Sezibalo Perelman uYakobi: Igalelo kwinzululwazi. -Waziwa kakuhle yezibalo Russian UGrigory Perelman

Sezibalo Perelman - umntu odumileyo kakhulu, nakubeni ke ikhokelela ubomi yodwa kuzo zonke iindlela yi-ndaba. Ukucikideka ke Poincare liyavumelana, wenza bayibeke phezu nangokomyinge izazinzulu mkhulu kwimbali yehlabathi. Sezibalo Perelman wala ezininzi amabhaso ezibonelelwa yi nezesayensi. Lo mntu waphila owayethozamile kakhulu kwaye ozinikele ngokupheleleyo kwinzululwazi. Kakade ke, ngalo uze uvule kuyimfuneko kukuxelela ngokweenkcukacha.

Uyise UGrigory Perelman

Juni 13, 1966 wazalwa Grigoriy Yakovlevich Perelman, a yezibalo. Nomfanekiso it kwindawo kawonke kancinane, kodwa edume kakhulu zithiwe thaca kweli nqaku. Wazalwa eLeningrad - likomkhulu yenkcubeko lizwe lethu. uyise wakhe engineer sombane. Akazange abe yakwenza inzululwazi, njengoko abaninzi bekholelwa.

Yakov Perelman

inkolelo ethandwayo kakhulu ukuba Gregory - nyana Yakov Perelman eyaziwa popularizer yezenzululwazi. Nangona kunjalo, oku elahlekisayo, ngokuba wafa ekungqingweni, nasekuxinweni of iLeningrad ngoMatshi 1942, ngoko ke kuba nguyise ka sezibalo enkulu. Le ndoda wazalelwa Bialystok, isixeko ngaphambili ekule uBukhosi Russian kwaye ngoku yinxalenye Poland. Yakov Isidorovich wazalwa ngo-1882.

Yakov Perelman, leyo umdla kakhulu, lwaba nomtsalane izibalo. Ukongeza, waba nomdla ngeenkwenkwezi, physics. Le ndoda ithathwa umsunguli lenzululwazi eyonwabisayo kunye ngowokuqala ababhala imisebenzi uhlobo loncwadi nenzululwazi ethandwayo. Yena ngumdali yeencwadi 'Mathematics Live ". Perelman asibhalele nezinye iincwadi ezininzi. Ukongeza, ibhibliyografi wakhe kuquka ngaphezu kwewaka amanqaku. Ke incwadi efana 'Mathematics Live ", Perelman ungaphakathi iiphazili zakhe ezahlukeneyo ezinxulumene kule isayensi. Abaninzi kubo ngohlobo lwamabali amafutshane. Le ncwadi ijoliswe kubantu abatsha.

Ngokunxulumene enye kuyinto umdla ncwadi, apho umbhali - Yakov Perelman ( "ucinga imathematika"). Trilliard - Ngaba uyayazi into eli nani? Le October ^21. ESoviet Union ixesha elide, isikali ezimbini ezinxuseneyo kusekhona - "mfutshane" yaye "elide". Ngokutsho Perelman, "ezimfutshane" lisetyenziswa izibalo zemali kunye izinto zemihla ngemihla, yaye "elide" - kwiincwadi zezifundo physics kunye neenkwenkwezi. Ngoko ke, trilliarda ngenxa abasakhasayo "elifutshane" alusekho. October ²¹ kubizwa sextillions. Ezi namaxolo ziyahluka kakhulu.

Nangona kunjalo, asiyi kabanzi oku ndiqale ugqithele ibali igalelo kwinzululwazi, nto leyo eyenza Gregory endaweni Isidorovich uYakobi, ogama impumelelo ziye ngaphantsi kwe uNothozamile. Hi ndlela leyi, uthando inzululwazi uGregory wabethelela ukuba nobizo yakhe edumileyo.

Mother Perelman kunye nempembelelo yayo ku Gregory

Unina sisazinzulu elizayo wafundisa kwimathematika kwisikolo sokufundela. Ukongeza, waba violin abanetalente. Kusenokwenzeka ukuba uthando yezibalo, kwakunye classical umculo uGregory wathabatha phezu kwayo kuye. Zombini atsaleleka ngokulinganayo Perelman. Xa kufuneka senze ukhetho apho ukwenza - kwi somculo okanye kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo zobugcisa, akaba nako isigqibo. Ngubani owaziyo yintoni eyayiza kuba Grigoriy Perelman, sagqiba ekubeni bafumane imfundo somculo.

