"Babi Yar" - umhobe UYevgeny Yevtushenko. Intlekele of babi Yar

"Babi Yar" - umbongo ebhalwe ngu Evgeniem Evtushenko, ngubani woma kuphela yintlekele ngayo amaxhoba 'udushe, kodwa owalela yayo epheleleyo amaxesha Soviet. Yiloo nto le mibongo iye yaba othile wokumelana-nkqubo ngoko urhulumente waseUSSR, kwakunye njengomfuziselo ekulweni ucalucalulo yamaYuda kunye cwaka Ngenkohlakalo.

Intlekele of babi Yar

Lethoba Septemba 1943 amajoni amaNazi wangena ikomkhulu eUkraine, Kiev. Kwiintsuku ezilishumi emva kokuba dubulo kwikomkhulu umyalelo waseJamani, owamenzela iqela yabanqolobi Commando, kwagqitywa ekubeni asole amaYuda. Kodwa ke, oku benyhwalaza kuphela, hayi unobangela woku kubulawa. Kwaba konke malunga umgaqo-nkqubo "isisombululo wokugqibela", leyo yenye yokuqala Kiev. Onke amaYuda ikomkhulu irhawulwe, athathwa ngaphandle kweminquba, kunyanzeleka ukuba basihambise nqunu kunye wadubula ebisenyobeni ekuthiwa babi Yar. Poem UYevgeny Yevtushenko malinikelwe kulo mcimbi ezoyikekayo. Ke malunga amathathu anesine amawaka amadoda, abafazi kunye nabantwana babulawa ngabom ngexesha usebenze kanzima. Nokubulawa waqhubeka kwiinyanga ilandelayo, kwaye baneminyaka sele amabanjwa kunye nabantu abagula ngengqondo, kunye luqalile. Kodwa ke ingxaki nkqu kule ububi, hayi kanye mandithi, hayi kuphela kuyo. Iminyaka emininzi, urhulumente waseSoviet wenqaba ukuqaphela ukuba iziganeko ezibuhlungu babi Yar yaba yinxalenye kohlanga yamaYuda - KwamaYuda Ngenkohlakalo. Yandothusa le mbongi.

ukubhala ibali

Evtushenko evgeniy Aleksandrovich eyaziwa exutyiweyo. ngobomi bakhe kunye nobuchule ukugxeka nendumiso kuvela macalana onke. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ulonwabele uthando abasemagunyeni, leyo yena ikwazizo eSoviet Union. Abanye ukuzama ukufunda phantse ngamnye imisebenzi yakhe efihliweyo iinowuthsi zoqhankqalazo kunye namacebo. Kodwa ukuba kunjalo, imbongi abanomdla isihloko nkqu kule minyaka yokuqala. Wayifunda umbongo Ehrenburg enikelwe babi Yar. Kodwa ke, njengoko kumiselwe yi-buvuvu yiSoviet, kwathiwa nto malunga ukubandakanya yesizwe amaxhoba. Baye ngokuba "abemi Soviet". Ke Yevtushenko, njengoko kamva wabhala wathi, kwakukudala efuna ukuba banikezele imibongo ingxaki nokonyanywa kwamaJuda eSoviet Union.

Ukuya Kiev

Ngowe-1961 Evtushenko evgeniy Aleksandrovich watyelela ikomkhulu Ukraine. Ungena kwi ndawo kwaye uyoyika ukubona ukuba kukho ilitye lesikhumbuzo hayi nje kuphela amaxhoba, kodwa nakuphi na ukukhankanywa kwabo. Kuloo ndawo apho kusondele abantu, wenziwa indawo yokulahla. Kwi indawo apho amathambo babulawa eyeke, weza iilori balahlwa udoti elizothe. Imbongi becinga ukuba ngokwenza njalo abasemagunyeni kwakubonakala ukuba bahleke shot. Wabuyela ehotele, apho egumbini iiyure ezimbalwa wabhala: "babi Yar." Lo mbongo luqala umgca into engekho kwindawo litye lesikhumbuzo.

