Lomhleli Ugunyaziso Norman: A Biography, iiprojekthi

Kwisicwangciso umyili isixeko ehlabathini namhlanje Foster Norman kakhulu kuthathwa lohlobo olungagqibekangaName hi-zobugcisa. kwinkampani yomnini lakhe Foster kunye namaqabane bathembele iiprojekthi umzi-yakheka kakhulu ingqiqo kumazwe onke amazwekazi. Le ngummi lwaseBritani intshatsheli naiprestizhneyshih kwehlabathi amabhaso: i Pritzker (analog Nobel isicelo lwezakhiwo) kunye Imperial (aphezulu e-UK). Germany imbasa umyalelo yayo ephezulu kuye endle inkcubeko "Kuba Ukugqwesa" yeprojekthi yokuba yotshintsho epalamente yayo. Wadala inani lamaphulo ukuba Moscow-City, yena naye ilungu Wawongwa i-Russian Academy of Arts.

Ugunyaziso uNorman uze impumelelo sibulela kuphela italente yakhe kunye nokuzimisela.

Qala umsebenzi

Wazalwa eliphezulu-zobugcisa classic-1935 e-Manchester (UK). UYise wezakhiwo sele usebenza kwi nkampani, silwenza injini umphunga neejenereyitha. Ngenxa iingxaki eziphathekayo yentsapho oneminyaka eli-16 ubudala ukuba kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphume esikolweni bafumane umsebenzi kowabo liSebe lezeMali. uyise Norman kaThixo waphupha umsebenzi womsebenzi unyana wakhe. Ukongeza kumsebenzi esisiseko, i sokoNdla oselula naye wayefunda nomthetho zorhwebo. Nangona kunjalo, umsebenzi ofisi engenanto kwi mfo uselula.

Nokuba ke, ngokukhuthazwa sokuyilwa eManchester, Foster Norman waqalisa nokuzotywa basungula isakhiwo. Omnye oomabhalane, oogxa wabona enye yezi imizobo, bacetyiswa ukuba benze uqeqesho bokwakha.

Noko ke, ukuphunyezwa kwe iphupha yokuqala kwakhokelwa inkonzo yonyaka omnye-kwezomkhosi British Royal Air Force, yaye kamva - imisebenzi iminyaka emibini eyahlukeneyo abangenazakhono: a yokubhaka, umzi-mveliso, ivenkile ifanitshala. Emva abapasa i-ndlebe, Foster Norman wathabatha umsebenzi kwiimvumelwano isebe wezakhiwo mlawuli-arhente. Ukwenza umsebenzi yorhwebo, waqonda ukuba ukuze ube wezakhiwo, qiniseka kwimfundo.

ukubunjwa

inkwenkwana eneminyaka eli-21 ubudala wanikwa Kwathi ukhuphiswano ngokwamasebe achaphazelekayo kwiYunivesithi yaseManchester. Nakuba kunjalo, isikolo akuzange ukufumana isibonelelo, enika ilungelo lokuba bafunde ngeendleko zikarhulumente.

Ngoko Ugunyaziso Norman imali ukuhlawulela izifundo zakhe kokusebenza iiyure ezimbalwa ngosuku, zonka, umthengisi kunye nonogada kwinightclub. Kodwa ukwenza kwimfundo UK akayi ukwanelisa ngokupheleleyo amabhongo zobungcali womzobi abatsha. ngezakhiwo itsala izilwanyana aphesheya ezinde. Ugunyaziso Norman yabamba ikhosi yoqeqesho kwi-US Yale University. Emva kokuphumelela, aselula yobuchule kunye nomhlobo wakhe neclassmate uRichard Rodgers wabuyela eBritani, apho kwabhalwa studio wezakhiwo "Team 4".

Ukuzalwa abaxhakaxhaka

Xa imisebenzi yabo yokuqala - ukuyila izakhiwo zokuhlala ukuze ayivathise ngengingqi ekhenketha eCornwall, kunye London yokuhlala lubalulekileyo "Mews House" - kukho nakubugcisa lisulungekile yamandulo.