Childhood sesayensi elizayo

Sele eselula Gregory abafundileyo ezahlukeneyo intetho, bobabini olubhaliweyo ngomlomo. Wayedla usindwa ootitshala esikolweni. Hi ndlela leyi, ukuya kwibakala 9 Perelman wafunda kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, kubonakala ukuba boqobo, leyo kakhulu kwi buthelezi. Kwaye ngoko ke umfundisi Palace of Vulindlela wabona indoda abatsha abanetalente. Kokuba asiwe kwiikhosi kubantwana abakrelekrele. Oku kube negalelo kuphuhliso iitalente ezizodwa Perelman.

Ukuphumelela kwi Olympics kweziqu

Ukususela ngoko iqala luloyiso imbali ye Gregory. Ngowe-1982 wafumana imbasa yegolide kwi-Budapest International Mathematical Olympiad. It Perelman inxaxheba kunye neqela besikolo Soviet. Wafumana amanqaku epheleleyo, isigqibo yonke imisebenzi ngokugqibeleleyo. ibanga leshumi elinanye e St. Gregory waphumelela kulo nyaka. Ubunyani inxaxheba kolu khuphiswano kangaka wavula kuye iingcango amaziko emfundo engcono zelizwe lethu. Kodwa Grigoriy Perelman wayengekho nje kuyo, kodwa iphumelele imbasa yegolide.

Akumangalisi ke, yena abhalisela ngaphandle iimviwo Leningrad State University, Mechanics kunye neMathematika Faculty. Hi ndlela leyi, imbasa yegolide esikolweni uGregory, Isimanga, ongayamkeliswanga. Oku kwathintela uvavanyo Physical Education. Uphelile imithetho zemidlalo ngelo xesha kunyanzelekile ukuba wonke umntu, kuquka abo kunzima ukuba nombono wam ngaphakathi kwipali uxhumayo okanye bar. Kwezinye izifundo wafunda ezintlanu.

Study e LSU

Kwiminyaka embalwa ezayo,-nzulu elizayo waqhubeka nemfundo yakhe LSU. Yena inxaxheba ngempumelelo enkulu kukhuphiswano ezahlukeneyo zezibalo. Perelman wakwazi nokuba ukufumana uLenin yokufunda ezidumileyo. Ekubeni waba umnini 120 engange - eninzi imali ngaloo mihla. Kufuneka ube, ngoxa baphila kakuhle.

Ndimele ndithi ukuba iMathematika kunye Mechanics weYunivesithi, ngoku ekuthiwa St. Petersburg, waba minyaka yiSoviet, omnye ezona eRashiya. Ngowe-1924, umzekelo, waphumelela V. Leontyev. Phantse ngoko nangoko emva kokugqitywa uqeqesho, wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel kuqoqosho. Le sesayensi saze ngokuba nguyise kuqoqosho American. Z Kantorovich, kuphela winner ekhaya yale mbasa, analamkela ngegalelo labo kule inzululwazi, waba matmeha uprofesa.

Ukuqhubeka nemfundo, ubomi US

Emva kokugqiba LSU Grigoriy Perelman wangena Steklov Mathematical Institute, ukuba baqhubeke nezifundo zabo iziqu. Kungekudala, moya ukuya US ukuze asondeze eli ziko lemfundo. Eli lizwe ibisoloko ingqalelo imo inkululeko ephelele, ingakumbi kumaxesha Soviet phakathi kwabemi belizwe lethu. Ukuze ubone iphupha lakhe, kodwa sezibalo Perelman, Akwasala namnye kubo. Kubonakala ukuba isilingo ukuba wenzeka aseNtshona kuye. Scientist kunjalo wayephila ubomi obulula, nkqu obungqabangqaba kancinane. Yena babedla isonka samasi ukuba kwehle nge iyogurt okanye ubisi. Kwaye ke, sezibalo Perelman wasebenza nzima. Ngokukodwa, wabafundisa. Scientist wadibana zezibalo nabo. Melika iminyaka 6 yena enesithukuthezi.