intsingiselo

Xa imbongi ubona oko kuye kwaba babi Yar, yena uziva uloyiko. Kwaye ke ngathi Yevtushenko ngazo ngako konke ukuzeka kade kwabantu bamaYuda. Imigca ye umbongo bahlala ndawonye naye ibali eyoyikekayo ekuthinjweni nentshutshiso, kuquka eRashiya, apho kuphela watshica endaweni yokuqaphela sikhumbula aba bantu. Ubhala zaqalwa kunye amaxhoba yobuFasi kwaveza - olwa-kwamaJuda kuzo zonke sizifihla yayo. kunayo intiyo yakhe ke ufanelwe umatshini ezenziwe ngokwemimiselo wembongi mihla totalitarianism - it sibhekiswe besiqithi walo mbongo.

Ukubonakala lokuqala loluntu

Ukuze ufunde yokuqala Yevtushenko "babi Yar"? Buyela kwigumbi ehotele of Kiev ezi ndinyana kuqala weva Imbongi Ukrainian Vitaly Korotych kunye Ivan Drach. Bambuza ukuba bafunde umbongo ekupaseni phambi kwabaphulaphuli, eyayibanjelwe ngemini elandelayo. Amarhe kombongo weza kwabasemagunyeni, abo babezama ukuthintela intlanganiso imbongi kunye noluntu. Kodwa kakhulu emva kwexesha. Ngaloo ndlela ke udonga cwaka ukuba iye yavela malunga nentlekele babi Yar. Lo mbongo sele kudala lwehla ngo samizdat. Xa Yevtushenko ezifundela e Moscow Polytechnical Museum, ngeenxa isakhiwo isihlwele ukuba wasinda sabanjwa ngamapolisa.

ncwadi

NgoSeptemba waloo nyaka, "babi Yar" - Yevtushenko umbongo - lwapapashwa okokuqala "kwiphephandaba yoncwadi". Njengoko wavuma ngumbhali, ukubhala le mibongo yaba lula kunokuba ukushicilela kubo. umhleli oyintloko "Uqobo" kubonisa ukuba kungenzeka ukuba agxothwe, ukuba nesibindi ukushicilela umbongo. Sekunjalo, wenza ngesosigqibo ngqindilili ngokuzinikezela le ncwadi isikhumbuzo ngokuthinjwa Kiev yi yiJamani. Ukongeza, lo mbongo wapapashwa kwiphepha elingaphambili lephephandaba, leyo yatsala ngokwemvelo ingqalelo. Le magazini "Uqobo" yaba Njengokungeniswa kangangokuba zonke iikopi ebotshwa phezulu ngamini-nye. Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala amaphepha iincwadi ezisemthethweni eSoviet nabonakalisa uvelwano nentlekele yamaYuda, yaye waqonda ubukho nokonyanywa kwamaJuda eSoviet Union. Kuba baninzi, oku kwakungathi umyalezo esiqinisekisayo. Kodwa ke ngelishwa, oku akuzange kube njalo. Kwelinye icala, amaxesha kwakungekho kaStalin elide, yaye intshutshiso ingcinezelo eninzi nangoku ifumanekayo.

liyenza

Kucingelwa ukuba ekutshintsheni iziganeko Yevtushenko? "Babi Yar" ebangele ihlazo anomngcipheko kubunkokheli phezulu Soviet. Umbongo njenge "ideologically eziphosakeleyo". Kodwa amagosa kuphela urhulumente iqela babengonwabanga. Abanye ababhali kunye iimbongi lapapasha amanqaku, imibongo kunye namaphetshana nxamnye Yevtushenko. Babethetha ngothixo yokuba wenza intlekisa ukubandezeleka yamaYuda, ndizilibala izigidi Russian ufile. Khrushchev wathi umbhali walo mbongo ubonisa Ukungakhuli kwezopolitiko kwaye ucula ilizwi labasemzini kunye. Noko ke, "babi Yar", umbhali leyo yaba liziko zonke ezi enyundululu ziye zaguqulelwa ngeelwimi zasemzini. Ivesi zapapashwa lithi asixhenxe anababini. Ekugqibeleni, ezi mpapasho wenza Yevtushenko edume umhlaba. Kodwa ke umhleli we phephandaba, nayo umbongo, kodwa agxothwe.

