Ezindleleni eziphambili conductive le umnqonqo

Ukulawula umzimba uphela okanye umbutho ngamnye, isithuthi, kufuneka indlela conductive ye umnqonqo. umsebenzi wabo iphambili imifino ukunikezelwa, wathumela i "ikhompyutha 'ukuba umzimba, kakade. Naluphi na ukusilela kwinkqubo yokuthumela okanye ngokuthatha ukubetha okanye uhlobo onovelwano reflex igcwele ezimbi kakhulu kunye nempilo ebomini.

Zeziphi iindawo zokuhamba ingqondo kunye umnqonqo?

Pathways yengqondo kunye umnqonqo bakhonza njengoko izakheko ezintsonkothileyo uvaleke. Xa besenza umsebenzi wabo waqonda isithembiso Iezothuso idaleka kwiindawo ezithile zenkqunto hina. Enyanisweni, lo pulses ke amaza kunyanzelisa umzimba ukwenza umnxeba ebuchotsheni. Amaqela amaninzi luvo ngokungqinelana iinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo ukuba conductive intambo endleleni. Ezi ziquka:

• izanya kwelivi;
• indlela associative;
• ameva commissural ayikokubambana ngendlela.

Ukongeza, operability of ababhexeshi spinal yimfuneko wedwa yokuhlela ilandelayo ngokunxulumene ngazo kungaba:

• motor;
• touch.

Iimbono ezibuthathaka kunye nomsebenzi lwemoto yabantu

Okanye iindlela sensory intsontelo ethe lomqolo nobuchopho njengento ebalulekileyo kunxibelelwano phakathi kwezi nkqubo zimbini ezona ezintsokothileyo emzimbeni. Bathumela i isithembiso wasenza ukuba nemibutho, imicu kwezihlunu, izandla neenyawo. umyalezo wangoko nangoko yomqondiso ukubetha - sibalulekile ukuphunyezwa iintshukumo ekuvunyelwene umzimba womntu yaququzelela, ngaphandle kokuba isicelo nawuphi na umgudu. La wathumela luvo ingqondo lingaqonda ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo ngaphandle kwebala, ingqiqo iintlungu, imo iqondo lobushushu emzimbeni, ngokudibeneyo kunye motility kwezihlunu.

Motor amakhondo yobuchopho spinal ukuqinisekisa umgangatho reflex asabela. Ukubonelela isithembiso lwemiqondiso ukubetha ukusuka entloko ukuya neziphelo kummango kunye nenkqubo reflex dystrophy, banikela umntu ukukwazi kwizakhono motor nokuzeyisa - nolungelelaniso. Kwakhona kwezi iindlela unoxanduva ngokuphembelela ukosuleleka neemvakalelo kwicala amalungu zokubonwayo eziviwayo.

Ziphi endleleni?

Emva kokuhlolisisa linophawu yokwakheka ye umnqonqo, kufuneka ijongane nesibakala apho indlela conductive kakhulu umnqonqo elise, njengoko eli gama bekumele ukuba luvo amaninzi amalaphu. Bona zibekwe izinto ezithile kubalulekile: hina namhlophe. neuron ezihlangene kunye neempondo spinal ekhohlo kunye zifaka ekunene, endleleni uvaleke ngokusebenzisa linki zinikela uqhagamshelwano phakathi amaqela amabini data.

Imisebenzi ye izinikezeli zezona amalungu oluntu ibalulekileyo ekuphunyezweni kweenjongo ngayo amasebe ezithile. Ngokukodwa, ezi umendo conductive ye umnqonqo ibekwe ngaphakathi vertebra ongentla intloko, ezichazwe iinkcukacha enkulu kunokwenzeka ngale ndlela:

1. uxhulumaniso ezokunxulumana - uhlobo "kwo 'ukuba uqhagamshele mmandla phakathi zifaka uthinte kunye kweziyobisi nuclei spinal. Kubume ifayibha kwenzeka ngobukhulu ezahlukeneyo. Kakhulu elifutshane musa ukuya ngaphaya ikhweyitha okanye uqabe isithinzi ebuchotsheni. luvo emide adlulisela pulses edlula kumgama othile ukuba lo mbandela hina.
2. indlela Commissural ukuba umzimba kunye nesakhiwo callused kwaye enze umsebenzi elalisandul 'ukusekwa khompawundi iyantlukwano entloko umnqonqo. Fibre entlahleni share eziphambili ezifana rays, nanzo zibekwe kweziyobisi spinal emhlophe.
3. luvo projektha ibekwa ngqo apha emqolo. intsebenzo yabo yenza amaza Vuka ngokukhawuleza kwi ikhweyitha kunye nokuseka unxibelelwano kunye nezibilini. Icandelo ibe zinyuka zisihla find umnqonqo kuziwa olu hlobo ifayibha.

Inkqubo nomfula kunye nezinikezeli nomfula

Wenyuka amakhondo umnqonqo babumba imfuneko zabantu ukuba umbono, ukuva, imisebenzi zeemoto kunye neenkcukacha zabo kunye neenkqubo ezibalulekileyo umzimba. uqhagamshelo data ezenza ezi kwisithuba phakathi ngxenye kunye ingxenye yokuqala kwikholam spinal. Ukwenyuka Umendo umnqonqo bayakwazi ukuba uthumele enye inkxaso ukubetha evela kumphezulu zomaleko ongentla sangaphandle kunye inwebu yangaphakathi, arhente ubomi inkxaso.

Kwelinye icala, esihla iindlela spinal ziquka ezi zinto zilandelayo kwinkqubo yayo;

• neuron Pyramidal (asuka kwi neuron, ngoko ndinalo phantsi, ngokudlulisela esikhondweni ingqondo, kunye nomqadi nganye ifumaneka iimpondo zaso spinal).
• Neuron central (injini exhuma phambi uphondo zifaka kunye amaxolo kunye iingcanjana reflex; kunye axons kwikhonkco kwaye kuquka imiba yenkqubo yoluvo nervous system).
• imicu Spinocerebellar (abaqhubi of kweqondo ezisezantsi lomhlathi spinal, kuquka nesinqumka ezingcakacileyo, lungu).

Umntu oqhelekileyo, hayi olulodwa kwizifundo neurosurgery, kunzima ngokwaneleyo ukuqonda inkqubo, nto leyo indlela entsonkothileyo conductive ye umnqonqo. Anatomy of the isebe ngokwenene na isakhiwo edidayo equlathe yokosulela umbefu ngokwentshukumisa. Kodwa ngenxa yomzimba wakhe sisaphila njengeyunithi eyodwa. Ngenxa kwicala kabini apho umnqonqo kukho indlela conductive ibonelelwa ngokudluliselwa nangoko neemvakalelo eziqulathe ulwazi ukusuka organ kolawulo.

Uqondisa nemizwa ejulile

Ubume iinyanda-luvo isebenza kwicala phezulu, into multi-sifuba. Ezi iindlela conductive ke kwakheka umnqonqo izinto ezininzi:

• Burdach umqadi kunye nomqadi Gaulle (kqendlela uvakalelo olunzulu elahliweyo kwicala elingasemva ikholam spinal);
• beam spinothalamic (ibekwe ecaleni kumhlathi spinal);
• Gowers beam kunye nomqadi Flechsig (indlela cerebellar ibekwe kwicala lwesi-).

iindawo ngaphakathi intervertebral ibekwe iiseli zemithambo-luvo degree ngokunzulu uvakalelo. Iinkqubo eyendayo kwiziza peripheral azaliswa ngokuchanekileyo inwebu kwezihlunu ifanelekileyo, imisipha, imicu osteochondral nezamkeli zabo. Ngenxa yoko, iinkqubo iseli pivot, ukulungisa ngasemva, ugcine indlela ukuya umnqonqo. Ngokusebenzisa uvakalelo olunzulu, iingcambu-luvo ngomva musa ukuya nzulu kulo mba zingwevu, yakha izintlu ngomva lialio.

Apho le Imicu faka umnqonqo, ukuba yahlulwe elifutshane elide. Ezinye iindlela umnqonqo kwaye nobuchopho zithunyelwa zifaka, apho kukho ngokutsha olukhulu. Uninzi lwazo ngxi imimandla ngaphambili kunye ngasemva convolutions engundoqo kunye isithsaba.

