Izizukulwana ze-Intel Inkqubo: Inkcazo kunye neempawu zemizekelo

Eli nqaku liza kubhala ngokutsha isizukulwana se-Intel Ngokusekelwe kwiplani ye "Kor". Le nkampani inendawo ehamba phambili kwiimarike zeenkqubo zeekhompyutheni, kwaye ezininzi ii-PC zihlanganiselwe njengama-chips e-semiconductor.

Isicwangciso soPhuhliso lwe-Intel

Zonke izizukulwana zangaphambilini ze-Intel zeproseshini zaziphantsi komjikelezo weminyaka emibili. Isicwangciso esifanayo sokukhutshwa kwezibuyekezo ezivela kule nkampani ibizwa ngokuba yi-"Tick-Tak". Isigaba sokuqala, esibizwa ngokuthi "Khupha", senziwa ekudluliseni iCPA kwinkqubo entsha yezobuchwepheshe. Ngokomzekelo, ngokwezakhiwo zokwakhiwa kwesizukulwana, "iSandy Bridge" (isizukulwana sesi-2) kunye ne "Ivi Bridge" (isizukulwana sesithathu) sasifana ngokufanayo. Kodwa iteknoloji yokuvelisa yokuqala yayisekelwe kwimimiselo ye-32 nm, kwaye i-second-22 nm. Okufanayo kunokuthi "HasVell" (isizukulwana sesine, 22 nm) kunye ne "BroadVell" (isizukulwana sesi-5, 14 nm). Ngaloo ndlela, isigaba esithi "Ngoko" sithetha utshintsho olukhulu kwizakhiwo ze-semiconductor chips kunye nokwanda okwenziwe kwintsebenzo. Imizekelo yolu tshintsho yile:

• Isizukulwana sokuqala se-Westmere kunye nesizukulwana sesi-2 seSandy Bridge. Inkqubo yezobuchwepheshe kule nkalo yayifanayo - 32 nm, kodwa utshintsho kwisicwangciso soyilo lwe-chip luphawulekayo-ibhulorho elisenyakatho ye-motherboard kunye ne-accelerator ehlanganisiweyo idluliselwe kwi-CPU.

• Isizukulwana sesithathu "I-Bridge ye-Ivi" kunye nesizukulwana sesine "HasVell". Ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kwenkqubo yeekhompyutheni kulungiselelwe, ii-clock frequencies ze-chips zanda.

• Isizukulwana sesi-5 se "BroadVell" kunye nesizukulwana sesi-6 se "SkyLake". Ukuphindaphinda kwenyuka kwakhona, ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kuye kwaphucuka ngakumbi, kwaye imiyalelo emitsha yongezwa ukuba kuphuculwe ukusebenza.

Uluhlu lwesisombululo seprojekthi esekelwe kwi-Kor architecture

Iinqununu eziphambili zokucwangcisa i-Intel zinokubeka indawo elandelayo:

• Izixazululo ezinokuthengiseka kakhulu ziyi-chips "Celeron". Bafanelekile ukuhlanganisa iikhomputha zeofisi ezenzelwe ukuyisombulula imisebenzi elula kakhulu.

• Kwinqanaba elingentla kukho iiCU ze "Pentium". Ngokwakhelo lwezakhiwo, ziphantse zifana namanqaku amancinane aseCeleron. Kodwa apha i-cache yokunyuka kwinqanaba le-3 kunye namazinga aphakamileyo awanikezela inzuzo ethile ngokwemigangatho yokusebenza. I-niche yale CPU i-PC-level-level-playing PCs.

• Icandelo eliphakathi le-CPU ukususela kwi-Intel isenza izigqibo ngokusekelwe kwiCor Ai3. Iimbali ezimbini zangaphambili zeproseshini, njengomthetho, zinama-unit units amabili kuphela. Kuyafana okufanayo "Kor Ai3". Kodwa iintsapho ezimbini zokuqala ze-chips asinayo inkxaso ye-"HyperTrading" iteknoloji, kunye ne "Kor Ai3". Ngenxa yoko, kwinqanaba lesoftware, iimodyuli zomzimba ezi-2 ziguqulwa zibe yi-4 inkqubo yokucoca. Oku kunika ukwanda okwenziwe kwintsebenzo. Ngokwemveliso yolu hlobo, sele kusenokwenzeka ukuba idibanise iPC yokudlala i-PC yesikhokelo, isitishi-mifanekiso okanye kwiseva yomnyango wokungena.

