UNobhala of State - le ndawo ngurhulumente eziphakamileyo kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini

Isihloko sikaNobhala of State ngokuqhelekileyo kusetyenziswa kulo lonke ihlabathi libhekisele kwizikhundla njengophakathi okanye njengophezulu kurhulumente. Uluhlu uxanduva namagunya akhe iyohluka, kuxhomekeka lizwe. Oorhulumente kwamanye amazwe ayisebenzi yodwa, kodwa oonobhala karhulumente eziliqela. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umntu ephethe le post, ephethwe yi-arhente engundoqo okanye arhente federal. Kwamanye amazwe, uNobhala of State - yinto ngumlungiseleli abancedisayo. Kodwa US kulo indawo yenye yezinto ezibalulekileyo apha kurhulumente.

Ukuvela isihloko eRashiya

Kwabonakala isikhundla UNobhala of State ngexesha lolawulo uCatherine II. Eli isihloko bhaso izithethi zobuqu omkhulu, unelungelo ukubhekisela kuyo ngaphandle kwemvume. Bona imiphefumlo kumkani wakholosa kunye bakomkhulu enze izinto ezithile zobuqu. Ukuba umlawuli wabanika imiyalelo yomlomo, uNobhala of State wavakalisa layo yabo enkundleni.

Ukususela Alexander I ku uNicholas II

Ukususela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, eli ngesiqu unikwa kuphela sisigqibo esithathwe ngqo iNkosi uPhilip. Abanini bakhe baba iindwalutho yoluntu zesigaba esiphezulu. Ngowe-1810, iBhunga State kuye kwasekwa kuBukhosi Russian. Oku kwenzeka ngaphakathi sikhokelo kubekho uhlengahlengiso melo karhulumente. Oku zazisetyenziswa amaziko ophezulu zakonosoveschatelnogo kweli lizwe.

Xa umzimba ezizodwa zeengcebiso yakhiwa UNobhala of State. Yaba negosa eligama noxanduva zibandakanya ukwamkeleka izicelo izikhalazo malunga igama soMhlekazi. Nguye lo mntu nempembelelo kwiBhunga of State, njengoko kuchaziwe uluhlu imiba phakathi kobuchule ziko. UNobhala State wayekade abancedisi zokulahla lawo elimisiweyo yi iingcebiso mntu inkosi yakhe. umsebenzi wabo ukuze esweni imisebenzi yamasebe zeBhunga State.

ulawulo Finland

Ayizizo zonke iinxalenye yoBukhosi baseRashiya waba status efanayo. Finland wayeyinxalenye nesakhiwo sayo, ngexesha ilondoloza kwinqanaba elithile okuzimela yasekuhlaleni. Kwakukho isebe eyahlukileyo ukulungiselela ulawulo kummandla kunye nobume okhethekileyo. Kuye okhokelwa wamiselwa umyalelo ombuso kaNobhala of State. Kwiimeko ezininzi, umntu abalungiselelayo kwesi sikhundla, zaba imvelaphi Finnish. A igosa likarhulumente, ababambelela kule post, ukudlulisa iingxelo zabo kunye neengxelo ngqo kumlawuli. Indawo yokuhlala kaNobhala of State leMicimbi of Finland waba eSt Petersburg.

Ababambelela kule sikhundla kuBukhosi Russian

Ngokuqhelekileyo, le isihloko kunikezelwa abalungiseleli, ukusebenzisa ukuzithemba kuphela inkosi yakhe. Ngokutsho komthetho, eyapapashwa ngo-1842, uNobhala of State wenza isihloko indawo umnini ingaphezulu nezinye amagosa isikhundla sakhe. Ngokwesiqhelo, le isihloko akazange afumane nabasebenzi bakarhulumente ephethe isithuba solungiselelo ngezantsi. Ngowe-1900, inani lilonke oonobhala karhulumente bukhosi iqeshe abantu abangama-27. Ngokomyalelo wokumkani, ibheji esikhethekileyo abanikezwa isihloko.

Kule Russian Federation

Le nkcazelo yakutshanje indawo yahluke gqitha ukusuka pre-revolution. In Russia namhlanje ebizwa State Unobhala uSekela Mphathiswa. Unoxanduva kukulungelelanisa umsebenzi umthetho. Ngokwe-UNobhala of State imisebenzi zikwaquka nokugcina ubudlelane kunye nenani kwamaziko karhulumente kunye noluntu. Indawo yasekwa umthetho karhulumente ngo-1994.

EUnited States of America

Igama ezisemthethweni US nguMphathiswa weMicimbi Foreign ukuguqula agama ukusuka IsiNgesi iyalila "uNobhala of State". Nguye ke intloko yesebe-nkqubo angaphandle kwaye amagunya ngaphezu noogxa bamanye amazwe. UMphathiswa Foreign ubekwa kwindawo yesithathu elinegunya amandla. candidacy bakhe abanyuliweyo umongameli naqiniswa yi iNdlu Yeengwevu.

Kwi-UK,

The State UNobhala United Kingdom - umlungiseleli kwikhabhinethi kwi intloko yesebe likarhulumente kunye elijongene ukusebenza kwawo. umthetho British ubonelela ubukho isakhiwo kwamandla karhulumente omnye kuphela esilolu hlobo. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa kwi-United Kingdom basebenzisa inani oonobhala karhulumente, imisebenzi abaphezulu zezinkonzo ezahlukeneyo.

i Vatican

The Holy See Unobhala karhulumente - oku yeyona ndawo iphezulu yezolawulo, nto leyo wavunyelwa ukuba ahlale i Cardinal of the Roman Catholic Church kuphela. Unoxanduva imisebenzi yezopolitiko ongunozakuzaku eVatican. UNobhala of State of the Bona oyiNgcwele ozakuthathwa yinkulumbuso lobunganga isixeko-karhulumente. Umviwa ngokuba isithuba abangooBhishophu onyulwe ngqo. Vatican UNobhala-ofisi kaRhulumente iphela emva kokufa okanye shela le Pope kunye ekuqaleni kwexesha "itrone esingenamntu".