Inhibition kwenkqubo luvo: iintlobo, ixabiso Indlela

Ulawulo umsebenzi umbefu lo iinkqubo excitation kunye inhibition kwi-CNS. Ekuqaleni, kubonakala njengoko ukusabela iyevakala kwizivuseleli. Xa inkqubo zazivelela waba kwingxaki nemisebenzi neuroendocrine, ekhokelela ukuyilwa kwiinxalenye eziyintloko iinkqubo luvo yonyango. Kweli nqaku siza kuhlolisisa omnye iinkqubo eziphambili - inhibition kwi CNS, iintlobo kunye ezisebenza zokuphunyezwa kwayo.

izihlunu luvo, isakhiwo sayo kunye nokusebenza

Enye uhlobo izicwili zezilwanyana, ogama luvo na isakhiwo ezizodwa elinikeza inkqubo excitation kwaye isebenze umsebenzi elekhtrons kwi CNS. iiseli zemithambo-luvo kuba umzimba waso: elifutshane (luvo) kunye elide (Umzobo wesi), enika ukosuleleka neemvakalelo luvo ukusuka kwelinye ukuya kwelinye neurocyte. Isiphelo Umzobo wesi lwabafowunelwa cell-luvo kunye luvo lwe neurocyte elandelayo kwiindawo ezibizwa leesynapse. Bathi ziqinisekise ukuba amaza bioelectric kunye nemithambo kwithishyu. Apho excitation asoloko ehamba kwicala elinye - ukusuka Umzobo wesi kwiqumrhu okanye luvo ngomnye neurocyte.

Enye impahla ngaphandle excitation eziphuma luvo izihlunu, - inhibition kwi-CNS. Kuyinto impendulo umzimba ukuba isivuseleli ezikhokelela unciphiso okanye kumiwe olupheleleyo mafutha okanye umsebenzi secretory, nto leyo ibandakanya luvo centrifugal. Elekhtrons ngayo inyama luvo inokwenzeka ngaphandle excitation lokuqala, kodwa kuphela phantsi kwempembelelo elekhtrons zomlamli, ezifana Gaba. Nguye yenye zidlulisele eziphambili unyathela. Unga kwakhona ukubiza le ekhobokisayo njengoko glycine. Le asidi acid libandakanyeka ekuphuculeni iinkqubo inhibitory kudaleke imveliso ye molecule e leesynapse gammaaminomaslyannoy acid.

I. M. Sechenov kunye nomsebenzi wakhe neurophysiology

Scientist owaziwayo Russian, uMdali thiyori umsebenzi reflex lobuchopho wabonisa ubukho kwi nxalenye esembindini e-nervous system of izakhiwo ezizodwa iiseli ekwaziyo inactivating iinkqubo bioelectric. Ivula amaziko brake kwinkqubo luvo yenziwe kwenzeka ngokusebenzisa I. Sechenov iintlobo ezintathu imifuniselo. Ezi ziquka ukunciphisa amacandelo ixolo kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo ingqondo, ukukhuthazwa ngeso ngamnye umcimbi izimvi zimeko ngokwasemzimbeni okanye imichiza (electrocution, sodium chloride) kwakunye indlela excitation kwamaziko kwengqondo nokomzimba. I. M. Sechenov yaba experimenter enkulu, enza amanxeba ultra-ngqo kwi ndawo phakathi thalami nokuthe tye thalamus ye isele. Yena wayebukele kuphungulwe ekumeni ngokupheleleyo umsebenzi lwemoto kwamalungu isilwanyana.

