Classicism kwi sesakhiwo Russia (iifoto)

Classicism kwi sesakhiwo Russia bubonakala XVIII kade kwaye ayenziwa de kwenkulungwane XIX ekuqaleni. Kwakuchume ixesha elitsha izakhiwo Russian. Kubekho iinguqu kwinkangeleko aqaqambe bobugcisa elikomkhulu, kwakunye nezinye izixeko. Okulandelayo cinga okwenza classicism bokwakha. Ingxelo kwi sifundo uya kwenza nje usebenzisa inqaku iziphakamiso.

Overview

Classicism lo imisinga yenkcubeko nobugcisa yaseYurophu. Kuye ekhokelwa ngobugcisa yamandulo, ingakumbi yamaRoma amandulo nangesiRoma. Njengoko indlela yophuhliso gqitha iimfundiso kunye neentsomi ngayo ezo zifumaneka ngamaxesha. Njengoko uncwadi Russian, xa classicism yakhe ngenkulungwane ukuba neyarok kwaye elifutshane. Kunjalo ke ngomculo. Noko ke, yobuciko ezininzi izakhiwo lakudala eRashiya bekusekho inzala ngasekhohlo.

iindawo Character: Inkcazelo

Classicism bokwakha (umfanekiso eboniswe ngezantsi) iyahluka ezolileyo ecacileyo isingqisho, ukuxhathisa kunye nokucacisa. Sithetha malunga olinganise ayilungiswanga. Ulingano imele umthetho engundoqo ukwakheka. Iimpawu classicism bokwakha sinezigaba kuvumelana iyonke kunye lonke. Ngokumalunga emnyango engundoqo isakhiwo, kufuneka zifakwe kwiziko yaye ngenxa nesezindlu. Kwakuthetha ejonge phambili inxalenye yesakhiwo kunye gable nemihlathi. Kulo mzekelo, i yokugqibela kufuneka ukuba yahlukile umbala eludongeni. Ngokuqhelekileyo, umhlathi waba umbala omhlophe. Iindonga zazimthubi. Ezi iimpawu eziphambili classicism bokwakha.

Inkqubo yokwakha: odolwa umbindi wesixeko

Classicism kwi sesakhiwo Russia waqalisa ivele kamnandi kakhulu. I-odolwa kweziko benkcubeko ikomkhulu yabalasela nokwakhiwa kwesakhiwo Admiralty. Le projekthi yaphuhliswa Andreianov Dmitrievich Zakharov. Umakhi omkhulu isakhiwo igqibe ukwaba kwenqaba engundoqo. isiseko Kuku cubic wakhonza umfutho ekudalweni nkqo ngentshukumo sokuqhubeka yayo. Yonke le yokwakha uba isakhiwo ngaphantsi ukuba kwivaranda ukukhanya. Ngaphezu koko kukho okukhawulezayo ukunyuka gilt inaliti kunye enqanaweni. Nethoni yelo yonke sesakhiwo isixeko kwi Neva wanikwa isingqisho umthendeleko sisemanzini le Admiralty. Isikhephe aphambukele mlinganiswa.

Classicism kwi sesakhiwo St. Petersburg

Phakathi kwinkulungwane XVIII, isixeko capital features a lomculo enye. Kwaba yinto efanayo no eMoscow endala kwaye wangcwatyelwa verdure ngamafa ezininzi. Kamva, oko waqala ukwakhiwa iindlela zayo rhoqo, nto leyo, efana kwimitha diverge ukusuka Admiralty. Yintoni classicism ephawulekayo eSt Petersburg bokwakha? Oku, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, izakhiwo ngamnye kunye ensembles lonke kunye iindlela. Classicism kwi sesakhiwo St. Petersburg ngobambana ngokuvisisana yayo, umanyano kunye nokulungelelana.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-Stock Exchange

Ekuqaleni le classicism ngenkulungwane XIX kwi sesakhiwo St. Petersburg waqalisa ikhule ngokubaluleka. Exchange phezu Mothers ka Vasilyevsky Island yaba ukuba adlale indima ephambili. Wayefanele yokuhlanganisa bands eziye abunjwe malunga kwicandelo ebanzi kumsele lomlambo. Thomas de Thomon, i ngokomakhi French ngubani ekuyileni i Exchange kunye noyilo notolo. A. D. Zaharov inxaxheba kuhlaziywe ii drafti. Zonke iingxaki ziye zisonjululwe ngenxa nokubambisana akrelekrele ezinobuchule nabayili. Le nkqubo iye bafana Neva esipilini. Ngokumalunga umthamo wesakhiwo yi exchange ngokwayo, incinci kakhulu. Kodwa ngokuzithemba endaweni yomphezulu elikhulu emanzini. Oku becala kuphunyezwe kumhlathi rostral neentlobo ezithile zokwakha. Isihloko bulawule element enamandla yenziwe kakuhle. Ngokukodwa, oku kubhekiselele imisebenzi omkhulu zincedise lomculo. classicism Russian bokwakha, ukukrola waqhubeka ukomeleza. Ukuqinisekiswa kule yokugqibela amanani namagorha Wayivathisa mkhumbi lwemilambo emikhulu kweli lizwe. Phezu indalo kwabo basebenza ngabafundisi abaninzi: V. I. Demut-Malinosky, II Terebenev kunye SS Pimenov. Ezi kunye nezinye obukhulu zakhiwo yamandulo Russian kwi ekunene abalulekileyo jikelele.

