Ikomkhulu Australia: Sydney okanye Canberra? Australia: imephu

Apho ibekwe kunye negama kwekomkhulu Australia? Sydney okanye Canberra - ezinye mizi enze imisebenzi kwesihloko? Ukunika iimpendulo ilungelo zale mibuzo iza kuya kude uhambo ukuya ezweni elikude. Kamva kwafunyaniswa Melika, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba Antarctica. Iimbambano malunga ngubani abaMhlophe bokuqala ziwela e Australia, hayi kuncipha kude kube ngoku. Kwakhona mpikiswano eqhubekayo malunga uhlobo isixeko kweli lizwe kakhulu elihle kunawo.

mpumalanga Australia

kangaroos Photo kunye koalas - uhlobo ubiza ikhadi kwelizwekazi sincinane boMhlaba. Australia phantse 4.5 amaxesha ngaphantsi kwe e-Afrika, ingakumbi kuphela amaxesha 2.5 ngaphezu siqithi inkulu ehlabathini - eGreenland. Kweli lizwekazi, kuba lilizwe elikhulu - aManyeneyo Australia. Abafundi badla bakufumanisa kunzima ukuphendula umbuzo malunga igama kwekomkhulu Australia, Sydney okanye Canberra? Melbourne okanye Sydney? Kwaye akukho kuphela amazwekazi kude kunye namazwe. Kukho izizathu ezininzi ukuba ucinge phambi kokuba ubize ikomkhulu. Cacisa imeko ukunceda ulwazi imbali lokubhaqwa nozinziso kwelizwekazi ngabantu baseYurophu.

Oyena ndoqo kweqonga okokuqala kwimbali lokubhaqwa kunye nophuhliso Australia

Khangela indlela ulwandle ukusuka eYurophu ukuya Indiya kunye neTshayina ngokubonakalayo kuqhutywa kwisithuba kakhulu ezifunyaniswe yendawo ye baseSpeyin, i-Portuguese, ilandelwe yi-and Dutch. Phambi kokuba ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XVII eYurophu asazi uphi Australia. iinkcukacha zale malunga imigama oomatiloshe IsiPhuthukezi kunye nabathengisi kunxweme ilizwe engaziwayo esemazantsi zivela kwinkulungwane XVI, kodwa ubungqina obuqokelelwe akwanelanga.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba wamazwe Torres ukusuka eSpeyin ngo-1606 badlula Strait ngasezantsi New Guinea, ebonakalalisa ukuba sisiqithi, kunokuba inxalenye kwilizwekazi engaziwayo esemazantsi. Torres wabona lexinene ebizwa ngegama lakhe namhlanje, elunxwemeni kukho mhlaba (Australia). igalelo elikhulu isifundo ilizwekazi baye benza Dutch. Ukuze ixesha elide oko kwaziwa kude kangakanani ukuya ngasempuma yolula ummandla kwelizwekazi esemazantsi.

BaseYurophu zonke zibonakala engaqhelekanga ukuvula amazwe azo ibekwe kude ukuya ezantsi. Kuqala kwinto zonke, owafika evela World Endala ukumangaliswa marsupials, umhlaba obomvu, ndiyitshise imilambo. Eyona lula ngenxa yomphefumlo abafuduki ukusuka eYurophu intsimi empumalanga, apho imimoya efumileyo kwiintaba ocean yalityaziswa uwa imvula ngaphezu embindini kweli lizwekazi.

Swimming D. Cook kunye nendima yaseBritani kokuhlaliswa kwelizwekazi

Eyaziwa ngokuba ngohambo ehlabathini lonke eliNgesi Dzheyms Kuk, esazi apho Australia wangena kule minyaka 1769-1770 ku dyondza imida yonxweme wasempuma. Badlula unxweme ukusuka eNew Zealand, Cook ifikelele incam esemantla kwilizwekazi. Ukususela ngelo xesha baqala uphuhliso kwezi zifundo amazwe IsiNgesi Crown. January 26, 1788 le ndawo yokuqala yaseBritani yasungulwa. Kude ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XVIII ziye zahlala zingaqondwa kakuhle ngaphakathi kwintsimi engazange zamthintela ibango British kulo lonke eli lizwekazi loni. Eveza Bomthonyama devil nalowo Australian abazange ukubala.

Sekunjalo mpikiswano elidlulileyo malunga nokuba kukho ngaphambili ngembali ilizwekazi kohlanga kwabantu bomthonyama. Akukho mathandabuzo impendulo yombuzo apho ulwimi eOstreliya. Eli lizwe inani elikhulu nxaxheba ye-Commonwealth of Nations. Ngokusemthethweni kwiikumkani zangaphambili kunye Queen yangoku yaseNgilani - intloko yelo kunxulumano lwamazwe kunye imimandla zixhomekeke. E Australia, ulwimi olusemthethweni IsiNgesi.

Ilizwekazi zincinane Earth: i indawo okuyo (GP)

Ziziphi ikhweyitha yi Australia? Makhe sihlolisise le mephu. Njengoko ubona, nemisinga engasezantsi kweikhweyitha, okt. E. ise ngokupheleleyo kwi-Southern saseNtla. Eyona engundoqo imiba GP ka-Australia Latitude:

• York Peninsula - kwinqanaba esemantla yezwe.
• Indawo sisezantsi kwilizwekazi ohlala Cape South Point.
• Territory of Australia akunika parallel 10 ° S. w. ukuya 39 ° S. w.
• Phantse phakathi kwelizwekazi bawela yi-Southern Injiko.