Oku kulandela ukuba indlela data lwenziwa onovakalelo, apho umntu uziva njani izixhobo zakhe izihlunu-articular, ukuba nalo naluphi na intshukumo okanye lokungcangcazela oyivileyo kwebala. Beam Gaulle, ebekwe tye embindini umnqonqo, isasaze uvakalelo kwenxalenye esezantsi umntla. Le Burdach umqadi ibekwe ngasentla kwaye lusebenza njengesikhokelo uvakalelo imilenze aphezulu ezinamathele ikhadi engqinelanayo.

Wazi njani ngobungakanani sensory?

Ukumisela degree uvakalelo olunzulu nangokuxabana iimvavanyo ezimbalwa ezilula. Ukuze uzenze kwisigulana ukuvala amehlo abo. umsebenzi wayo ukuchonga iindawo ezithile apho ugqirha okanye umphandi yenza uhlobo angenzi isindululo kwamalunga neminwe, izandla okanye iinyawo. Kunqweneleka kwakhona ukuchaza ngokweenkcukacha indlela yokuma emzimbeni okanye isikhundla wathabatha nemilenze yakhe.

Ngoncedo lwe ifolokhwe wasele ngenxa lokungcangcazela onovakalelo, uyakwazi ukuhlola umendo conductive ye umnqonqo. Imisebenzi esi sixhobo iza kunceda ekuqondeni ixesha apho isigulane uvakalelwa ngokucacileyo lokungcangcazela. Ukuze wenze oku, uthabathe ifowuni kwaye nqakraza kuyo ukuba uve isandi. Kweli nqanaba, kufuneka anxibe nasiphi na isikhundla ingamathambo emzimbeni. Kwimeko apho ubuntununtunu obunjalo iwela ngaphambili ngaphezu kwezinye iimeko, oko kuthathwe ukuba wabetha iintsika angasemva.

Uvavanyo kwi imvakalelo eyendawo kuthetha ukuba isigulana, ivaliwe amehlo akhe, ubonisa nje kuloo ndawo apho imizuzwana embalwa ngaphambi kokuba amthinte uphando. Isalathisi eyanelisayo kuqwalaselwa ngoko, ukuba isigulane amkelwe isiphoso ngaphakathi isentimitha enye.

Uvakalelo touch kwesikhumba

Ubume bale iindlela conductive ye umnqonqo ukugqiba isidanga ubukhali ulusu kwinqanaba peripheral. Into yokuba iinkqubo uvaleke ababandakanyekayo receptors esikhumbeni protoneyrona. Waso, limi embindini kwinxalenye ngasemva iinkqubo, sukela ngqo umnqonqo, khona ukuze esenzelwa ndawo Lisauera.

Kanye njengokuba indlela uvakalelo olunzulu, isikhumba ubunjwe nangendlela ecwangciswe kakuhle ngokulandelelana odityanisiweyo iiseli ezininzi luvo. Xa kuthelekiswa ne luvo pulses data umqadi spinothalamic sivela kwiziphelo asezantsi okanye ikhadi umntla langaphantsi kancinane ngasentla naphakathi.

Ulusu uvakalelo bahluka iikhrayitheriya ezisekelwe uhlobo isivuseleli. It is:

• ubushushu;
• thermal;
• buhlungu;
• ephathekayo.

Kule hlobo yokugqibela nobuzaza yesikhumba, oko ngokuqhelekileyo wadlulisela abaqhubi uvakalelo olunzulu.

Wazi njani malunga umbundu intlungu umahluko lobushushu?

Ukuqinisekisa inqanaba iintlungu, oogqirha basebenzisa indlela, naluviko lwenza. Kwiindawo ezininzi engalindelekanga kumguli ugqirha wenza ezimbalwa jabs ukukhanya kunye pin encinane. kufuneka ivalwe amehlo yomguli kuba sibone oko kwenzekayo, akufanele.

Umbundu limisele uvakalelo lobushushu kulula. Kule imeko eqhelekileyo umntu uba njengokungathi ezahlukeneyo kwiqondo lobushushu, apho umahluko malunga 1-2 °. Ukuchonga siphene zophendlo lwezifo kwi kophulwa umthetho nobuzaza eluswini, oogqirha basebenzisa isixhobo okhethekileyo - termoesteziometr. Ukuba akunjalo, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuvavanya ukuba ubushushu kunye namanzi ashushu.

