Galaxy. Iintlobo ezigidi Yonke

Amanqaku amaninzi ezaziwayo namhlanje babonakala aqhelekileyo kunye exhaphake kakhulu kangangokuba kunzima ukucinga ukuba wakha waphila ngayo ngaphandle kwazo. Noko ke, inyaniso ngonzululwazi sokuba becala zange kwenzeke ekuqaleni abantu. Ubukhulu becala kumayelana ulwazi malunga emajukujukwini. Iintlobo amafu, iminyele, iinkwenkwezi ngoku ezaziwa phantse wonke. Ngelo xesha, umendo ukuqonda mihla le nokwakheka kwendawo yonke kuye elide ngokwaneleyo. Abantu akazange aqonde ukuba iplanethi yi - inxalenye yenkqubo solar, kwaye - Galaxy. Iintlobo zezigidi baqalisa kufundwa ngeenkwenkwezi nokuba kamva, xa kucingwa ukuba iMilky Way ayikho yedwa kwaye ayiphelelanga iphela. Owasungula le ngezigaba, kwakunye nolwazi jikelele yonke i "ubisi wendlela", waba Edvin Habbl. Ngophando lwakhe namhlanje, thina gqitha banolwazi iminyele.

Iintlobo ezigidi Yonke

Hubble wafunda mafu waza wabonisa ukuba uninzi lwazo iimanyano, ezifana iMilky Way. Ngokwesiseko umbandela eziqokelelweyo, wachaza into uhlobo a Way zeziphi iintlobo zezinto indawo ezinjalo. Hubble Walinganisa ububanzi kwezinye waza wanikela isimo sakhe. Yena zesayensi zisebenzisa namhlanje.

Zonke iindidi kweenkqubo kwindalo iphela yena zohlulwa ngokwendidi 3: iminyele okweqanda, ezijikeleze kunye rhoqo. uhlobo ngalunye uye wafunda kabanzi ngeenkwenkwezi ehlabathini lonke.

Iqhekeza iphela, apho uMhlaba, iMilky Way, i uhlobo "ezikumnyele spiral." Iintlobo galaksi eyabelweyo ngokusekelwe uhlobo lwabo umahluko echaphazela iipropati ezithile zezinto.

anda

Iintlobo iminyele kusiwa iphela ayikho enye. Ngokutsho data ngoku kunokwenzeka ngakumbi ukuba ukuhlangana anda. Koko Milky indlela eya kule hlobo ubalisa Andromeda (M31) kunye Galaxy umlaza Triangle (M33). izinto ezinjalo isakhiwo lula ukuluqonda. Ukuba ukhangela evela ngaphandle, kubonakala ngathi le mbono Way top uya Ndifana Water ezahlukeneyo izangqa concentric. Ukususela ukuqina esembindini ungqukuva, ebizwa uPienaar diverge iingalo spiral. Inani amasebe enjalo ingaba nomahluko - ukususela nge-2 ukuya kwi-10 Lonke disc Iingalo ezijikeleze phakathi kwamafu rarefied kweenkwenkwezi, apho izazi kubiza "halo". Oluphambili kukwabonisa zemali imizimba zezigidi.

iintlobo zeHPV zingonobangela

Ngeenkwenkwezi ukubonisa iminyele ezijikeleze ngokusebenzisa ileta S. Bona zohlulwa ngokwendidi kuxhomekeke iimpawu noshowo le imikhono kunye nefom formedness jikelele:

• Galaxy Sa: enemikhono inxeba asondelelene, anencasa ndiseyimbumba, uPienaar eliqaqambileyo eyandisiweyo;

• Galaxy WO: sleeve enamandla, oluchanekileyo, uPienaar ngaphantsi kubi;

• SC Galaxy: i sleeves ziphuhliswa kakuhle, ngaba isakhiwo nasemiqhokrweni yeengxondorha, uPienaar ebonakalayo embi.

