Zokuziphatha therapy: exercises kunye nobuchule

Unyango Cognitive-zokuziphatha na uhlobo unyango okunceda izigulane siqonde iingcinga kunye neemvakalelo nezikhuthaza ukuziphatha kwabo. Kudla isetyenziselwe ukunyanga uluhlu olubanzi izifo, kuquka ukuba likhoboka, ukucalulwa, ixhala nokudandatheka. unyango yokuziphatha, uqeqesho, nekungoku ingxamele ethandwa kakhulu, ubukhulu becala ithatha ixesha elifutshane kwaye ikakhulu ijolise ekuncedeni abantu ingxaki ethile. Xa abaxhasi ukuphatha bafunde ukutshintsha nokuchonga iiphatheni ephazamisayo okanye etshabalalisayo yokucinga nayo ukuziphatha impembelelo yabo embi.

ziimbaxa

Njani ubengo okanye cognitive-yokuziphatha yonyango? Ukuba amarhamente le psychoanalysis ethandwayo kunyanzeleka ukuba babuyele nasekufundweni imifuziselo ezahlukeneyo kwingqiqo nokuziphatha?

UWilhelm Wundt, ngubani yasekwa ngowe-1879 e-University of kweelebhu lokuqala Leipzig ngenxa uphando ngokwasengqondweni, uthathwa umseki psychology zovavanyo. Kodwa kubalulekile ukuphawula ukuba oko ingqalelo bengqondo ngelo yokulinga, ukukhala kude bengqondo uvavanyo namhlanje. Ukongeza, kwakusazeka ukuba unyango ngoku ukhona umsebenzi uSigmund Freud, edume ehlabathini lonke.

Ngelo xesha, ukuba kwingcingane enokusebenziseka zovavanyo ziye zafumanisa kuphuhliso kwayo umhlaba ochumileyo eUnited States, bambalwa abantu bazi. Enyanisweni, emva kokufika apha uSigmund Freud ngo-1911, psychoanalysis unako ukwenza into nkqu iingcali eziphambili zengqondo. Kangangokuba kwiminyaka embalwa, malunga nama-95% of bengqondo eli lizwe baye baqeqeshwa kwi iindlela zokusebenza psychoanalysis.

Le bodwa kwi US ukuba unyango kwaqhubeka de 1970, ngoxa emva kwexesha kwizangqa ezifanelekileyo of the World Old kangangeminyaka eli-10. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba intlekele ekuyo i-psychoanalysis - ngokwemiqathango ubuchule layo ukuphendula utshintsho ezahlukeneyo iimfuno zoluntu emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II, kwakunye namandla alo ukuba 'aphathe "- kwaqala ngo-1950. Ngeli xesha, kwazalwa iintlobo ezizezinye nonyango lwengqondo. Indima engundoqo edlalwa phakathi kwabo, Kakade ke, unyango kwengqondo-zokuziphatha. Ukuzilolonga wena uphume kuyo xa embalwa ezama.

Wavuka kwangoko kwiindawo ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, ngenxa yegalelo kunye psychoanalysts abanganelisekanga kunye nezixhobo zabo ngoncedo kunye nohlalutyo, kusengqiqweni unyango ukuziphatha oluchukumisayo lasasazeka ngokukhawuleza kulo lonke elaseYurophu. Yena ngexesha elifutshane uye ngokwalo njengendlela unyango oluya kwenza ukuba kuphuculeke isisombululo esebenzayo iingxaki ezahlukeneyo iinkonzo.

Ukususela mzuzu sabona ukukhanya umsebenzi kaYohane. B. Watson on behaviorism, kunye nokusetyenziswa unyango yokuziphatha, kwaqengqeleka iminyaka mahlanu, kodwa emva kwexesha wafumana phakathi ukusebenza nonyango lwengqondo endaweni yayo. Kodwa ngendaleko wayo ozakube usaqhutywa senzeka ngesantya olukhawulezisiweyo. Yaba ngesizathu esilula: kwakunye nezinye iindlela ezisekelwe ingcamango yenzululwazi, unyango kwengqondo-zokuziphatha, imithambo inikeziwe kwinqaku ngezantsi, utshintsho kwavuleka, ehlanganisiweyo kunye ihlanganiswe kunye nezinye ubuchule.