Ukuhlala kwindawo uphendlo enobuchule, efuna ukuphuhlisa izimvo nendawo American bokwakha sokwakha, eli qela entsha udale into entsha uhlobo lwezakhiwo - ophezulu-zobugcisa. Kakade ke, inxalenye izimvo zakhe sengqiqo uqulunqe ngokomakhi entsha ulwalathiso Norman Foster. amacebo akhe kwexesha zinxulumene ikakhulu kwizakhiwo zoshishino. A yinguquko umsebenzi wakhe 1966 sokwakha seprojekthi, isakhiwo, eziyilelwe mveliso ukuvelisa iikhompyutha "Rilayens Controls".

ngokuvumelana ocacileyo izisombululo, sizibambe nondiliseko ukuyilwa kwalo kwisakhiwo esenziwe neyabo zithetha inkwenkwezi entsha kwinkalo izakhiwo. Kulo umbhali ngobuchule basebenzisa bayo ngesinyithi profiled, owenza kuphela indima diaphragms engqongqo, kodwa ke reflectors ukukhanya yokuqala, kundibanekela kubo elifakwe kwiityhubhu ezibengezelayo. Esi sakhiwo yaba projekthi yokugqibela "Amaqela Ezine", nto leyo wadalwa ngentsebenziswano ne Richard Rogers, ngokomakhi uNorman Foster.

Amafoto yale indalo ibonisa ngokucacileyo ukuba nobuchule abayili bayo, uzive ukhululekile ukusebenzisa ekwakhiweni a unangoku yabo- zezibonelelo kunye nezakhiwo, ndlela wenza ukutyhilwa lokuqala umqulu lwangaphakathi isithuba, ngexesha lofundo lwefacade ezizodwa kunye ultramodern. Akuzange umsebenzi seengcibi. Yenziwe ngu nabayili indalo uthetha ukuba ngokwayo; kwi nakubugcisa ehlabathini wazalwa isimbo esitsha - high-zobugcisa.

inkampani Own, izimvo zabo

Kwabonakala kubo bonke yaba revolution ekwakheni imigaqo zokwakha iqalwa Norman Foster. Iiprojekthi hi-zobugcisa uya kutshintshwa kuze kufakwe post-and-nomqadi iinkqubo kumaziko eqhelekileyo kwi ezichazayo-span "ezidadayo" design yecandelo. Bona bazibalula abakugwayimbo ekuyileni isipili lwefacade ngezitena kunye, Kakade ke, imigaqo entsha kweentambo zonxibelelwano. Ngokwangaphandle, lo lwezakhiwo kudala banenkolelo surreal.

Ngowe-1967, neziseko ngokomakhi inkampani yabucala yakhe "Foster and Partners", apho ukuya ku 1983 (ukuya ukufa iqabane) lisebenza ngokubambisana kunye wezakhiwo odumileyo Buckminster yomsuki weengubo. iqabane New odumileyo indalo Foster kaThixo bobugcisa uphahla esiphelweni ukukhanya ukwazi ezisisiphumo izithuba emikhulu yasezidolophini kwaye amathuba okuba kwasendaweni kwamabala multi-injongo ngamnye microclimate izimele inkxaso.

High-Tech, iye yafumana imibulelo ezichazayo ngakumbi ukugqibelela, wagxininisa amajukujuku ezintle, lubonakaliswa kwi London kwizibuko ezithwala station "Fred ekusen Center" (1967), xa isakhiwo "Willy Faber kunye Dyuma" (Ipswich, 1974)

Isakhiwo isikhonkwane elandelayo, okunyusileyo udumo ngamazwe wezakhiwo, waba Centre Sainsbury, eyakhiwe kwimpuma eBritani ngowe-1977 e-University. mbono Foster kaThixo - ukuze zimanyane phantsi kophahla olunye zahluke ngokupheleleyo kwiinkalo zabo nabasebenzayo: imyuziyam, indawo yokutyela, iyunivesithi ngokwayo, isitiya ubusika waba yimpumelelo.

Mhlawumbi nale ngcamango ixesha kolundi utshintsho kwinkampani bokwakha. Ngokwemiyalelo zabatyali-mali zabucala azizityebi baqalisa ukuba Norman Foster zokwakha. 10 Olungileyo kubo esilishumayelayo kweli nqaku. Building, ukudalwa apho utyalo italente yakhe kwaye umphefumlo, ngoku yinxalenye yomhlaba ezisezidolophini kwizixeko ezininzi. Masiqalise uhambo lwethu yenyani.