Ngaphezu koko, ezinye iinkqubo ube uwele esembindini phantse ezinqanyulezisiweyo ngqo (ebizwa ngokuba "ibha"). Le Galaxy lokutyumba kulo mzekelo wongezelela kwileta B (SBA okanye Sbc).

ukubunjwa

Ukuqulunqwa iminyele Ukonakala, kuyabonakala ukuba, efana imbonakalo amaza ukusuka ilitye phezu kwamanzi. Kukuvela iingalo, njengako izazinzulu, yena kuye kwakhokelela enotyhalo. amasebe kwezinto ngokwabo ezixineneyo wave kweziyobisi. Nature wakwakhe zinokuba nomahluko, ukhetho omnye - lihamba kwi ubunzima kumbindi ziinkwenkwezi.

isebe Ukonakala - ukuba iinkwenkwezi abaselula kunye negesi cala (element eziphambili - hydrogen). Baya kulala moya ka njengokujikeleza kumnyele, kuba ufana diski atshabalalisa. Imfundo leenkwenkwezi abatsha mhlawumbi phakathi kweenkqubo ezinjalo.

umakhelwane elikufutshane

Andromeda Galaxy - Galaxy uwele: imbono top lityhila amasebe amaninzi ukusuka kwiziko eqhelekileyo ncedo ngemali. Ukusuka Umhlaba ukuya ngeliso lenyama kwaye kunokubonwa mafu kwentamo. Kuba ubukhulu yayo ummelwane kumnyele wethu lidlula kancinci kuyo: 130 000 ukukhanya-iminyaka ubukhulu.

Andromeda Nebula ngelixa kumnyele esikufutshane iMilky Way, yaye umgama kuyo omkhulu. Ukukhanya ukuze usoyise, kuthatha iminyaka kwezigidi ezibini. Le nto ichaza ngokupheleleyo isizathu sokuba iinqwelo-moya ukuya kumnyele ekufutshane kangangoko kunokwenzeka kuphela kwinzululwazi iincwadi zamabali kunye iimovie.

iinkqubo okweqanda

Ngoku makhe sihlolisise ezinye iintlobo beminyele. inkqubo okweqanda Ifoto ibonisa kakuhle umahluko yayo umkhuluwa nokwenyuka. Xa Galaxy ukuba enemikhono. Uthi kubonakala ngathi an ellipse. iinkqubo abanakho zixinaniswe ngamaqondo ahlukahlukeneyo, ube yinto efana lens okanye sphere. Kwezi imithala ukuba phantse igesi umkhuhlane. Abameli onomtsalane olu hlobo bazaliswe igesi rarefied ashushu ogama lobushushu kufika kumgomo million nangaphezulu.

A isici esasenza iminyele emininzi okweqanda - Tint bubomvu. Kangangexesha elide ngeenkwenkwezi babecinga ukuba ibe ngumqondiso midala kwezi nkqubo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba luqulathe becala leenkwenkwezi ubudala. Nakuba kunjalo, izifundo kwiminyaka yakutshanje aye abonisa ubandlululo yale vekeleke xona.

ukubunjwa

Ngaba eqhelekileyo ixesha elide ngomnye hypothesis ezinxulumene iminyele okweqanda. Babegqalwa wokuqala na ukuba iphuhlise kungekudala emva kokuba Big Bang. Namhlanje, le thiyori uthathwa lixesha. A igalelo elikhulu ukuya refutation zayo izazi German wenza Alar kunye Yuriy Tumre, kwakunye nososayensi Fransua Shvaytser. izifundo zabo kunye kwesayensi kwiminyaka yakutshanje ukuqinisekisa ukuba semthethweni lwezinye hypothesis, imodeli oluneqela yophuhliso. Ngokutsho izakhiwo zakhe ezinkulu lithatyathwe encinane ngokwaneleyo, oko kukuthi, kubumbeke hayi kwangoko. imbonakalo yazo kwakhokelwa ukuyilwa ezisebenzisanayo nkwenkwezi.