Lufaka a iziphumo zophando olwenziwe bengqondo, kwakunye nezinye iinkalo zenzululwazi. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ukuvela iindlela ezintsha ngoncedo nohlalutyo.

Ngeli therapy isizukulwana 1st, nto leyo lubonakala ngokuba shift unyango olukhulu psychodynamic eyaziwa, kungekudala emva iseti "ezintsha". Baye sele zithathelwe imiba akhawunti kwengqondo ilityalwe ngaphambili. Ukuhlanganiswa therapy cognitive zokuziphatha kwaye isizukulwana esizayo unyango yokuziphatha, okwabizwa ngokuba unyango kwengqondo-zokuziphatha. Imfundo kokuba lubanjwe kwangelo xesha langoku.

uphuhliso layo luyaqhubeka, kukho iindlela ezintsha zonyango, ziphantsi unyango sele besesithathu isizukulwana.

Cognitive-yokuziphatha therapy: ezisisiseko

Le ngcamango luthatha ukuba iingcinga neemvakalelo zethu kudlala indima enkulu kakhulu ekubumbeni indlela yokuziphatha kwabantu. Ngoko ke, abantu bacinga kakhulu malunga phezu iingozi moya, iingozi umoya kunye nezinye iingozi umoya kuphetshwe yi intshukumo moya ezahlukeneyo. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba injongo yale unyango kukufundisa izigulane ukuba zonke iinkalo zehlabathi akakwazi ukulawula, kwangaxeshanye Kungathatha ukulawula ingcaciso yakhe yehlabathi kwaye basebenzisane nayo.

Kutshanje, unyango kwengqondo-zokuziphatha kuphela isetyenziswa rhoqo. Olu hlobo lonyango ngokubanzi akuthathi xesha lininzi, ukuze kuthathwa ukuba ifumaneke kwi abanye amakhambi. Empirically yangqineka impumelelo yayo: Iingcali ziye zasekwa ukuba lwenza izigulane ukuba ukujongana nezenzo ezigwenxa obubonakala ngendlela ezahlukeneyo.

ayini

Abameli British Association for Cognitive neetheraphisti kwesimo ziye zaphawula ukuba uthotho unyango esekelwe kwimigaqo kunye iikhonsepthi zisekelwe iimodeli ukuziphatha kwabantu kunye neemvakalelo. Ziquka uthotho enkulu iindlela ndahlukane ukuphazamiseka ngokweemvakalelo, kwakunye self-uncedo ubunakho.

Iingcali rhoqo, ezi ndidi zilandelayo:

• therapy Cognitive;
• unyango ngokweemvakalelo olwamkelweyo-zokuziphatha;
• therapy zemalthimidiya.

Iindlela unyango yokuziphatha

Bona zisetyenziswa ekufundeni kwengqondo. Eyona ndlela - kwanonyango esinengqiqo-oluchukumisayo zokuziphatha. Ekuqaleni wabeka umntu yokucinga ngqiqweni, ngoko ukufumana oonobangela inkqubo inkolelo ngqiqweni, ngoko kukho indlela ukuya target.

Njengoko umthetho, iindlela jikelele noqeqesho - indlela yokusombulula iingxaki. Indlela ephambili - Ukuqeqesha wemisipha, apho ubukhulu becala zisetyenziselwa ukuba balahle kwimiphumo ntshikilelo. Xa oku kusenzeka Izixhobo ukufunda ngokubanzi isimo zihlunu yokuphumla, kwakunye enombala okanye ive impendulo Kuvela. Muscle sizizolisa ingxelo kakuhle ngakumbi, yaye ke ngoko kubangela umxakatho.

Okuqiqa-abaziphethe yonyango: indlela yokufundisa nokufunda

Uthomalaliso yokuziphatha iye wasebenzisa imfundo postulate, njengako apho kunokwenzeka khona ukufundisa nokufunda yokuziphatha echanekileyo. YokuFunda imodeli bobabo ezibaluleke kakhulu kwinkqubo. wabagagamela iindlela ezijolise ikakhulu xa moya operant, emva koko abantu bakhe ukuziphatha zabo oyifunayo. Indlela ebaluleke kakhulu ukufunda ukulingiswa.