Ezimbi ezinxulumene ne iindlela yamehlo

Kwicala emantla indlela conductive akhiwa umnqonqo kule ndawo, apho umntu ukuva into oyivileyo. Ukuze ukufunda imfuneko ukuthatha into ethambileyo, nokuthantamisa, enesingqi ukwenzela ukuhlolwa omhle ngokuchonga iqondo uvakalelo, kwakunye nokuqinisekisa lunwele reaction, ezifumaneka, njl

Izifo ezinxulumene uvakalelo eluswini, ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, cinga la:

1. Ukubulawa - ilahleko epheleleyo nobuzaza ulusu ukuya kwindawo kumphezulu ethile yomzimba. Kwimeko zokugxojwa nobuzaza iintlungu kwenzeka analgesia, kunye lobushushu - ardanesthesia.
2. Hyperaesthesia - zomzimba umva kwenzeka kwi excitation embundwini ephantsi, ukuba kubonakala gipalgeziya ukwandisa.
3. Into etyabulayo Misperception (umz, isigulana ixutywa ukubanda kwaye ashushu) yi dysesthesia.
4. Paresthesia - a mpawu disorder nto leyo ibe ezininzi, ukusukela formication ukukhasa, iimvakalelo bothukile nokuwela kwaso yonke eziphilayo.
5. Hyperpathia unawo ibinzana kunayo. Kwakhona badla zokoyisa thalamus, ekukhuliseni emnyango excitability, ukungakwazi ukuchonga ekuhlaleni esahlala, enzima imibala ngokwasengqondweni nasemphefumlweni konke okwenzekayo yaye impendulo motor ngokukhawuleza kakhulu.

Iimpawu Structural downlink abaqhubi

Ehla ingqondo kunye umnqonqo mizila ziquka iinyanda ezininzi, eziquka:

• pyramidal;
• Rubra, spinal;
• vestibular-spinal;
• reticulo-spinal;
• ngomva longitudinal.

Zonke izinto ngentla - iindlela mafutha ze umnqonqo, ezo amacandelo iinyanda-luvo ngakwicala ezantsi.

Indlela ekuthiwa pyramidal iqala inkulu iiseli ezifanayo nwebu engqondo, ingakumbi kwingingqi ye gyrus engundoqo. Kubalulekile kwakhona indlela cipande umnqonqo - lo, ingumbandela obalulekileyo nkqubo ngqo phantsi kwaye uhamba kumasebe eziliqela kasikrobana capsule angasemva. Kwindawo ekudibaneni kwe-Medulla kunye umnqonqo zinokufunyanwa inxalenye zomnqamlezo, kusekwe umqadi pyramidal ngqo.

Le tegmentum phambi indlela Rubra-spinal conductive. Qala ithatha ukusuka ngumongo ebomvu. Xa bephuma ngefayibha ayo bawela kwaye avavanywa umnqonqo yi Warhol kwaye i Oblongata Medulla. Rubra-spinal indlela ivumela eyenza ukusuka kwiCerebellum kunye ganglia Uhlobo Lokuqala.

Pathways komba emhlophe ye umnqonqo iqale ngumongo Deiters '. Akhiwe brainstem, indlela vestibulo-spinal kuyaqhubeka kwi amanakani kwaye iphela kwi neempondo zaso ngaphambili. Ukususela umqhubi kuxhomekeke sicatshulwa neemvakalelo ukusuka izixhobo vestibular ukuya luvo mafutha kwenkqubo yoluvo.

Iiseli umnatha we ukuyilwa gland iqala indlela reticulo-spinal ukuba lo mbandela ubumhlophe obusezintongeni umnqonqo saa kakhulu ecaleni besusa ngamnye kunye ngaphambili. Enyanisweni, oko kuthetha unxulumano ophambili phakathi iziko reflex kwenkqubo kwengqondo musculoskeletal.