Nentlekele ukudutyulwa amaYuda e Kiev kunye ukubonakaliswa kwayo zobuciko

Umzekelo Yevtushenko, owabhala "babi Yar", imibongo ngezi ziganeko baqalisa ukuba abhale kunye nabanye ababhali. Ukongeza, abo iimbongi ababhala ozinikezele ekufeni umqolo ngaphambili wagqiba ekubeni ukubamba ngakumbi kwabo "kuluhlu." Ngoko ke ihlabathi wabona ndinyana Nicholas Bazhana Moiseya Fishbeyna, Z Pervomaisky. Ngesi siganeko waqalisa ukuthetha. Ekugqibeleni, indawo eyaziwa kakuhle umqambi eSoviet Dmitri winky, inxalenye yokuqala yeshumi Symphony yabhalwa kwisicatshulwa Yevtushenko kumbongo. Kodwa iminyaka elishumi ngaphambi kokuba ezi ndinyana, weza nayo kuloo ndawo esibondeni, yaye wema apho eweni. Kodwa xa iindudumo nemibane waqhekeza phezu kwentloko imbongi emva kokupapashwa "babi Yar," waza wadibana naye waza wagqiba ukubhala symphony ezinjengezi, kunye neminye imisebenzi yombhali.

Yevtushenko, ngowokuqala ukuva umculo, woma yindlela kakuhle winky ikwazile ukubonakalisa iimvakalelo zakhe izandi. Kodwa emva koko, umqambi wawusebenza engxakini. Singers wala ukwenza i symphony kwimiphimbo (ingakumbi emva kokuba icebiso okukhawulezileyo abasemagunyeni ngoko Ukrainian). Kunjalo iphambili ndawo yabangela full house kunye ngentswahla bevuyisana. A cinezela ishwangusha cwaka. Oku kwakhokelela ekubeni eli symphony kube umboniso unwitting of ziimvakalelo nxamnye amandla eSoviet.

Amandla art

Ngowe-1976, endaweni yokomfuziselo kusekho ilitye lesikhumbuzo. Babi Yar ngelo xesha sele zigcwaliswe emva kwentlekele yendalo, xa idama yozigqabhuza, kunye necandelo labucala iphalale amanzi exutywe nodongwe. Kodwa kwileyibhile igama malunga amaxhoba Ngenkohlakalo uthi hayi. Le lesikhumbuzo kwanikezelwa kokutshatyalaliswa amajoni Soviet kwikhompyutha kunye namagosa. Kodwa sentlalo yalo kakhulu nangoku ezinxulumene umbongo Yevtushenko. Amandla zobugcisa wadlala indima. Le ke kwintloko yorhulumente Ukrainian wacela eMoscow ukuba zimisele ukwakha uphawu lenkumbulo. Waye wagxeka umatshini ihlabathi ingabonisi kakuhle ntlekele. Umbongo Yevtushenko akuvumelekile ukuba ukufunda esidlangalaleni e Kiev kude kube lixesha "perestroika". Kodwa ngoku kukho lesikhumbuzo kwisiqwenga babi Yar. Ukraine, ukuba inkululeko ezifunyenwe, wanikela yokomfuziselo isibane-menorah. Kwaye emangcwabeni yamaYuda kokuba ezenziwe ngezitena kunye Iizilebhu indlela lentlungu. E Ukraine yanamhlanje babi Yar waba ezintsonkothileyo kwimbali-sisikhumbuzo ngokubaluleka zesizwe. Isayithi ye-Reserve njenge epigraph wacaphula umbongo yi Yevtushenko. Xa kunyaka ophelileyo labonisa seventieth yale ntlekele, umongameli Ukrainian wathi ukusekwa yesikhumbuzo babi Yar Ngenkohlakalo kubalulekile ukuba abantu bonke, ekubeni kufuneka bazazi iingozi inzondo, ubandlululo kunye nobuhlanga.