Isampula ngendlela ukulingisa endaweni nauchenii - umntu okanye umlinganiswa. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ilifa uyakwazi ukukhuthaza inxaxheba ngokomfuziselo okanye ezifihliweyo.

kusetyenziswa ngenkuthalo xa usebenza unyango nabantwana zokuziphatha. Uqheliso kulo mzekelo, ineenkalo inkuthazo ngqo ukomeleza ezifana neelekese. Xa abadala, le njongo isetyenzelwa inkqubo amalungelo kunye nemivuzo. Wawu (inkxaso therapist umisela umzekelo) xa impumelelo ithe yaqukwa phandle.

iindlela otuchivaniya

Odysseus kwi "Odyssey" kaHomer, ngengcebiso Circe (imihlola) wayalela ukuba alibophe ukuya lwemasti nokomninimkhombe ukuze ukuba bathobele nokucula kwakhala ukulukuhla. Satellites wavala iindlebe zakhe ngumthwebeba. Nge ukuxwaya yokubana therapy yokuziphatha buthathaka impembelelo, ngexesha elifanayo ngexesha eyenziweyo utshintsho ezandisa amathuba okuphumelela. Umzekelo, ukuziphatha kakubi, ukusebenzisa kakubi utywala, faka i stimulus aversive, ezifana ivumba, emetic.

imithambo yonyango Cognitive-zokuziphatha yahlukile kakhulu. Ngoko ke, ngoncedo lwe kwisixhobo unyango lwe enuresis, sizohlukana bedwetting - indlela yokuvusa yomguli kubangelwa ngoko nangoko xa amathontsi yokuqala umchamo.

ukususwa zindlela

Amancedo kufuneka banyamezele yokuziphatha asanelanga. Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba enye yeendlela eziphambili - into ebulala ngendlela basabele yokubola ekusabeni kube yinkqubo enezigaba-3: Uqeqesho zihlunu nokuphumla emoyeni, ukuqulunqa uluhlu olupheleleyo uloyiko, kwakunye alternation of uvuselelo kunye nokuphumla besoyikisela ukusuka kuluhlu ukuze inyuka.

ubuchule ngxabano

Ezi ndlela sebenzisa abafowunelwa olukhawulezisiweyo kunye nokoyika lokuqala zizinto isalamane peripheral okanye central ukucalulwa e zezigulo ezahlukeneyo zengqondo. Indlela ephambili - into Izikhukula (nokushukunyiswa ukubetha ezahlukeneyo usebenzisa namatheko okuqinileyo). Ngoko Client phantsi kwempembelelo olukhulu ngqo okanye nengqondo konke ukoyika kunokwenzeka nokushukunyiswa.

izakhi therapy

abantu bavame iimvakalelo okanye iingcinga, ezo kuphela ukomeleza nabo engalunganga ngokoluvo. Ezi nkolelo kunye neembono kukhokelela iingxaki ekuziphatheni onokuba nefuthe kwiinkalo ezahlukahlukeneyo zobomi, kuquka zothando ulwalamano, usapho, ukufunda kunye nokusebenza. Ngokomzekelo, umntu uziva kungekho yakhe, kunokubangela iingcinga ezimbi ngawe, ubuchule bakho okanye imbonakalo. Ngenxa yoko, abantu baya kuqala ukuphepha iimeko yentsebenziswano nabantu okanye bayeke amathuba omsebenzi.

Ukuze kulungiswe le, sebenzisa unyango zokuziphatha. Ukuphelisa ezi ngcinga otshabalalisayo elibi ingcali yokuziphatha iqala nge iklayenti ukufaka iinkolelo eziyingxaki. Eli nqanaba libizwa eyaziwa ngokuba yi "uhlalutyo esebenza", ukubaluleka ukuqonda indlela iimeko iingcamango neemvakalelo nga negalelo ukuziphatha asanelanga. Le nkqubo kunokuba nzima, ingakumbi iinkonzo unengxaki sobuchwepheshe self-analysis, kodwa ngenxa oko kunokukhokelela kwizigqibo kunye self-nolwazi, nto leyo zigqalwa njengenxalenye mandatory yenkqubo yokuphilisa.