London: isakhiwo-cucumber

izakhiwo Nedlac ukuba Londoners kuyenza bit uburharha ebizwa ngokuba "gherkin inkanuko" okanye "isiga sexy." Kodwa ke amaxesha amaninzi sorokaetazhnoe Isakhiwo kwikomkhulu Swiss inkampani yeinshorensi Swiss Re, ngasendleleni, omnye nje enkulu ehlabathini, ebizwa i "Gherkin" (The Gherkin). Waye umthetho, njengoko boyika, imbonakalo zokwakha kwikomkhulu yaseBritani, ngokugqibeleleyo angena kuyo. Amawakawaka abasebenzi ofisi ukusebenza apha. Amarestjurandi nemivalo afumaneka kumgangatho ophezulu nokudalwa zamaNgesi.

New York: Tower uHorst

Hearst Corporation media bukhosi kuloo mzi, apho abahlali esiyibiza "Big Apple", wafumana isipho esivela Foster. umyili yeprojekthi kuzakuthathwa uhlaziyo ubugcisa lolwakhiwo ixesha elide yasekuhlaleni. Ngenxa elandelayo engama-30 le-Great Depression, America emkhenkceni, uze emva koko uyeke ukwakhiwa umqadi egcwele iphepha zakudala, elinganisela ekubekeni isiseko kunye nemigangatho aphantsi.

Ngaphezu kubo, uNorman Voster wamisa iiphaneli iglasi ehlwahlwazayo inqaba ezibunxantathu ergonomic iiwindow ingxilimbela zeglasi vehicles apho abasebenzi eyaziwa abavakalisi Cosmopoltan "kunye Esquire asebenza ngoku. Yazi-njani womzobi kukuba ekwakheni eluhlaza: luphetshethwa flow bakhe bemvelo umoya esetyenziselwa umoya nemvula yawo amanzi wawa phezu kwendlu; - kuba iinkqubo umoya kunye ukunkcenkceshela izityalo.

France Bridge "Viaduct Villot"

Esi sakhiwo, ngaphezu ukuphakama odumileyo Eiffel Tower, uNorman Foster ajoyine iiprojekthi zabo (phezulu 10). Iifoto kwebhulorho phezu Tarn uMlambo, kukunaba kumazantsi eFransi ukuya eSpeyin, ibonisa ubunjalo ingcamango yoyilo. Ibhulorho phakathi kwamazwe kuchaphazela iintsika emide usapho, ukusuka indlela, benza triple anticorrosion ngeso lenyama. Akazange sisothula baphathwa kwemikrozo yeemoto rhoqo umendo A-75, kodwa nomtsalane kubakhenkethi ezininzi, waba nal ezaziwayo-kakuhle bobugcisa France.

London yezemidlalo "Wembley"

Le inkulu umhla wenkundla ehlabathini, ukudala umfanekiso yale mihla owome isandla e Norman Foster, wasamkela ababukeli bayo yokuqala ngo-2007. Enkundleni football cishe, esaphuma yelizwe kwifomu yalo mihla ithatha ukuya ku-90 amawaka ababukeli! Lomhleli Ilula walumkisa ithuba zimxinile (ngokuqhelekileyo ezenzeka kwi ugwebu kunye lokuphuma kwibala.) Abantu mu bumi kuza nge escalators, ukuba ubude ewonke ayi-400. Eyona iphambili yale projekthi iArch ubuncwane-130 eemitha ubude, ukuxhasa uphahla ongulo kwisibonelelo kwezemidlalo. Elivuthayo Triomphe ebusuku ebonakalayo kuzo zonke iindawo London.

Loo isakhiwo uphahla kubalulekile zonakekelo nengca. Ngenxa ilanga yendalo ifikelela inkathalo efanelekileyo ingca kwelo bala.