Buyela ku Russia

Gregory wabuyela eRashiya e kwiziko lweenkobe. Apha wasebenza iminyaka 9. Yaba ngeli xesha, kuba, waza waqalisa ukuqonda ukuba indlela eya "ubugcisa olunyulu" ndinobo bodwa, bodwa evela kuluntu. Gregory wagqiba kwelokuba kwahlukanisa ubudlelwane babo osebenza nabo. Le Isazinzulu wagqiba ukutshixa yena kwigumbi lakhe iLeningrad kwaye uqale umsebenzi omkhulu ...

ithopholoji

Akukho lula ukuba achaze ukuba Perelman ndizilingile kwimathematika. Kuphela abathandi enkulu kule inzululwazi ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukubaluleka zophando lwakhe. Siza kuzama ulwimi efikelelekayo ukuthetha malunga hypothesis awamnika Perelman. Gregory wasondela yethopholoji efanayo. It is a isebe imathematika, ngokufuthi ekwabizwa ngokuba geometry kwimakhishithi yerabha. izifundo ithopholoji iimilo zejiyometri ukuba ugcinwe xa le fom kruthu, uwenze, okanye nangengalo. Ngamanye amazwi, ukuba ngaba ngokupheleleyo elastically gqitha - ngaphandle splices, amanxeba nezinto ikhefu. Le ithopholoji ibaluleke kakhulu iinkalo ezifana physics zezibalo. Oku kunika uluvo lokuba iimpawu isithuba. Sithetha kulo mzekelo Kwakuba kuhambe engenasiphelo, nto leyo sanda, oko kukuthi indalo.

I Poincaré Iingcamango

Enkulu French physics, yezibalo kunye sobulumko zh. A. Puankare wazisa hypothesis lokuqala kulo mba. Oku kwenzeka kwinkulungwane yama-20. Kodwa ke, kufanele kuphawulwe ukuba wenza ingcamango, yaye zingahlanganiselwanga njengobungqina. Perelman wenza umnqophiso wam ukungqina lo mbono, baphethe kwenkulungwane kamva, isisombululo zezibalo, enengqondo manixolelaniswe naye.

Xa abantu bethetha kubume bayo, qala ngokubanzi ngolu hlobo lulandelayo. Thabatha ngerabha disc. Kufuneka ngokutsala ibhola. Ngaloo ndlela, uya kuba sphere onamacala amabini. Kubalulekile ukuba la manani achazwe we disc sele iqokelelwe kwi ndawo enye. Umzekelo, ungenza kulo rucksack batsale kwaye kuqhina ngentambo yakhe. Uphendulela sphere. Kakade ke, ukuze oko a-ntathu, kodwa ingongoma onamacala-ezimbini kwimboniselo lwemathematika.

Emva koko kuqala uqikelelo sele emile nokuqiqa kunzima ukubona umntu ongenamava. Ngoku kufuneka inike sphere-ntathu, ibhola, sanekiwe phezu into esiya kwelinye icala. sphere-ntathu, ngokutsho hypothesis - le into ekhoyo kuphela-ntathu, leyo zizakudityaniswa i "gipershnurom" ezingenzeka ngaxa linye. Ubungqina yale theorem kusinceda siqonde ifomu na indalo. Ukongeza, ngenxa kulo ngokusengqiqweni sicinge ukuba indalo kwaye kukho sphere-ntathu.

liyavumelana Poincaré kunye nethiyori Big Bang

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe kanjalo ukuba esi hypothesis isiqinisekiso e-worldwork theory Big Bang. Ukuba yonke i "figure" single, ngokwenene apho - ukukwazi ukutsala kuyo ngaxa linye, nto leyo ithetha ukuba kunokwenzeka, Yolule ngendlela efanayo. Umbuzo ngulo: ukuba ithe sphere, yintoni na ngaphandle iphela? Ngaba umntu imveliso yesibini ngoweqela umhlaba kuphela omnye Umhlaba kwaye azazi yonke iphela, ukuba ukwazi le mfihlelo? Abo banomdla, uyakwazi ukunikeza ukukhangela ngaphandle imisebenzi elinye yezibalo edumileyo - uStephen Hawking. Noko ke, loo nto ke kuthiwa kule amanqaku into ephathekayo. Makhe Ndiyathemba ukuba omnye Perelman kwaye yena uya kuba nako ukusombulula le puzzle kuya kuvela kwixesha elizayo, leyo beziva ngobungqola abaninzi. Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi wena Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu kuba nako ukuyenza loo nto.