• Isisombululo sesisombululo siphezulu kwinqanaba eliphakathi, kodwa ngaphantsi kwecandelo lepayimenti, iipipi zizaliswe izisombululo ezisekelwe kwi-Cor Ai5. I-crystal ye-semiconductor inokuziqhayisa ngobukho be-nuclei emzimbeni emine. Yiyo le ngqungquthela yokwakha eyenza inzuzo ngokubhekiselele kokusebenza kwiCor Ai3. Izizukulwana ezininzi zakutshanje ze-Intel i5 zinexesha eliphezulu eliphezulu kwaye oku kukuvumela ukuba uhlale ufumana ukunyusa ukusebenza.

• Inxalenye yecandelo leprayimenti lihlala kwiimveliso ezisekelwe kwi "Kor Ai7". Inani leeyunithi zekhomputha kuzo zifana nezo "Kor Ai5". Kodwa apha, njengoKor Ai3, banenkxaso ye-teknoloji, ebizwa ngokuba yi-"Hyper Trading". Ngoko ke, kwiprogram yesi-4, ii-cores ziguqulwa zibe yimicu e-8 eqhutywe. Le ngongoma enika ubungqina bezinga eliphezulu lokwenziwa komsebenzi kwanokuba nayiphi inkqubo ye- Intel Core i7 inokuziqhayisa. Ixabiso lezi chips lifanelekileyo.

I-Connectors Connectors

Izizukulwana ze-Intel Core processors zifakwe kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zeziseko. Ngoko ke, ukufakela ii-chips zokuqala kule ndawo yokwakha kwi-motherboard ye-CPU yesizukulwana sesithupha ayiyi kusebenza. Okanye, ngokuchaseneyo, i-chip kunye negama lekhowudi "SkyLake" ngokwenyama ayikwazi ukufakwa kwibhodi ye-motherboard kwisizukulwana sesi-1 okanye sesi-2 seprojekthi. Isiseko sokuqala seprojector sabizwa ngokuba yi "Socket H", okanye i-LGA 1156 (1156 yinani labafowunelwa). Yakhishwa ngo-2009 kwii-CPU zokuqala ezenziwe kwimigangatho yokunyamezela i-45 nm (2008) kunye ne-32 nm (2009), ngokusekelwe kulolu lwakhiwo. Kuze kube yimini, kuye kwaphelelwa ngumsebenzi kokubili ngokokuziphatha nangokwenyama. Ngo-2010, i-LGA 1156 ithathelwa indawo yi-LGA 1155, okanye "iSocket H1". Amabhodi omama kule ngqungquthela axhasa ii-"Kor" zee-2 nezizukulwana ezi-3. Amagama ekhowudi kubo, ngokulandelanayo, "iSandy Bridge" kunye ne "Ivy Bridge". Ngo-2013 kuye kwaphawulwa ngokukhutshwa kwesithanga sesithathu kwii-chips ezisekelwe kwi-Kor architecture - i-LGA 1150, okanye i-Socket H2. Kule sikhonkco seprojekti kwakunokwenzeka ukufaka i-CPU yezizukulwana ze-4 ne-5. Ewe, ngoSeptemba 2015, i-LGA 1150 ithathelwa indawo yesikhokelo sokugqibela se-LGA 1151.

Isizukulwana sokuqala seetchips

Iimveliso zeproducer ezithengekayo zeli qonga zaziyiCeleron G1101 (2.27 GHz), iPentium G6950 (2.8 GHz) nePentium G6990 (2.9 GHz). Bonke babenemibhobho emibili kuphela. Isisombululo sesisombululo esisezantsi-kati sasihlala "Kor Ai3" kunye nokutyunjwa kwe-5XX (ii-cores 2/4 ezineengcamango ezinengqiqo zolwazi lwenkqubo). Kwinqanaba elingentla "i-Kor Ai5" kunye ne-6XX yokumakisha (banamanani alinganayo "Kor Ai3", kodwa iifom ziphezulu) kunye ne-7XX ezine-cores zangempela. Iikhomputha zeekhompyutheni ezivelisa kakhulu zihlanganiswe ngesiseko se "Kor Ai7". Iimodeli zabo zazinyuliweyo 8XX. I-chip ephezulu-speed-speed kulo mzekelo ibhalwe nge-875K. Ngenxa yokuphindaphindiweyo okuvelisiweyo kwakunokwenzeka ukugqithisa i-Intel Core i7. Ixabiso lalilinganayo. Ngako oko, unokufumana ukwanda okwenkqisayo kwentsebenzo. Ngendlela, ubukho beqhosha elithi "K" ekutyunjweni komzekelo we-CPU kuthetha ukuba umphindiseli uvuliwe kwaye le modeli inokugqithwa. Ewe, isiqalo esithi "S" songezwe ekutyunjweni kwee-chips ezisebenzayo.