iinkqubo okweqanda kwi imifanekiso mihla isantya akhiwa ukudityaniswa kwe enemikhono. Enye isiqinisekiso yale - inani elikhulu iminyele "ezijijekileyo" waphawula kwiindawo ezisemaphandleni indawo. Ngokwahlukileyo koko, kuzo ezininzi kwiindawo close ngonyuka ephezulu yoxinaniso iinkqubo okweqanda, kakhulu eqaqambileyo kwaye landiswa.

iisimboli

iminyele okweqanda astronomi wafumana iziqu zabo. Kubo, sebenzisa umlinganiswa "E" kunye manani ukuqala ku 0 ukuya ku-6, nto leyo ebonisa izinga flattening le nkqubo. E0 - le Galaxy na ukumila bubufaneleka ungqukuva, yaye E6 - flat kakhulu.

core singalawulekiyo singangeni

Kuba iminyele okweqanda na NGC 5128 nenkqubo lekroza Centaurus kunye M87, elise Virgo. osemqoka wabo ukukhutshwa enamandla kunomathotholo. Izazi banomdla umbindi isixhobo beminyele. Neembono zezazinzulu Russian kunye nophando Hubble Space Telescope ukubonisa umsebenzi sezingeni eliphezulu lommandla. Ngowe-1999, ngeenkwenkwezi US ufumene ulwazi malunga engundoqo kumnyele okweqanda NGC 5128 (lekroza Centaurus). Kukho intshukumo rhoqo kukho izihlwele elikhulu olephuzayo igesi eshushu ehlabathini iziko, mhlawumbi emngxunyeni omnyama. iinkcukacha ezichanekileyo malunga uhlobo iinkqubo ezinjalo kodwa.

Systems ngokwemilo engagunyaziswanga

Inkangeleko kwabeMi udidi lwesithathu akukho wakhiwe. Ezi nkqubo emele izinto iimilo ingalawuleki wispy. iminyele mgaqweni afumaneka kwisithuba enkulu kwezinye azixhaphakanga, kodwa ukufunda kwabo kunegalelo ulwazi oluchanileyo ngakumbi iinkqubo yonke ziyenzeka. Ukuya kwi 50% ye ubunzima iinkqubo ezinjalo na irhasi. Ngeenkwenkwezi ukubonisa iminyele efanayo nge uphawu Ir.

satellites

Kuba iminyele emise okudodobalisa ziinkqubo ezimbini ekufuphi iMilky Way. Oku amadlelane akhe; izinto ezinkulu amaNcinane Magellanic Cloud. Ewe ngokucacileyo ebonakala esibhakabhakeni ngobusuku ikhweyitha esemazantsi. Uninzi iminyele akhiwe kumgama 200 000 ukukhanya-iminyaka kude, yaye ngaphantsi ahluliwe iMilky Way - 170,000 St. iminyaka.

Izazi basafunda ngenyameko nobukhulu ezi nkqubo. Kwaye Magellanic Clouds ndokuhlawula ngokupheleleyo kuba: kwi-satellite iminyele zidla wafumana izinto ezinomdla kakhulu. Umzekelo, Februwari 23, 1987 ezweni elibanzi Magellanic Cloud uqhekeza supernova. Of umdla ethile yinto nebula engcolisayo kunye Tarantula. Kwakhona ibekwe kwi ezinkulu Magellanic Cloud. Apha, izazinzulu baye bafumanisa kummandla inkwenkwezi rhoqo. Ezinye izikhanyiso okumisele nebula, kwiminyaka kwezigidi ezibini kuphela. Ukongeza, nantsi le onomtsalane eyafunyanwa iinkwenkwezi 2011 - 136a1 RMC. ubunzima bayo ngu 256 elanga.

intsebenziswano

Iindidi eziphambili iminyele ukuchaza imilo ethile nokulungiselela ngamasuntswana zeenkqubo isithuba-based. Kodwa umdla ngokulinganayo umbuzo yentsebenziswano wabo. Ngoko ke akukho mfihlakalo ukuba zonke izinto wasemajukujukwini sihamba rhoqo. Akukho ngaphandle kunye Way. Iintlobo iminyele, ubuncinane abanye abameli babo abunjwe enye enjengokudibana okanye ingozi phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini.