Ngoko ke, neurophysiologist wavula uhlobo olulodwa lweenkqubo zemithambo - inhibition kwi CNS. Iintlobo kunye ezisebenza nokubunjwa kwayo, siza kuxubusha ngakumbi kula macandelo alandelayo, kwaye ngoku kwakhona saktsentiruem ingqalelo oku: kumasebe afana Oblongata Medulla, kunye thalamic isiza ibekwe kuthiwa waqhekeza, okanye "Sechenovskiy" iziko. Le Isazinzulu kwakhona yaba phambi wayo nje kuphela ezincancisayo kodwa ebantwini. Ngaphezu koko, I. M. Sechenov wafumanisa isenzeko kwamaziko excitation brake tonic. Kuyaqondeka yile nkqubo excitation ezincinane luvo centrifugal kunye nemisipha ezinxulumene, ngokunjalo inhibition ye-luvo kumaziko ngokwabo.

Dibana ukuba iinkqubo kwenethiwekhi?

Studies abadumileyo Russian komzimba I. P. Pavlova and I. M. Sechenova wabonisa ukuba umsebenzi kwenkqubo luvo lubonakala i co-ordination yokusabela reflex. Intsebenziswano ye excitation kunye inhibition kwi-CNS olubangela ummiselo eququzelelweyo nemisebenzi umzimba: Umsebenzi wenyama, yokuphefumla, ukwetyisa, zinomgutyulo. iinkqubo Bioelectric ngaxeshanye zenzeke kumaziko luvo kwaye nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana utshintsho ngokuhamba kwexesha. Inika nobudlelwane kunye sicatshulwa kwangethuba ikhaliphe impendulo signal okusingqongileyo bangaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle. imifuniselo ezininzi olwenziwe neurophysiologists, waqinisekisa into yokuba excitation kunye inhibition kwinkqubo luvo - a nesenzeko luvo ephambili, esekelwe kwi ngendlela ethile. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

Amaziko zemithambo-luvo neuron bayakwazi ukuba awabe zombini iindidi iinkqubo kulo lonke elo luvo. Lo mhlaba ubizwa ngokuba ibonakala excitation okanye inhibition. Isenzeko esahlukileyo - ekunciphiseni okanye umda indawo yengqondo, okwandisa bioimpulsy. Ibizwa ngokuba ingqondo. Zombini ezi ntlobo yolwalamano, izazinzulu baphawula ukuba ukuyilwa ingqondo motor moya. Ngexesha lokuqala kwezakhono, ngenxa zokukhanya of excitation ngaxeshanye kunqunyulwa amaqela kwezihlunu ezininzi, akukho mfuneko inxaxheba ekwenzeni isenzo motor kwakhiwa. Kuphela emva kophindo ezininzi wenziwa ibekwe kwezindululo emzimbeni (skating, Ukuskiya, ukukhwela ibhayisikile), nto leyo yoxinaniso kweenkqubo excitation kwi nakujoliso olutsha ezithile neuronal cortical, zonke iintshukumo zabantu zibe vysokokoordinirovannymi.

Ukutshintshela amaziko luvo naye zenzeka ngenxa induction. Kubonakala xa miqathango ilandelayo yanelisekile: kuqala kukho inhibition okanye excitation yoxinaniso, le nkqubo kufuneka ibe namandla ngokwaneleyo. Zesayensi eyaziwa iintlobo ezimbini yoqheliso: S-isigaba (kwi-CNS central inhibition kwandisa excitation) kunye wemeko yolandulo (excitation ebangela inkqubo unyathela). Kwakhona wafumana induction engatshintshiyo. Kulo mzekelo, inkqubo-luvo ingene kweli ziko-luvo. Studies iingcaphephe iye into yokuba ukuziphatha ezanyisayo ephakamileyo kunye nabantu ichazwa ngeziganeko yoqheliso, zokukhanya yoxinaniso excitation umbefu kunye inhibition.

unyathela kwemibandela

Makhe sihlole iintlobo iinkcukacha ngaphezulu elekhtrons kwi-CNS nengqwalasela yayo kwifom leyo sizalwa zombini izilwanyana kunye nabantu. Igama elithi yaphakanyiswa yi Ivan Pavlov. Le Isazinzulu bakholwa le nkqubo yenye iimpawu wendalo nervous system kunye ezichongiweyo ezimbini ngohlobo lwayo: ukufa kunye esisigxina. Makhe sithethe ngazo ngokweenkcukacha ezingakumbi.