Ukulungiswa kwendawo yokwakha kunye ne "Sandy Bridge"

Endaweni yesizukulwana sokuqala se-chips esekelwe kwiplani ye "Kor" ngo-2010 kwavela izisombululo ezinomxholo othi "iSandy Bridge". Iinqhosha "eziphambili" zihanjiswe ukutshintshwa kwebhulophu esenyakatho kunye ne-accelerator eyakhelwe kwi-silicon chip yeprojekthi ye-silicon. I-Niche yezona zigqibo ezininzi zohlahlo lwabiwo-mali zagcinwa yi "Celerons" zoluhlu lweG4XX kunye ne-G5XX. Kwimeko yokuqala, i-cache yesigaba se-3 yachithwa kwaye enye yintloko yayikhoyo. Iingqungquthela zesibini, kwakhona, zingaziqhayisa ngokufumaneka kwamacandelo amabini ekhompyutha. Enye inyathelo ephakanyisiweyo yiPentiums ye-G6XX ne-G8XX. Kule meko, umahluko kumsebenzi wenziwa ngamaziko aphezulu. Kwakuyi-G8XX ngenxa yale mpawu ebalulekileyo eyayibheke ngcono emehlweni omsebenzisi wokugqibela. Umgca othi "Kor Ai3" wayemelwe ngamanqaku angama-21XX (oko kukuthi, inombolo "2" kwaye ibonisa ukuba i-chip iyona kwisizukulwana sesibili se-Kor). Ezinye zazo ekugqibeleni zongeze isalathisi se "T" - izisombululo ezingaphezulu kwamandla anokunciphisa ukusebenza.

Kananjalo, izisombululo ze "Kor A5" zineenkcukacha ze-23XX, ii-24XX kunye ne-25XX. Ukuphakamisa ukumakishwa komzekelo, ukuphakama kwezinga le-CPU ukusebenza. Isalathisi "T" ekupheleni sisisombululo esiphezulu samandla. Ukuba incwadi "S" ifakwa ekupheleni kwegama, inguqulo ephakathi yokusetyenziswa kwamandla phakathi kwenguqulelo "T" ye-chip kunye nekristal ekhethiweyo. Inkcazo ye "P" - i-speed accelerator ikhubaziwe kwi-chip. Ewe, iipoti kunye nencwadi ethi "K" inomphindisi ovuliwe. Ukumakisha kubalulekile nakwizizukulwana sesithathu salolu lwakhiwo.

Ukubonakala kwenkqubo entsha yezobuchwepheshe

Ngo-2013, isizukulwana sesithathu se-CPU esekelwe kulo mboniso sabona ukukhanya. Intsha ebalulekileyo yindlela entsha yobugcisa. Ngaphandle koko, abazange baqalise nayiphi na into ebalulekileyo. Ngokwemvelo zazingqinelana nesizukulwana esidlulileyo se-CPU kwaye ziza kufakwa kwiibhodi zangasese ezifanayo. Isakhiwo sazo sazo sahlala sisifana. "I-Celerons" yayinegama elithi G12XX, kunye ne "Pentiums" - G22XX. Kuqala ekuqaleni esikhundleni se "2" sele sele "3", eyabonisa ukuba yeso sityalo sesithathu. Umlawuli "Kor Ai3" unamacandelo 32XX. Okuphambili kakhulu "i-Cor A5" yonyulwe i-33XX, i-34XX ne-35XX. Ewe, izisombululo ze "Kor Ai7" zineempawu ze-37XX.