Ukuba khumbula ukuba zenza izinto ezinjalo, oko kucaca indlela utshintsho ezenzekayo ngexesha intsebenziswano yabo. Xa kungquzulwano ikhuphe isixa esikhulu wamandla. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba iziganeko ezinjalo kuba ngamandla kakhulu ukuba kwenzeka ubukhulu isithuba, ngaphezu kokuba intlanganiso leenkwenkwezi ezimbini.

Noko ke, asingabo bonke "unxibelelwano" iminyele kuphela yangqubana kunye neziqhushumbisi. Inkqubo encinci kucanda umzalwana wayo omdala, ngoxa lokuphazamisa isakhiwo sayo. Ngaloo Obumbe ukuyilwa, efanayo ngenkangeleko kunye mizila evuthelweyo. Ziye ke yakhiwa iinkwenkwezi kunye negesi, kwaye basoloko iinkalo kweenkwenkwezi ezintsha. Imizekelo yeenkqubo ezinjalo zaziwa kakuhle ukuba izazinzulu. One of them - kumnyele uqilikibhode kwi uMkroli uhlanjwa umlaza.

Kwezinye iimeko, le nkqubo akuthethi zingqubane ze badlule omnye komnye, okanye kuphela echukumisayo kancinane. Noko ke, kungakhathaliseki iqondo yentsebenziswano oko kukhokelela utshintsho ezinzulu kubume omabini iminyele.

elizayo

Ngokutsho imibono izazinzulu kunokwenzeka ukuba emva kwexesha ngokwanelisayo elide iMilky Way utshise satellite yayo ekufuphi kuwe, kutshanje qhuma inkqubo imigangatho isithuba encinane, ibekwe ukukhanya-kwiminyaka engama-50 kude. Ezi zifundo ziye zabonisa elide onomtsalane le Isathelayithi, kungenzeka ukuba iphele kule nkqubo ukuhlanganisa ummelwane wayo ezinkulu.

Yokungqubana - kunokwenzeka ikamva iMilky Way kunye Andromeda Galaxy. Ngoku ummelwane elikhulu esahlula malunga 2.9 yezigidi ukukhanya-iminyaka kude. Iminyele emibini ukuya kwenye ngesantya ka-300 km / s. Amathuba yokungqubana zobunzululwazi kuya kwenzeka emva kweminyaka neebhiliyoni ezintathu. Nakuba kunjalo, ukuba oko kuya kwenzeka okanye kancinci nje Galaxy uya aziyamani, namhla akukho bani owaziyo kakuhle. Ukuqikelela akukho data ngokwaneleyo malunga iimpawu zazo zombini intshukumo bezinto.

astronomi Modern izifundo ngokweenkcukacha ezi zakhiwo yesiqalo ezifana iminyele: iintlobo zeminyele, ingakumbi impefumlelwano iiyantlukwano zabo ukufana, ikamva. Kule ndawo, kusekuninzi ayaziwa kwaye ufuna ukufunda ngakumbi. Iintlobo lwesakhiwo iminyele ezaziwayo, kodwa akukho ukuqonda ngqo kwiindawo ezininzi, ezifana nezo enxulumene kunye nokudaleka. Isantya sangoku ukuphuculwa kolwazi kunye nobuchwepheshe, kunjalo, nika ithemba mpumelelo ebalulekileyo kwixesha elizayo. Kuyo nayiphi na imeko, kumnyele lingapheli ibe yeyona nto kugxininiswa izifundo ezininzi. Kwaye oku edibene nje kuphela ukwazi, ezendeleyo kubantu bonke. Idatha kwimithetho yesiqalo yobomi kunye neenkqubo inkwenkwezi kwenza kube lula ukuqikelela ikamva msetyenzana yethu iphela, iMilky Way.