Germany. EBerlin. Reichstag

Kwesi sakhiwo, ngaphandle ubaxo, zama ukufumana zonke iindwendwe of Berlin. Owayesakuba Reichstag, ngoku ekuthiwa Bundestag, ngaphandle ezinika yembali, waba umqondiso omkhulu-zobugcisa. Ophumelele kule minyaka-90 kukhuphiswano yokwakha ngokutsha Norman Foster uye walungiselela nje ukwakhiwa yeNdibano Federal (Bundestag) iglasi nkundla ngokubonelela degree-360 umzi - intliziyo eJamani, kodwa wenza ngokutsha esisiseko umthamo zayo. Ngokuhlala iqokobhe yayinjalo zangaphandle lwesakhiwo womzobi sele kudale haytekovskogo bume lwangaphakathi ezizodwa. Oku kuphunyezwa ngoncedo panels mihla kunye nezakhiwo nensimbi. Bright, ilitye zendalo ngekhonkrithi nokuhombisa kukunika ndawo mihla le Bundestag ngaxeshanye imbonakalo magingxigingxi yaye ergonomic.

Kazakhstan. Astana. "Khan Shatyr"

Ingaba ucinga nayiphi wezakhiwo wamisa intente likhulu ehlabathini? Lo mbuzo buciko. Esi sakhiwo ihlanganisa indawo enkulu zebhola 10. uphahla esahlukileyo ngabom ngokohlobo ikhowuni ethile elibhalwe ngokumileyo. yokuvelela lwayo - kule asymmetry (womzobi waboleka ingcamango Art Nouveau). Amawaka iintambo, eqwalasele kuyo isandla, ngexesha ulwakhiwo inqaba ngexesha elifanayo ndakutywina 650 climbers mveliso. kanye Ulwakhiwo lwesakhiwo ngathi show!

Ngaphakathi kule izibonelelo haytekovskogo ofanelekileyo inkulu evenkileni kunye nokuzonwabisa iziko Kazakhstan i-qhu zokutyela, iivenkile, iivenkile, kwiiklabhu, zokubukela.

Noko ke, lwentando "Khan Shatyr" kunento emathafeni kwilizwe echibini yangaphakathi ukuya elunxwemeni (esanti ukutyabeka apho iifayile ezisetyenziswa kwentlabathi odumileyo emhlophe mlilo ukusuka Maldives).

Ulinganiso lweenkcukacha. London. Airport "Stansted"

Uyilo ongengowale ndalo, eyakhiwa umgama ngeekhilomitha-50 ukusuka eLondon, Nkosi Foster waba kwakhona yokuqala. Waqale wayigatya yonke izimiso classical zolwakhiwo maziko. main Umgaqo yakhe yokudala - alula ezinzima - kubonakaliswa kwakhona ngokwayo ngokupheleleyo. Unique mirror kophahla terminal exhaswa yi-sikhokelo ipipi amacandelo, imisele afana iphiramidi omfusa ikhusela isalinde Emvula yendalo. Ngu uphalaze isakhiwo moya omelene mihla, ngokungathi enkulu iglasi cube haytekovsky.

Ulinganiso lweenkcukacha. Boston. Museum of Arts Fine

Liyanda inani imiboniso ye-museum inkulu eBritani udale ingxaki. Ayisendim ngokwaneleyo ezikhoyo isithuba ukulungiselela kubo. Ukunceda linqakraziwe Baron Foster. Kulo mzekelo, oko kukuthi, ngaphandle utshintsho kwimpahla ekhoyo esiqingqiweyo se-museum, wakha mihla isakhiwo eliphangaleleyo ezine-storeyed, nto leyo eyabangela yonke Ukucaciswa Art yaseMelika. Isithuba ngxaki ezivunywe imyuziyam iminyaka emininzi.