Sebenza kwi Nevsky Ithemba

Siya kugxininisa ecanda ephambili eyinkunzi yenkcubeko. Ngenxa ekwakhiweni Kazan Cathedral ithemba waqalisa ukukhangela njenge olunye lomculo bokwakha. Le projekthi yenzelwe Andreem Nikiforovichem Voronihinym. Hi ndlela leyi, uyise serf. A isampulu ukudalwa kaMichelangelo. Yeyona Cathedral of St. Peter (eRoma). Voronikhin wasebenzisa iinjongo zakhe. Ngaloo ndlela umsebenzi bokwakha unique zadalwa. Le ndawo, ibekwe phambi kwe-Kazan Cathedral, omabini la maqela ogqunywe nenkundla yayo. Saba liziko kubomi balo mzi. Kamva, kukho zabanjwa imiboniso kunye awanalo. Le ndlu yecawa ugqunywe uthuli M. I. Kutuzova.

Cathedral St. uIsaac

Yena ke yakhiwa iminyaka emashumi mane. Sithetha isakhiwo inkulu, elakhiwa kwisiqingatha sokuqala senkulungwane XIX eRashiya. Ngaphakathi ukuze abekho ngelo xesha-13 amawaka iindwendwe. Le projekthi yaphuhliswa Ogyust Monferran. Ke ukuba uyilo yomhombiso elingaphakathi nenkangeleko, ukuba yayihanjelwe P. Bryullov and P. K. Klodt - opeyintayo nomkroli, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Emfutshane ukuze yecawa iya kudibanisa ukuqina kunye amandla lobuzwilakhe. Kwakhona libhekisela manyano olusondeleyo iCawa Orthodox. Ukwakhiwa kwe yecawa uyingangamsha ngokwenene. Lenza yahlala ezingqondweni. Noko ke, umntu akakwazi ukungcikiva kubaxumi kwaye oxhasa a megalomania ethile. Oku kwakubonisa ukuba classicism Russian bokwakha baqalisa ukuba ixesha lobunzima.

izakhiwo eMoscow

Iyona Lubonakala hayi ensembles kunye nezakhiwo ngamnye. Ngokumalunga ekudalweni yokuqala, kwakunzima gqitha ukuba bazipha phezu ezitratweni egosogoso ezaye ngokoqobo ahlohla kunye izakhiwo zaphawula ezahlukeneyo. Emlilweni, owenzeka ngo 1812, ayikwazanga ukwaphula mahluko yabo yemveli weentlobo. Nangona kunjalo, lo sesakhiwo classicism Russian apha nokuba nako ukuzisa imibala eqaqambileyo. Emva kwaqhambuka umlilo eMoscow, yayakhiwe ezininzi izakhiwo ezintle. Sithetha malunga Board of Trustees kwi Solyanka, Arena, Bolshoi Theatre, njalo-njalo. Monument ku Minin kunye Pozharsky elimiswe kwi Red Square. Umbhali lo msebenzi Ivan Petrovich Marsov. Nomkroli uhloniphe izithethe classicism. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, abalinganiswa ovethe iingubo ngezinto zakudala. EMoscow classicism ayikwazanga liyi monumentality ezilungisayo efanayo St Petersburg. Yena waphawulwa ngokwezindlu lemizi yasefama ezincinane. Kunokuthiwa ukuba classicism eMoscow kufutshane elide umntu, oko obonisa kakhulu kwaye simahla. House Lopukhins - best Moscow sendawo, ezenzelwe ngale ndlela. Le projekthi bayilwa ngumzobi A. G. Grigorevym. Yena uza evela ngamakhoboka.

Development of imizi yephondo

Kuye kwenziwa ngendlela efanayo eMoscow. Urhulumente ndoqhayisa eziliqela amagcisa ezinkulu. Ezimbejembeje Classicism kwi sesakhiwo izakhiwo eSiberia zaye aba ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XIX. Ezi mpawu ziye kubonakala yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, omnye Cathedral Voskresenskoye Tomsk okanye eMoscow esangweni Irkutsk. classicism Kamva ekugqibeleni bya eSiberia. "I-White House" - enye indalo ilungileyo yokuqala, leyo kwenziwa ngale ndlela. Ku yakhiwa Sibiryakovs abarhwebi. Kamva waba yokuhlala irhuluneli-jikelele ngayo. Cossack Nikolsky Cathedral elimiswe eOmsk, ngokungqinelana ne projekthi womzobi odumileyo. Kumalunga Vasily Petrovich Stasov. Banner Ermak wagcinwa kule yecawa.

