhubeka nokusebenza kwesi sixhobo.

Kungenzeka ukuba isiphumo sokuqinisekisa siya kuba sisiphumo, kwaye isixhobo seemitha siya kuphutha. Yintoni endiyenzayo? Ngokuqinisekileyo, uye esitolo uze uthenge idivaysi entsha. Apha uya kuchitha imali yokuthenga nokufaka. Kwaye ukufakela kungcono ukuxhomekeka kubabanezixhobo zombane, kwaye ukuba ungabi phantsi kwezoshishino ngokuzimeleyo. Kodwa ifowuni inokutywinwa ngaphandle kwentlawulo, ukuba ungevila kakhulu kwaye ubhale ingxelo malunga nesidingo sokuyibeka ngokuthe ngqo kwinkampani yokuthengisa amandla, kunokubhenela kwiinkonzo zenkampani yesithathu. Enyanisweni, apha unokujamelana neengxaki - ngamanye amaxesha ixesha lokulinda lokufika kwenkosi lingadonsa kwiinyanga ezimbini okanye ezintathu.

Xa ufumene isaziso semfuno yokuqinisekisa, kunengqiqo ukulinganisela i-pros and cons. Kwaye kwezinye iimeko kunokuba kulungele ukukhawuleza kufaka indawo yefowuni endala nge entsha. Kukho nawuphi na, iindleko zemali azikwazi ukunqandwa, ziya kulandelwa kwiimeko zombini.

Kwakhona kubalulekile ukugxininisa ukuba ukutshintshwa kwemitha yamanzi kufuneka kwenziwe kwithuba elingangekho inyanga. Kwiinyanga ezintathu zokuqala, ukuhlawula umbane ogqityiweyo kwenziwa ngokusekelwe kwimilinganiselo yenyanga nganye okanye kwimimitha yendawo yemitha eqhelekileyo, ukuba loo nto ifakwe kwindlu, kwaye ngoko-ngokuhambelana nomgangatho omnye.

Indlela yokuchonga ukuba imitha ilungile okanye cha, ukuba ixesha lokuqinisekisa lingazange lifike?

Kungenzeka ukuba ixesha lokuqinisekisa alikafiki, kwaye imitha yombane ayisebenzi. Yintoni engabonisa ukungasebenzi? Nazi izizathu ezicacileyo zokungaphumeleli kwesi sixhobo:

• Isici sediski siyekile ukujikeleza okanye ukujika ukujika nge-jerks;
• Umboniso awubonakali ixabiso leetriki;
• Ubunzima becebo luphukile.

Kananjalo kwenkampani yokuthengisa yamandla, kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba akukho zipshi okanye utyhoboza kumbane wamanzi ngamnye. Ubukho befestile ephukileyo abuvumelekanga ukujonga ukufundwa.

Ngaba kunokwenzeka ukutshintshela i-counterableable counter kunye ne-new, yesimanje?

Ukuba unqwenela kunye nangengqiqo yomnini, ifowuni yokumitha yombane ingatshintshwa ibe yinto entsha, umzekelo, ukuba imitha yerhafu enye iyatshintshwa ibe yimitha yemitha emininzi, ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba ukubalwa kombane kwindlu yakho. Nangona inkampani yokuthengisa yamandla ayikwazi ukubophelela abaqeshi ukuba benze oku. Kodwa malunga nesidingo sokuqinisekisa kufuneka ukhumbuze.

Ukutshintsha elinye iqela ukuya kwelinye, kuyafuneka kwakhona ukuqhawula idivaysi endala kwaye unamathele entsha. Kodwa kukho enye inkqubela-oku kukhankanywa kweso sixhobo esasetyenziswa ngaphambili. Ukuzibamba okuthintelayo, kuyimfuneko ukubiza umnxibelelwano oza kuthatha ukufunda nokuvelisa idatha. Omnye uyavuya: ukususela ngo-2012, le nkqubo iqhutyelwa ngaphandle kokuhlawula intlawulo.

Yiyiphi idivaysi yombane yamanzi yokukhetha ukufakela?

Ukuba kukho imfuno okanye umnqweno wokutshintsha umlinganiselo wamanzi, kufuneka ukwazi ukuba ubhekele ntoni kuqala kwaye ukhethe xa ukhetha.

• Okokuqala, umele ujonge ngokukhawuleza umhla wokuqinisekiswa kokuqala, owenziwa ngumenzi. Ukuba lidlula iinyanga ezingama-24 kwisigaba esisodwa kunye neenyanga ezili-12 kwizixhobo zesigaba esithathu, zithinte ukuthenga eso sixhobo, kuba enye imviwo iya kwenziwa.
• Okwesibini, i-inter-calibration interval of meters yamandla ibalulekile, ekufuneka ilawulwe. Emva kokuphela kweli xesha, isixhobo siya kuthathwa njengesixhobo esingakhange sifunde.
• Okwesithathu, kwi-dial, icandelo lokuchaneka kweso sixhobo kufuneka luboniswe.
• Okwesine, kufuneka uqonde uhlobo luni lomrhumo olufunekayo. Lonke ulwazi oluyimfuneko luqulethe imitha yamandla kagesi.

Kukho imizekelo eyahlukeneyo yezinto zobuchwepheshe zanamhlanje zokubakho kombane. Phakathi kweziqulatho, ezibonakaliswe kakuhle ziyakwazi ukuchongwa njenge "Granite", "Puma", "I-Mercury", "Neva" nabanye. Uhlobo lohlobo lwentlobo nganye luhluke. Kukho zombini iirhafu kunye neemitha zombane zombane. Kwakhona unokufumana iifowuni kunye nezixhobo zakwa-electromechanical ngemibala eyahlukileyo (emhlophe, emhlophe, emnyama, e-hybrid) kunye nobomi beenkonzo ezahlukeneyo. Zonke ziyakwazi ukuhluka ngokwemigangatho yokuqinisekisa. Ngoko, umzekelo, ixesha eliqinisekisiweyo leemitha zombane "I-Mercury 230" yiminyaka eyi-10, kwi-"Granita-1", "i-Pumas 103" - iminyaka eyi-16. Ngokomyinge, iindleko zala manqaku angentla zihluka phakathi kwama-ruble ayi-1000 nama-2500, kodwa unokufumana iikopi ezibiza ngakumbi.

Ekugqibeleni, ndingathanda ukuphinda ndithobele ingqalelo iparameter ebalulekileyo njengexesha lokunciphisa phakathi kwamamitha kagesi. Umnini ngamnye ummandla weendawo zokuhlala kunye nonendawo kufuneka ahlolwe ngokukhawuleza. Oku akufanele kunganyanzelwanga ukwenzela ukuphepha iimfuno zenkampani yokuthengiswa kwamandla ukuthengisela umbane ngokwecwangciso sohlawulelo, nokuba ngaba kukho imitha nganye esebenzayo. Ukungakwazi ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zokulinganisa ezingalindelekanga, ekuthathwa njengengeniso-mali, kuboniswa kwimimiselo yomthetho okhoyo.