Ngomva lungu longitudinal ibandakanyeka ngokunxulumene nezakhiwo mafutha isiqu ebuchotsheni. Oku kuchaphazela umsebenzi eziba oculomotor kunye nenkqubo vestibular xa iyonke. Le umqadi diff longitudinal ise kwalapho wesibeleko.

Iziphumo izifo umnqonqo

Ngoko ke, i umendo conductive ye umnqonqo zizinto ezibalulekileyo eziqhagamshelayo ezibonelela umntu ithuba intshukumo novakalelo. iindlela Neurophysiology data enxulumene awohluke ngesakhiwo yomqolo. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba spinal isakhiwo uthambo engqongwe kwimicu kwezihlunu, ngokumila zezindlu. Ngaphakathi izinto brainstem spinal iindlela reflex associative kunye neyezihlunu ukulawula ukusebenza kwazo zonke iinkqubo zomzimba.

Kwimeko apho izifo umnqonqo, umonakalo okanye malformation conductivity phakathi kwamaziko amabini usisiseko ingancitshiswa kakhulu. Ukuphazamiseka mizila engotini kumiwe epheleleyo yemisebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni, kunye nelahleko siyazazi.

Esona sizathu siphambili ukunqongophala Uhanjiso ngokwentshukumisa Ukufa kwalapho. Inqanaba nto inzima ukuphazamiseka Uhanjiso phakathi ingqondo kunye umnqonqo yi ukushwabana kunye nokungabikho koluvo kwi imilenze. Ngoko kusenokuba kukho iingxaki enyama yangaphakathi, ukonakala kwengqondo ezinxulumene ne lungu uvaleke. Umzekelo, yokuphazamiseka inxalenye esezantsi buti bear spinal ukuba ukuchama namathumbu iintshukumo olungalawulwayo.

Ngaba ukunyanga izifo umnqonqo kunye neendledlana?

wabonakala kuphela utshintsho sisiba mandundu phantse nangoko ibonakala iintambo yomsebenzi umnqonqo. ikhaliphe ingcinezelo kukhokelela utshintsho iqapheleka zophendlo lwezifo ebangelwe kukufelwa imicu seli zemithambo-luvo. ukubuyisela iindawo conductivity eyaphukileyo akunakwenzeka ngokupheleleyo. Isifo kwenzeka ngokukhawuleza kwaye iqhubela phambili ngesantya esiphezulu, ngoko ukuphepha ukungaqheleki Uhanjiso esinzulu kuba kuphela, xa uqala ngexesha amayeza. I msinyane oku kwenziwe, kokukhona kuya kuba amathuba engasayi zophuhliso yezifo.

Non-ukuqhutywa usisisulu iphecana spinal ezifuna unyango, lo msebenzi uphambili uza kuyeka inkqubo ukufa kwalapho. Oku kungaphunyezwa kuphela xa imiba othintelo eziphembelele ukubonakala sifo. kuwe kuphela ke ukuqala unyango ngenjongo recovery liphezulu kangangoko imisebenzi sensory kunye motor.

unyango amayeza ijolise ukuyeka inkqubo ukufa kweeseli zengqondo. lo msebenzi wabo ukubuyiselwa krovopodachi likhubazekile kwindawo eyonakeleyo ye umnqonqo. Ngexesha unyango amagqirha siqwalasele iimpawu ubudala, uhlobo nobukhali umonakalo kunye nesifo ukuqhubela phambili. Iindlela abaza kuzihamba ngakwicala unyango kubalulekile ukugcina zovuselelo rhoqo luvo ngokusebenzisa la zombane. Oku kuya ukugcina kwezihlunu eyanelisayo.

Utyando lwenziwa ukubuyisela spinal intambo Uhanjiso, nangona kunjalo yenziwa ngeendlela ezimbini:

1. Kwezithandani oonobangela ukushwabana uxhulumaniso seli zemithambo-luvo.
2. Ukukhuthazwa buti spinal lixhobise ekuqaleni kwemisebenzi elahlekileyo.

Umsebenzi kufuneka lwandulelwe axilongwe ngokucokisekileyo umzimba uphela. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa iinkqubo lizwe angakwazi luvo. Kwiimeko yokwenzakala kakhulu emqolo, kufuneka uqale ukususa unobangela ucinezelo.