Zicingele kwi uthinte apho excitation eziko, yenza la ilungu zomsebenzi (izihlunu, iiseli ingaba secretory). Ngenxa ukutshintsha iimeko okusingqongileyo zangaphandle okanye zangaphakathi kuvela esinye isithuba nemincili le neuron. Le ivelisa a Imiqondiso bioelectrical of ngamandla kakhulu ukuba abangaphangeliyo excitation ebezikade esebenzayo kwiziko luvo kunye arc reflex. inhibition ofela CNS kwenza ukuba ukwanda reflex ekuqhelaniseni ngcembe kunciphisa. Le ingcaciso yale ziquka stimulus zaseprayimari akuthethi ukuba excitation kwinkqubo receptors neuron afferent.

Olunye uhlobo inhibition waphawula kuzo zombini abantu kunye nezilwanyana, ibonisa olu lingelo oluqhutywa yi-Nobel Prize ngo-1904 I. P. Pavlovym. Ngexesha ukondla izinja (fistula ezivela nemihlathi) experimenters ziquka beep elibukhali - amathe ukusuka fistula yaphela. Loo elekhtrons umbono Scientist ebizwa engaqhelekanga.

Njengoko impahla semvelo, inhibition kwenkqubo luvo aqukuqela indlela reflex unconditioned. Oku kunokuba eyimpumelelo obangela ukuhamba isixa esikhulu amandla, ekhokelela ekuyekeni ingqondo conditioner. elekhtrons njalo olungenamiqathango ihamba izifo zengqondo ezininzi: ukhwekhwe, ukukhubazeka yiSpasticity kunye iyathamba.

Yini ebunayo magorha

Ukuqhubeka ukufundisisa ezisebenza inhibition kwinkqubo luvo, cinga ukuba yintoni na enye ngeentlobo ayo, ngokuba waqhekeza ebunayo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba reflex ekuqhelaniseni na impendulo umzimba ukuba ifuthe uphawu entsha amazwe. Kulo mzekelo, kwi ziko neuron luvo yobuchopho luqokelelane apha kwimo excitation. Ulobumba ngakunye i arc reflex elinoxanduva impendulo umzimba waza wabiza reflex ekuqhelaniseni. Esi senzo reflex ebangela inhibition le reflex conditioner oko kwenzeka ngelo xesha. Emva uphindaphinde nokushukunyiswa kwizikhongozeli nendaba reflex, ebizwa kubonisa ngcembe liyancipha kwaye iphele. Ngoko, ingabangeli inhibition ngakumbi reflex conditioner. Loo signal ifunyenwe kunye negama iziqhoboshi ayaphela.

Ngoko ke, lo inhibition yangaphandle ikhaliphe moya ngenxa yempembelelo umqondiso umzimba langaphandle i impahla wendalo umbindi kunye nenkqubo neuropathy luvo. Ngequbuliso okanye ezintsha isivuseleli, ezifana imvakalelo iintlungu, isandi esingaqhelekanga, utshintsho ukhanyiso, hayi kuphela kuzakubangela reflex ekuqhelaniseni, kodwa inegalelo buthathaka okanye kumiwe olupheleleyo conditioner arc reflex, olusebenzayo ngoku. Ukuba uphawu lwangaphandle (ngaphandle iintlungu) isebenza ngokuphindaphindiweyo, inhibition le reflex conditioner ivela ezincinane. Indima begazi yenkqubo ifomu uvaleke endle ukuba sifeze impendulo komzimba kwizivuseleli, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi mzuzu.

inhibition yangaphakathi

elinye igama lakhe lisetyenziswa kwi amalungu ka ephakamileyo luvo msebenzi - conditioner inhibition. Eyona engundoqo kunikezo ukuvela le nkqubo - yokungabikho imiyalezo unyanzeliso evela ehlabathini yangaphandle, ikhaliphe angaphakathi: yokwetyisa, amathe. Kwenzeka phantsi kwezi meko-elekhtrons iinkqubo CNS zifuna ixesha lokuphumla elithile. Cinga izimvo zabo zolwimi ngokunzulu.