Unyango Cognitive-yokuziphatha lubandakanya kunye inxalenye yesibini. Ukugxininisa phezu ukuziphatha kanye, igalelo kuphuhliso ngxaki. Umntu uqala beziqhelanisa nokufunda izakhono ezitsha, nto leyo ke isetyenziswe kwiimeko yokwenene. Ngenxa yoko, umntu onesifo likhoboka isiyobisi unako ukuyifunda izakhono ku lwisana uyilo kwaye uphephe kwiimeko zentlalo kunye kunamandla okubanga uhluleka, kwakunye nazo zonke ziphela.

CBT kwiimeko ezininzi yinkqubo egudileyo, ukunceda abantu benze amanyathelo amatsha ukutshintsha ukuziphatha kwabo. Ngenxa yoko, ukucekiswa loluntu ukuqala nge fancy elula bekwimeko ezithile zentlalo emenza inkxalabo. Emva koko uyakwazi zama ukuthetha abahlobo, abahlobo kunye namalungu entsapho. Akubonakali inzima kangaka inkqubo kunye nentshukumo rhoqo ukuya injongo, kunye neenjongo ngokwabo - ngokupheleleyo ukuzuzeka.

ukusebenzisa CBT

Le uthomalaliso esetyenziswa ukunyanga abantu abaphethwe kuluhlu olubanzi izifo - ukucalulwa, ixhala, likhoboka kunye nokudakumba. CBT igqalwa lweentlobo ezininzi kufundwa unyango - kwezinye inxalenye ngenxa yokuba unyango swi iingxaki ezithile kunye neziphumo zayo lula umlinganiselo.

Olu nyango nto ifanele ngabathengi batyekele anze kuyo. To CBT waba negalelo elibonakalayo, loo mntu kufuneka balungele, ufanele abe uzimisele ukuchitha ixesha kunye nomgudu ukuhlalutya iimvakalelo zabo neengcinga. anze kunzima, ngexesha elifanayo ngayo yeyona ndlela ibalaseleyo ukufunda okuninzi malunga ifuthe imeko lwangaphakathi yokuziphatha.

Unyango Cognitive-zokuziphatha mkhulu kubantu abafuna unyango ngokukhawuleza yokusebenza ukusetyenziswa amayeza athile. Ngoko ke, omnye iingenelo unyango cognitive-zokuziphatha ithathwa ukuba kuyanceda abathengi ukuphuhlisa izakhono ukuba kunokuba luncedo ngoku uze.

Uphuhliso ukuzithemba

Kufuneka wenze ubhukisho ithemba livela ezahlukahlukeneyo iimpawu: ukukwazi ukuvakalisa iimfuno, iingcamango neemvakalelo, ukongeza, ukuqonda iimfuno kunye neemvakalelo zabanye, izakhono ukuthi "hayi"; Ukongeza, ukukwazi ukuqala, sekugqibeleni aze aqhubeke ukuthetha phambi uluntu ukuthetha ngokukhululekileyo, njalo njalo.

Olu qeqesho ijolise neengcambu amaxhala zentlalo kunokwenzeka, ngokunjalo nobunzima ku Abafownelwa. neziphumo ezifanayo nawo asetyenziswe ukungahlaliseki kunye ndlongondlongo, ukuba wenze abaxhasi ukuba ixesha elide kunyango bengqondo, kunye yokudodobala kwengqondo.

Olu qeqesho kakhulu ukufuna iinjongo ezimbini: ukuyilwa izakhono zentlalo kunye nokupheliswa ukucalulwa zentlalo. Kulo mzekelo, sebenzisa iindlela ezininzi, umzekelo umthambo zokuziphatha kunye nemidlalo indima-ukudlala, uqeqesho iimeko ababanazo imihla ngemihla, ubuchule operant, imifuziselo zokufunda, unyango iqela, imishini video, iindlela ukuzeyisa njalo njalo. Ngoko ke, ngeli qeqesho sibe kwiimeko ezininzi ludweliso lwenkqubo ne besebenzisa zonke iintlobo iindlela ngolandelelwano ethile.