Ukuhlaziywa kwesine kwakhiwo yokwakha "Kor"

Isigaba esilandelayo sisisizukulwana sesi-4 se-Intel projekthi esekelwe kwi-Kor architecture. Ukumakishwa kweli phepha kuku:

• I-CPU yeklasi yoqoqosho "I-Celerones" yonyulwe i-G18XX.

• "IiPentiums" nazo zinemiqolo yeG32XX kunye ne-G34XX.

• Ngokuba "i-Cor Ai3" yayigxininiswe loo magama-41XX kunye ne-43XX.

• "I-Cor Ai5" inokuqatshelwa ngenguqu 44XX, 45XX kunye ne-46XX.

• Ewe, ukukhetha "Kor Ai7" yabelwe i-47XX.

Isizukulwana sesihlanu sesizukulwana

5 isizukulwana se-Intel Ngokwe siseko salolu lwakhiwo kwakugxininiswe ekusebenziseni kumadivayisi eselula. Kwii-PC zedeskithophu, kuphela ii-chips ze "Ai 5" kunye ne "Ai 7" zikhishwe. Kwaye kuphela inani elincinci lomzekelo. Eyokuqala kubo bachongiwe 56ХХ, kwaye yesibini - 57ХХ.

Iisombululo ezandul '

Isizukulwana sesi-6 se-Intel pro processors esaqala ekwindla ka-2015. Lo ngowona uphambili ukwakhiwa kweprojekthi kwangoko. I-chips yokungena-level ikhethwe kulo mzekelo G39XX ("Celeron"), G44XX kunye ne-G45XX (njengePentium ibhalwe). Iiprogram "Kor Ai3" zino-61XX kunye no-63XX. Ngako oko, "Kor Ai5" i-64XX, 65XX kunye ne-66XX. Ewe, ukutyunjwa kwezisombululo zefriji kuphela kumakwe 67ХХ. Isizukulwana esitsha se-Intel processors Uhlala Kuphela ekuqaleni komjikelezo wayo wobomi, kwaye iiputi ezinjalo ziya kulungele ixesha elide.

Iimpawu zokukhawuleza

Phantse zonke iichips ezisekelwe kulolu lwakhiwo zinezixazululi ezivaliweyo. Ngoko ke, kulo mzekelo, ukugqithisa ngokugqithiseleyo kunokwenzeka kuphela ngokunyuka kwexesha lebhasi. Kwixesha lokugqibela, isizukulwana sesi-6, nokuba le nzekayo yokwandisa ukusebenza kuya kufuneka ikhutshazwe kwi-BIOS ngabakhiqizi bamabhodi. Okuhlukile kule nkalo ngaba ngabaprocesari be "Kor Ai5" kunye ne "Kor Ai7" kunye ne "K" index. Baye baninzi abaphindiselelweyo kwaye oku kuvumela ukuba banyuke ngokukodwa ukusebenza kweekhompyutheni kwiisiseko zeemveliso zeemiconductor.

Umbono wabanikazi

Zonke izizukulwana zeenkqubo ze-Intel ezidweliswe kule ngxelo zinomgangatho ophezulu wokusebenza kwamandla kunye nenqanaba lokusebenza. Impendulo kuphela yindleko ephezulu. Kodwa isizathu silele ekubeni umqhubi othe ngqo we "Intel" kumntu we-"AMD", akakwazi ukuchasana nezigqibo ezingaphezulu okanye ezingaphantsi. Ngoko ke, i-Intel isele iqale kwiingqalelo zayo kwaye ibeka itekisi yentengo kwimveliso yalo.

Iziphumo

Kule nqaku, izizukulwana zeenkqubo ze-Intel zeekhompyutha zixutyushwa ngokubanzi. Nolu luhlu lwanele ukuba lulahleke ngokubhaliweyo kunye namagama. Ukongezelela, kukho iikhompyutheni zokuthanda iikhompyutheni (iqonga lika-2011) kunye neziseko ezahlukeneyo zeselula. Konke oku kwenziwa kuphela ukuze umsebenzisi wokugqibela angakhetha isisombululo esiphezulu kwimisebenzi yabo. Eyona nto, efanelekileyo ngoku ukusuka kwiinketho ezikhethiweyo ziyi-chips yesizukulwana sesi-6. Kuzo kwaye kufuneka uhlawule xa uthenga okanye ukuqokelela iPC entsha.