Hi xikombiso, le inhibition umahluko kwenzeka impendulo signal yokusingqongileyo, coinciding e awo, ngamandla kunye namandla isivuseleli conditioner. Olu hlobo yentsebenziswano phakathi luvo kunye nehlabathi ngaphandle kuvumela umzimba ukwahlula ngakumbi luyacolwa phakathi zizinto kunye angamvaleli evela wokuhlangana oko ukhunjulwa reflex ngokwemvelo. Umzekelo, isandi ucingo amandla 15 Hz, zixhaswa yi kumkhombe kunye nokutya, inja liphuhlise conditioner impendulo amathe. Ukuba isilwanyana ukusebenzisa omnye isandi, amandla 25 Hz, hayi macala kunye nokutya, xa kuthotho lokuqala amalinge, inja le amathe fistula iya kwabelwa zombini isivuseleli conditioner. Emva kwexesha elithile ukuthanda zezilwanyana umahluko ezi imiqondiso, kwaye ngamandla isandi 25 Hz ukusuka fistula amathe liyayeka ukuba ume ngaphandle, oko kukuthi, ukuphuhlisa inhibition umehluko.

Ukukhulula ingqondo kulwazi elahlekelwe indima ebaluleke kakhulu kubalulekile ukuba umzimba - lo msebenzi wenziwa kanye yenza elekhtrons kwinkqubo luvo. Physiology empirically wabonisa ukuba motor reaction conditioning, ibethelelwe kakuhle ukuphuhlisa izakhono, ngaba baqhubeka ubomi bomntu, ezifana skating, ngebhayisekile.

Ukushwankathela, sinokuthi iinkqubo inhibitory kwinkqubo luvo - ukuba buthathaka okanye ekumeni ngayo ezithile eziphilayo. Zibalulekile kakhulu, njengoko zonke ikhaliphe zomzimba zilungiswa ngokungqinelana nemiqathango elungisiweyo, kwaye ukuba uphawu conditioner ilahlekelwe ixabiso layo, nkqu ngokupheleleyo asiqhubeki. iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze deceleration kwi-CNS ezisisiseko namakhono oluntu yengqondo ezifana nokuzeyisa ulondolozo, ucalucalulo ukulindela nokushukunyiswa.

Inkangeleko ilibasiza inkqubo luvo

Empirically umntu ukudala imeko apho impendulo umzimba ukuba lo umqondiso conditioner ukusuka bume yangaphandle kuboniswa phambi kokuba sesichengeni isivuseleli unconditioned, ezifana nokutya. Ngokwandisa ixesha lekhefu phakathi ekuqaleni ukungakhuseleki uphawu conditioner (ukukhanya, isandi, umz, Metronome) kunye mzuzu kugunyaziso ukuba imizuzu emithathu ngamathe conditioner zizinto ngentla yalityaziswa ngokwandileyo kwaye kwenzeka kuphela xa phambi isilwanyana livela ezingena kweyona migaqo mikhulu kunye nokutya. impendulo isalele ukuba umqondiso conditioner ibonisa inhibition iinkqubo CNS ekuthiwa kwimboniselo ilibele, apho siyafana ixesha ukuhamba ukulibaziseka le lokuphumla isivuseleli unconditioned, ezifana nokutya.