Kwakhona kusetyenziswa unyango yokuziphatha abantwana. kwiimo ezikhethekileyo zoqeqesho zadalelwa abantwana abanobunzima e abafowunelwa, kunye ukucalulwa zentlalo. Petermann and Petermann, inkqubo zonyango a compact, apho, kunye neqela kunye noqeqesho umntu kwakhona kubandakanya iingcebiso abazali aba bantwana.

ukugxekwa CBT

Ezinye izigulane ingxelo unyango kwangoko ukuze, nokuba ulwazi ngokwaneleyo irrationality esilula iingcinga ezithile, omnye kuphela inkqubo nokufezekisa ndahlukane oku akwenzi lula. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba uthomalaliso yokuziphatha kuquka ukuchonga iindlela data yokucinga, yaye ijolise ukunceda ukuze ususe le iingcinga kunye nenani elikhulu imigaqo-nkqubo. Ayakwazi ukubandakanya imidlalo indima-ukudlala, ukugawulwa, iindlela ukuphazamiseka nokuphumla.

Ngoku jonga ezinye umthambo ukuba ungenza ngokwakho ekhaya.

Progressive imisipha kuthanjiswa ngokwe Jacobson

Iiklasi zibanjwa behleli. Intloko kufuneka zayame eludongeni, wabeka izandla zakho phezu kwendawo yokubeka iingalo. Ekuqaleni, kufuneka umnxeba ukugogeka yakhe zonke izihlunu ngokulandelelana, ukuba oko kwenzeke inhalation. Kukufaka imfudumalo. Kulo mzekelo, ukunyenyiswa sikhatshwa nomphunga fast kakhulu kwaye kakhulu elibukhali. imisipha ixesha ingxabano - malunga 5 imizuzwana, ungakhathazeki - kwimizuzwana eyi-30. Ukongeza, ukwenza nganye kufuneka wenziwe 2 amaxesha. Le ndlela ogqibeleleyo abantwana.

1. izihlunu ingalo. Tsala izandla zakho phambili, beka iminwe kumacala ahlukeneyo. Kufuneka bazame ukufikelela njalo iminwe phezulu eludongeni.
2. Zobuciko. Inqindi kakhulu ngamandla. Khawube nomfanekiso-ngqondweni ukuba kukho icicles ngezinto bakwenze amanzi.
3. Amagxa. Zama ukufikelela earlobes kwamagxa.
4. Foot. neenzwane ukuba ukufikelela yee-ithole.
5. Isisu. isisu sakhe eyenziwe ngamatye ngokungathi ibonisa impembelelo.
6. Emathangeni, drumsticks. iinzwane Fixed, isithende avuswe.
7. abantu 1/3 avareji. Ukushwabana impumlo yakhe, squint.
8. Upper abantu 1/3. Kugxekwa, ubuso kumangaliswa.
9. abantu 1/3 Lower. Imilebe siphindwe 'nkawu'.
10. abantu 1/3 Lower. Iimbombo umlomo ngokuthabatha ezindlebeni.

self-imfundo

thina sonke nantoni thina sithi. Okwangoku ukunika imiyalelo, imiyalelo, iinkcukacha izisombululo ezithile kwiingxaki okanye imiyalelo. Kulo mzekelo, umntu uqale verbalization, nto leyo ekugqibeleni uza kuba yinxalenye yonke yaba nkulu zokuziphatha. Abantu bafundiswa imiyalelo ngqo ezinjalo. Kwangaxeshanye, kwezinye iimeko baba "kontrinstruktsiyami" ndlongo, uloyiko, kunye nabanye kwephulwa yokuziphatha. Kulo self-myalelo kunye neefomula okuyo asetyenziswa manqanaba alandelayo.

1. Ukulungiselela ukuba stressor.

• "Kulula ukwenza. Khumbula ezihlekisayo. "
• "Ndiyakwazi ukwenza isicwangciso ukuze bajongane nayo."

2. Ukuphendula njengasengcaphukisweni.

• "Lo gama nje ukuzibamba, mna ngokupheleleyo olawula yonke loo meko."
• "Kule meko, andikwazi kukunceda ukuxhalaba. Ndiqinisekile ngokupheleleyo ngaye. "

3. amava Reflection.

• Ukuba impi unresolvable, "Owu ukulibala iingxaki. Cinga ngazo - kuphela ukutshabalalisa ngokwalo ".
• Ukuba ingxabano ilungisiwe okanye ukufumana isivumelwano le meko: "Akuzange kubi xa bendinilindele."