I-Nobel Prize kwimathematika

Perelman akazange afumane eli bhaso libaluleke kangaka ngempumelelo yakhe enkulu. Strange, akunjalo na? Eneneni, oko kube lula wachaza ukuba siqwalasela ukuba ayisekho le mbasa. yonke ilivo zezizathu zokuba abameli Nobel ndayihluthwa kwale nzululwazi ebalulekileyo zadalwa. Nanamhla oku, abasinikwa ngeMbasa kaNobel kwimathematika. Perelman mhlawumbi ndakuzuza ukuba likhona. Kukho banentsomi yokuba isizathu ukulahlwa Nobel zezibalo sesi silandelayo: yinto emele inzululwazi wamshiya kuye umtshakazi. Njengalo okanye hayi, kodwa kuphela kokufika yobulungisa kwinkulungwane yama-21 namandla ekugqibeleni. Kanye ngelo xesha kwakukho omnye bonus ye zezibalo. Sixelele ngokufutshane ngembali yawo.

Xana Prize ye-Institute of zodongwe?

David Hilbert kwi-International Congress of Mathematicians, eyayibanjelwe-1900 e-Paris, wenyusa uluhlu oluquka 23 ingxaki ekufuneka isonjululwe kwinkulungwane entsha yama-20. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku kwavumela-21 kubo. Hi ndlela leyi, owaphumelela i-LSU matmeha YV Matiyasevich ngo-1970 bagqiba isigqibo we-10 kwezi ngxaki. Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21 ufana naye uluhlu zabuya kwi American Institute of Clay, eziquka iingxaki ezisixhenxe kwimathematika. Kufuneka ukuxazulula kwinkulungwane yama-21. Award kwesigidi zeerandi wabhengezwa isigwebo ngamnye kubo. Phayaa ngowe-1904, yena baqulunqe Poincaré enye le misebenzi. Wabeka phambili hypothesis ukuba isithuba-mbini ezine bonke ubuso bomhlaba-ntathu, kwinqanaba homotypic ezilinganayo ezi homeomorphic kuyo. Ngamagama alula, ukuba umphezulu-ntathu iyafana ngeendlela ezithile ukuya sphere, kuyenzeka ukuba alolulele ibe sphere. Le ngxelo yalo sisazinzulu ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba formula iphela ngenxa ukubaluleka kwayo mkhulu ukuqonda iinkqubo ezintsonkothileyo emzimbeni, kwakunye ngenxa yokuba impendulo kuso umbuzo shape wendalo iphela. Kufuneka ke ukuba eli lungu idlala indima enkulu kuphuhliso By.

Ngoko ke, i Clay Mathematics Institute igqibe ukuba bakhethe imisebenzi enzima 7. Kuba isigqibo ngamnye kubo wathenjiswa kwesigidi zeerandi. Kwaye apha livela lokubhaqwa eyenziwe nguye Grigoriy Perelman. Prize for Mathematics, Kakade ke, iya kuye. Yena kwaqatshelwa ngokukhawuleza, kuba ngo-2002 wapapasha impumelelo yakhe izibonelelo Internet amazwe.

Perelman wawongwa Clay Prize

Ngoko ke, ngoMatshi 2010, wawongwa ibhaso kakuhle yayibafanele Perelman. Prize ngezibalo kuthetha ukufumana zikarhulumente yayintle, imali leyo $ 1 yezigidi. Gregory kwafuneka ukuba naye ubungqina of theorem Poincare kaThixo. Noko ke, ngoJuni 2010, kwenziwa sisazinzulu linanzwe Paris inkomfa math apho wayeza ukuthatha indawo le ntetho yale mbasa. A July 1, 2010, Perelman wavakalisa ukwala bakhe esidlangalaleni. Ngaphezu koko, imali abulawe kuye, yena akazange, nangona zonke izicelo.

