Credit urhulumente

State credit - ezi ubudlelane zomnotho uhlobo, ezi zifundo apho urhulumente, abantu kunye nemibutho esemthethweni.

Amathuba isicelo urhulumente ukuhlawula iindleko zayo ukutsala imali simahla yabemi kunye Iziseko zoqoqosho kwavela lokusekwa kurhwebo kwezoqoqosho. Lo ngumongo credit karhulumente.

It luphawulwa ngetyala karhulumente zonke iimeko mandatory azalwa kulo naluphi na uhlobo abolekisa: lokuhlawula, serviceability, kunye nokungxamiseka.

Imfuneko engamandla yophuhliso olu hlobo unxulumano credit kuvela ngokwemiqathango ukunqongophala mali le mali. Ngoko urhulumente amathuba kumashishini unyuso kunye nabantu ngokusebenzisa nokuthengiswa zabo izibambiso karhulumente iqondo eliphezulu lokuthembeka.

Ixesha intlawulo mboleko urhulumente akakwazi ngaphezu kweminyaka engama-30. Urhulumente asebenze kunye obolekayo kunye nombolekisi kunye waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo ngexesha elifanayo. Kwiimeko ezininzi, urhulumente wenza kanye njengoko umboleki-mali. ngaphantsi kakhulu - njengoko nombolekisi xa unika abantu zomthetho kunye endalo-mboleko. Kwezo meko, xa ithathela kuyo uxanduva ukuzaliseka izibophelelo ukuba ukuhlawula imali-mboleko, urhulumente waba ngummeli wowona ulungileyo.

Imisebenzi engundoqo zenzelwe ukusombulula ityala yoluntu: ukulawulwa microeconomics; ulawulo Uqoqosho lwesizwe; umgaqo-nkqubo wemali kunye nemeko yezimali zeli lizwe; uphando Finance ukuba agubungele mali.

mboleko urhulumente ezi njongo zilandelayo: ulungelelwaniso iimeko zophuhliso lwezoqoqosho mimandla; ngezimali intsilelo mali; inkxaso koomasipala; Nceda amacandelo aphambili ezoqoqosho.

mboleko State owenza iqela lemisebenzi: accounting; ulawulo; ngokutsha (uhlahlo phakathi kwamazwe amanqanaba ahlukeneyo); elawula (ekuqinisekiseni isicelo inxaxheba iindlela).

umsebenzi karhulumente credit idla lancitshiswa emibini esisiseko eyile: zolawulo karhulumente. Ngawo umsebenzi mali okwenziwa ukuyilwa mali kwinqanaba engundoqo ukuxhasa intsilelo mali.

Iifom mboleko State, zombini asethi ngaphakathi nangaphandle. Olu hlobo ebolekisayo angabonelela izifundo karhulumente, kwakunye nakumazwe angaphandle.

Iifom zoluntu credit ahluka ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

- ngomxholo kobudlelwane kwamatyala (mboleko abekwe eqingqwe ngoorhulumente bakazwelonke kunye noorhulumente beengingqi)

• zangaphakathi
• ezoba;

- kwindawo yokuhlala okanye iirisithi

• yangaphakathi (ngaphakathi elizweni)
• wangaphandle (ngaphandle IBRD, IMF kunye namanye amaziko abolekisa ngamazwe);

- ukuvuthwa

• elifutshane (lungaphantsi konyaka omnye)
• eliphakathi elide (iminyaka emihlanu)
• ixesha elide (iminyaka emihlanu).

Ngomhla ingqikelelo ye-mboleko karhulumente inegalelo ngqo kwi ingqikelelo ityala likarhulumente. ukubunjwa kwamatyala kwenzeka ngenxa yokuba zokuboleka kunye nokunikwa kweziqinisekiso karhulumente. Ukukhula akhawunti ukuhlawulwa kweli lizwe kukhokelela ekukhuleni ityala likarhulumente, yaye vice versa. ityala likarhulumente kufuneka nakanjani kubonelelwa liSebe lezeMali karhulumente. ulawulo ityala likarhulumente lwenziwa yi-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali kunye Central Bank.

Ngokubanzi, ityala likarhulumente - kusisiphumo kwimisebenzi karhulumente yesigqeba lizwe kunye amaqumrhu asemthethweni kunye nabantu (zombini abahlali and non-abahlali yelizwe), imizimba esilawulayo kwamanye amazwe kunye nemibutho zemali yamazwe ngamazwe ukuze adale fund ukuhlangabezana neemfuno yezimali zeli lizwe.