Germany. Frankfurt. "Commerzbank Tower"

To Frankfurt le sakhiwo sibaluleke bokwakha, ezifana kwiNqaba London okanye Eiffel Tower for eParis. Ngamafutshane, oku nekhadi lebhizinisi yesixeko. intengiso egqiba Unique ezingoonxantathu ukuphumeza umba wokwakha yaseYurophu kokusingqongileyo. Ngaphakathi ngayo imigangatho emine siba ezizodwa iigadi utyelwe: kwiMeditera, i-North America, Asia. Abantu aba kwisakhiwo, ibekwe ngendlela eyodwa yendalo esingqongileyo-haytekovskogo.

siphila kwixesha elizayo

Ngokuqinisekileyo njengelinye labazobi ezininzi umdla ixesha yethu Norman Foster. Iiprojekthi, izicwangciso ncam British ukusuka sesakhiwo ngaphambi kwexesha. Yena ngumsunguli kunye olululo ekubumbeni imbonakalo yokwakha izixeko kwihlabathi jikelele. inkampani wezakhiwo "Foster kunye Partners" yakha rhoqo isakhiwo bemiqondiso kunye ekhethekileyo eYurophu, kwi Yehlabathi Elitsha, e-Asia. Akumangalisi ke, emva kokuba ukwakhiwa kwawo awunakucwangcisa umphakamo architecture bar ubude, babe iingongoma yophuhliso zokwakha lanamhlanje izixeko nemimandla.

Yena yingqondi. izakhiwo zakhe ezifanelekileyo kwiimeko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo, nokuba yotshintsho wesakhiwo karhulumente okanye sokuphuculwa yokwakha ethandwayo, ulwakhiwo yokuthenga mall sengqiqo okanye ekujoliswe kweziseko zophuhliso lwedolophu: ibhulorho okanye moya.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, sele eziphumezile iiprojekthi kumazwe-22. Njengokuba umphathi jikelele yenkampani yimpumelelo iminyaka emininzi nezicwangciso phambili umsebenzi uNorman Foster.

Amaphulo e-Russia - asiyonto kwishishini inzuzo kakhulu, kodwa kubalulekile. Inyaniso kukuba, akuba isigqibo kuqala ukuba basebenzisane kunye inkosi, urhulumente eMoscow uye phambili yi ulibaziseko lokusebenza kweprojeti. Kumalunga amafu, iprojekthi "Russia", ukuphakama neemitha 612 kwi kummandla Moscow International Business Centre "Moscow City". Esi sakhiwo ka 118 imigangatho emva ukwakhiwa kwayo, bekuya kuba aphezulu e-Europe. Isixa mali zinto zokwakha, ehlelelwe phezu kommandla 520.800 square metres. Ukwakhiwa yaqalwa ngo-2007. Noko ke, kule ilandelayo projekthi nya-mali engundoqo - nenkampani Shalva Chigirinsky, lifumana iingxaki zemali. Ke inkampani "Foster kunye Partners" yaphakanyiswa ukunciphisa ubude besakhiwo kathathu. Wawusebenza ezixhasayo, izithintelo zemali urhulumente eMoscow kule ntlekele. Emva koko, ngoMatshi 2012, ukuphakama okucwangcisiweyo kwinqaba belucwangcisiwe ku leemitha 360. Ke ekugqibeleni, iprojekthi ngokupheleleyo bamshiya. Namhlanje kwindawo yokwakha lwakhiwe isakhiwo bohluke kuzo ngokupheleleyo.

isiphelo

Namhlanje ke kucingwa umakhi inombolo 1 ehlabathini. Xa inkampani yakhe iingcali 500 abasebenza ngokusisigxina, yaye omnye 100, uqasha ngonyaka phantsi isivumelwano. Womculo I imfihlelo yempumelelo lwemithombo - in ubuchule lobuqu, kwakunye undoqo enamandla leqela lakhe, nto leyo equka abantu abavela ehlabathini lonke: David Nelson kunye Spencer de Grey.

Ummi intsapho yokusebenza-iklasi nethamsanqa ngokwaneleyo ukuba alinde ukuqonda ngokupheleleyo iitalente zabo omkhulu zokudala. Wakwazi ukweyisela ukunyaniseka kwabo eBritani izimvo zokwakha, kwaye ke lonke ihlabathi. Lomhleli Ugunyaziso Norman ngamandla iyasebenza izixeko namazwe owadalwa nguThixo ngokwakhe style bokwakha. Nangona iminyaka yayo ihloniphekile (Baron-umyili iminyaka engama-80), yena akayi kungena izithunzi, baqhubeke outpace rated zonke labazobi mihla style ophezulu-zobugcisa.