ixesha lobunzima

Iqale kwi 30 lwekhulu XIX. Bomhla wama babubone usenza intw ngxelo imbi izakhiwo kunye kwimiqolo. Oku kwakhona okhankanywe N. V. Gogol. Ngelo xesha, eSt Petersburg, wayifulela yi yokwakha izakhiwo zokuhlala. Kwakufuneka ukuba minyango ezininzi. Noko ke, ngokutsho izimiso classicism, omnye kuphela ikhondo eziphambili ebinokwenziwa, nto leyo ekufuneka zibekwe izakhiwo embindini. Imigangatho esezantsi zezindlu yokuhlala iyatshintsha. Baye baqala ukubeka koovimba. Nokuba apha, imigangatho classical ayikwazanga kuhlangatyezwane. Oku kwaba ngenxa yobukho iifestile ububanzi. Ngenxa yoko, phantsi koxinzelelo bezinto zokwenene zale mihla classicism kwanyanzeleka ukuba ahambe.

ndlela ezintsha

iingcamango Creative of nabayili baqalisa ukuba sisekelwe phezu kwemimiselo "ukhetho smart". Ayekholelwa ukuba sakhiwo kufuneka ezakuphumezwa indlela oko iinkalo nekwalungele injongo yakhe. Kodwa isiphumo sokugqibela kwakuxhomekeke incasa womzobi kunye neminqweno umthengi lowo. benani Manor waqala ukwakhiwa indlela Gothic ephakathi. Kule mizi kwakukho zindlu yeengcungcu, elihambisana zonke izimiso zobuciko entsha. Ngamanye amaxesha abathengi ndihlanjwe nabayili iimfuno ezingekho semgangathweni. Ngoko ke, lo wesakhiwo uyazibonakalisa windows umfanekiso. Ithuba yokuhlanganisa ngeendlela.

izakhiwo Kamva idume

The New Hermitage yakhiwa eSt Petersburg le projekthi, wayilwa ngumzobi waseJamani Leo Klenze. Unamandla Atlanta igranite ezaziwugadile loo myezo, uyilo nokuhombisa (style mihla isiGrike), kunye namalungu eseleyo - ngenxa yako konke oku kwenziwa umfanekiso onomtsalane yimyuziyam. Kamva, uNicholas Palace wamiswa. Le mibala of Italian Renaissance sele ezaqala ngokucacileyo. Ukuqulunqwa kwale projekthi yi-wezakhiwo Andreyu Ivanovichu Shtakenshneyderu. Interior imibono kwibhotwe luvelise ingcamango kunamandla. grille Dark ugxininisa nonyeliso baleka luhambo olusinga kuyiwa grand. Columns kwahluka ubabalo okhethekileyo. Kubonakala ukuba isiqulathi Kulula kakhulu ukuba uthembele kubo. Kubonakala ukuba sesakhiwo lizele intshukumo yangaphakathi. Ngokumalunga isithuba leri, oko uyandiswa phezulu kunye nobunzulu.

Igalelo uKonstantin Ton

Injongo yakhe wengcibi yokuluka ke imvuselelo izithethe izakhiwo yamandulo. Kuba iiprojekthi Iithowuni kwakhiwa ibandla-angqukuva ezintlanu kunye neefestile ezo zivaliweyo enhle. Wasebenzisa lokubhalela aseByzantium Russian. Zonke ezi zinto zidibene ne wolingano kunye zesi classicism engqongqo. Naye Ton wayengakwazi ukuhamba. Uninzi lo isimbo odityanisiweyo kwabonakala ngumntu kakhulu. Nakuba kunjalo, eneneni ukuba omnye. Isizathu - ubunzulu akwanelanga ukuhlola elilifa wezakhiwo yamandulo. Nicholas I kakhulu umsebenzi Ton. Umakhi lanikwa odolo ezininzi enkulu eMoscow. Big yesicelo Palace yakhiwa phantsi kobunkokheli bakhe. Kamva, kungekabekwa indlu ka Krestu unguMsindisi. zokwakhiwa wolula ixesha elide kakhulu. Kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba itempile wazalwa ngesikhumbuzo lokukhululwa lizwe ekuhlaselweni uNapoleon ngayo. Ngowe-1883, ukuba owathi ngcwele. Esi sakhiwo yayihanjelwe ngabafundisi abaninzi aneziphiwo Russian, phakathi kwabo:

1. Bemithi.
2. Casters.
3. Iinjineli.
4. Amagcisa.
5. Abakroli.

Kwakhona ebandleni liseke nelitye ibhastile apho amagama amagosa ezifileyo abalimele immortalized. Iqulethe ulwazi malunga zingaphi amajoni kwabulawa kwidabi ethile. Kwezi umonakalo ezimbejembeje immortalized amagama abantu abanikele imali yabo ukuze kuzuzwe uloyiso. Njengoko kuba ukumila eMoscow, ubuninzi imitha-nekhulu itempile enziwe ngokugqibeleleyo kuwo.