Kutheni sezibalo Perelman wala umvuzo?

Gregory wachaza into yokuba isazela awubavumeli ukuba ufumane million, ukubeka ezinye zezibalo eziliqela. ISAZINZULU wathi yena izizathu ezininzi ezifana ukuthatha imali, yaye akazange bababambe. Akazange isigqibo. Isizathu engundoqo ukusilela yamabhaso Grigori Perelman, a yezibalo ebizwa ndingavumelani nezesayensi. Waphawula ukuba ubheka isigqibo ngokungenabulungisa. Gregory Wathi yena ukholelwa ukuba igalelo Hamilton, sezibalo waseJamani, ukuba isisombululo kule ngxaki, kungekho ngaphantsi kwe yakhe.

Hi ndlela leyi, kamva nokuba wabonakala bhalo ngalo mbandela: imathematika kufuneka basoloko inike izigidi, mhlawumbi umntu kusekho nobuganga bababambe. Konyaka emva kokuba ukusilela Perelman UDemetrios Christodoulou noRichard Hamilton wawongwa Prize Shaw. Ubungakanani yale iimbasa yemathematika ezigidi zeerandi. Eli bhaso ngamanye amaxesha ibizwa ngokuba Nobel Prize laseMpuma. Hamilton bayifumana kulwenziwo ithiyori zezibalo. ke Kwathi yezibalo yayo Russian Perelman e eyayinikelwe ukucikideka i Poincaré liyavumelana imisebenzi yakhe. Richard wafumana le mbasa.

Ezinye amabhaso, leyo wala Grigoriy Perelman

Hi ndlela leyi, ngowe-1996, Grigoriyu Yakovlevichu wawongwa bhaso libaluleke kangaka ukuba zezibalo bevela kuluntu yaseYurophu zemathematika. Noko ke, akazange afumane nto.

kwiminyaka eli-10 kamva, ngowe-2006, i-nzulu wawongwa Molteno Fields ukuxazulula Poincare liyavumelana. Gregory wala kuyo.

Science ngo-2006 kuthiwa ubungqina liyavumelana, wadalwa yi Poincare, kanti sesona sisombululo konyaka zenzululwazi. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba lo msebenzi yokuqala kwimathematika, nto leyo yenze iimina isihloko enjalo.

David Gruber noSylvia Nasar ngo-2006 wapapasha inqaku elinomxholo othi ngezilingo bya. Ithi Perelman, ingxaki yakhe isigqibo Poincare. Ukongeza, eli nqaku lichaza uluntu zemathematika, kwaye inzululwazi ekhoyo imigaqo yokuziphatha. Oku thaca kunye nodliwano-ndlebe ezinqabileyo kunye Perelman. A lot Kuthiwa malunga ugxekwa Shintana Yau, ingcali yezibalo Chinese. Kunye nabafundi bakhe, wazama ukuba umngeni ukuphelela ubungqina Grigoriem Yakovlevichem. Kudliwano-ndlebe, Perelman wathi: "Oonyana bolunye uhlanga azithathwa abo abaphula ethical Abantu kwezesayensi onjengam -. Ukuba umntu bodwa".

Ngo September 2011 yaye akazange ubulungu kwi Russian Academy of Sciences, sezibalo Perelman. ngobomi bakhe lunikezelwa kwincwadi eyapapashwa kunyaka omnye. Kuwo uyakwazi ukufunda okungakumbi ngalo isiphelo yemathematika, nangona kukho ulwazi ndawonye ngokusekelwe ubungqina kubantu besithathu. Umbhali walo - ingqondo Gessen. Le ncwadi iqulunqwe ngokusekelwe udliwano-ndlebe nabo, ootitshala, oogxa osebenza nabo Perelman. Sergei Rukshin, Uchitel Grigoriya Yakovlevicha, wathi umsebenzi wakhe.

Grigoriy Perelman namhlanje

Namhlanje ke ikhokelela ebomini yodwa. Ngamandla cinezela ayiluhoyi sezibalo Perelman. yena uhlala phi na? Kude kube kamva nje, uGregory ndahlala nomama wakhe Kupchino. Kwaye ngo-2014 sezibalo odumileyo Russian Grigori Perelman e Sweden.