Ixabiso inhibition kwi-CNS

Umzimba womntu, ngathi, ukuba "ku emehlweni" ezininzi kakhulu okusingqongileyo kwangaphandle nangaphakathi olusetyenziselwe wona kuyanyanzeleka ukuba asabele kwaye enze ezininzi ukukhanya. kumaziko abo luvo kunye jike akhiwa kule ingqondo kunye umnqonqo. thazeke kakhulu kwenkqubo inani elikhulu amaziko nemincili kwi neuron iba nefuthe elibi kwimpilo yengqondo, kodwa kunciphisa ukusebenza kwayo.

iziseko zebhayoloji yokuziphatha kwabantu

Zombini ezi ntlobo ze umsebenzi izihlunu luvo, njengoko excitation kunye inhibition kwi-CNS, zisisiseko msebenzi ngaphezulu luvo. Ibangela iindlela komzimba msebenzi yengqondo zabantu. Imfundiso Umsebenzi ephakamileyo luvo laliqulunqwe I. P. Pavlovym. A ukutyhilwa yanamhlanje ufundeka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• Excitation kunye inhibition kwinkqubo luvo, zisenzeka libambisene, zinika iinkqubo ngengqondo ezinzima: inkumbulo, ukucinga, intetho, ulwazi, kwaye zefomu ezintsonkothileyo zokuziphatha kwabantu.

Ukwenza imowudi inzululwazi-based yesifundo, umsebenzi, lokuphola, izazinzulu basebenzisa ulwazi kwemithetho msebenzi ngaphezulu luvo.

Ukubaluleka begazi kwenkqubo-luvo ezifana esebenzayo njengoko inhibition unako kubalwa ngale ndlela ilandelayo. Ukutshintsha iimeko ngenxa yemeko ezisingqongileyo kwaye zangaphakathi (kungekho moya uphawu unyanzeliso reflex ongaphakathi) ibandakanya utshintsho ezaneleyo iindlela encomekayo emzimbeni womntu. Ngoko wazuza reflex isenzo elinganeno (off) okanye inyamalala ngokupheleleyo njengoko kube nzima ukuba eziphilayo.

Yintoni liphupha?

I. P. Pavlov imisebenzi yakhe yaba ngokomfuniselo into yokuba iinkqubo ze inhibition kwinkqubo luvo nokulala sibe nohlobo olufanayo. Ebudeni bexesha uphaphama umzimba kwisiqalo yomsebenzi yonke neuron nangoku kwafunyaniswa ukuba ezinye iindawo zawo kuhlawulwa yi-unyathela lwangaphakathi. Xa silele, oko obubonakala kulo lonke phezu zifaka yobuchopho, ukufikelela izakhiwo subcortical: thalamus (thalamus), yobuchopho, ukubunjwa reticular kunye ibizivalele. Njengoko kubonisiwe ngumntu yesazi owaziwayo P. K. Anohin, zonke ezi iinxalenye nervous system central onoxanduva iinkalo zokuziphatha, iimvakalelo kunye nethuku, ngexesha bubuthongo ukunciphisa umsebenzi wabo. Oku kuquka ukwehla kwisizukulwana neemvakalelo-luvo evela phantsi kwekhwapha. Ngenxa yoko, ukusebenza lo uthinte lifinyele. Oku kukuvumela lokuphumla kunye ekuphulukenwe nethe kwi neurocytes yengqondo kwaye wonke umzimba uphela.

Imifuniselo ezinye izazinzulu (Hess saving) izakhiwo sele zisekiwe iiseli zemithambo-luvo ezizodwa ngoweqela non-ngqo thalamus kernel. Iinkqubo excitation bene kuzo, ebangela ukwehla kule biorhythms uqweqwe leyo zingajongwa njenge utshintsho ukusuka kurhulumente esebenzayo (qwa) ukuba balale. Studies zeendawo kobuchopho Silvio imibhobho kunye ventricle III, kwenza izazinzulu kwingcamango ubukho kumbindi ummiselo ngokulala ubuthongo. Yena anatomically onxulumene neendawo ingqondo elijongene uphaphama. Kuyilwa le neuron kuwela yi trauma okanye ngenxa yokuba ukuphazamiseka ilifa ebantwini kukhokelela iimeko pathologic of ugwayi. Kwakhona qaphela ukuba lo ummiselo umzimba ukuba kubalulekile ukuba inkqubo-elekhtrons njengoko ukulala wathwala amaziko luvo diencephalon kunye nuclei subcortical: i caudate, Amygdala, iingcingo kunye lenticular.