Ziziphi ikhweyitha yi Australia: East okanye West? Mpumalanga hayi yabanikazi esiqu 0 ° 180 °, oko kuthetha ukuba ise ngokupheleleyo ikhweyitha mpuma. Eyona engundoqo imiba GP ka-Australia Longitude:

• Esiphelweni entshona - m Point eweni ..
• Indawo lwasempumalanga kakhulu uthatha m. Byron.
• Australia kulele ngasempumalanga okuyi ° 113. g., 153 ° entshona. d.
• Le ndawo iyonke zwekazi malunga 7.659.000. Km ^2.

Ilizwekazi asuka entshona ukuya empumalanga malunga 4 amawaka. Km. Umgama ukusuka nemisinga emantla ukuya ezantsi yesiqalo sayo angaphandle imalunga 3.7 amawaka. Km.

benyusa

Mpumalanga Australia kwesifo:

• Timor kunye Sea Arafura ngasentla;
• Coral, Tasman Sea ukuya empumalanga;
• zokupaka kunye okubandezeleka Indian Ocean ukuya ulwandle nomzantsi.

Ukuya kumzantsi-mpuma Australia Tasmania, isiqithi kwi - kumntla-mpuma. New Guinea. Kunxweme osempuma uqhuba cluster inkulu ehlabathini iikorale - Enkulu Barrier Reef. "Isakhiwo" Natural ayafika ubude 2 amawaka. Km. Coral, ezabo indlela enzima ukusuka kunxweme olusempuma Australia lwase (photo omnye kwiziqithi ezincinane eboniswe ngezantsi).

Commonwealth of Australia

Kude kube elishumi yokugqibela inxalenye ngenkulungwane XIX ye Australia iqulathe 6 amathanga ezahlukeneyo kunye noorhulumente babo, imikhosi exhobileyo kunye nezinye iimpawu geqe. Ngo-1898 waqalisa uphuhliso-siseko Federation amazwe. Ngosuku lokuqala 1901 Australia yamkele njengabemi bengatshatanga - aManyeneyo Australia.

Umbango phakathi imizi lizwe, uphakathi yesithandathu kwihlabathi ngokwemiqathango mmandla, oko yaqala kwiminyaka engaphezu kwama-100 eyadlulayo. Wavuka Umbuzo: iya kuba ikomkhulu Australia phi? Sydney okanye Canberra - yeyiphi mizi ukhetha? Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba abaninzi Australia bakholelwa ilizwekazi lwabo engaqhelekanga. Ukusuka eSydney and Canberra bayalila umzi wabo, becinga ukuba ezingcono. E Melbourne bathi isixeko sawo sithi ndijonge, ethandwayo.

Njani ubizwa ngokuba likomkhulu Australia: Sydney, Melbourne okanye Canberra?

Oorhulumente Federal emva 1901 ziye ithunyelwe kwi Capital wadala ngokukhethekileyo Australian indawo. Kwagqitywa ukuba kuza kubakho ikomkhulu Australia. Sydney okanye Melbourne - Zizo ezi izixeko ezibini ezinkulu sibe amaziko yolawulo imbumba nangoku kule minyaka ilishumi yokuqala emva indalo yayo. Xa uqukumbela le ngxubusho, kwagqitywa ukuphelisa olu khuphiswano kwavela. Kukhethwa inikwa okwethutyana Melbourne. Le ikomkhulu yangaphambili Australia, apho ipalamente federal yaba yesine yekhulu.

Ingcamango ukwakha isixeko esitsha ixesha elide ukuba ibekho kwi kummandla New South Wales, kodwa hayi eSydney, yaye phambili umganyana kude nonxweme. Kuphela ngo-1908 ukuba ekugqibeleni yavunywa indawo kweziko lolawulo nezopolitiko lizwe, kwaye ngo-1911 yaqala kuyilo kunye nolwakhiwo. imisebenzi capital Melbourne eyenziwa de kwango-1927.

Canberra: isiseko kunye nesixeko

Ndadlula kwiminyaka engaphezu kweshumi emva kokudalwa bengatshatanga kwi mpumalanga, kodwa abantu abaninzi bakufumana kunzima ukuphendula lo mbuzo: "? Ikomkhulu Australia - Sydney okanye Canberra"

Ngowe-1911, kukho ukhuphiswano wabhengezwa zocwangciso isixeko esitsha. Yena wathandwa yaye wezakhiwo American Walter Griffin. Ababhali ingcamango eyinkunzi kwakukho amathandabuzo malunga negama layo. Sinikezela nakoku kulandelayo: Dzheyms Kuk, Shakespeare, Olympus, kodwa ekugqibeleni, bayenza igama yimbali.

Ngo March 1913 ilitye yokuqala isiseko isixeko yasekwa. Igama eyinkunzi esitsha ukusuka kwidolophana eponymous Canberra kwi Molongo emlanjeni. Umgama ukusuka apha ukuya eSydney kwi emantla-mpuma - malunga 280 km Melbourne esemazantsi-ntshona - 650 km. Igama elithi "Canberra" Liguqulwe lithatyathwa ulwimi Bomthonyama ka-Australia ukuba lithetha "indawo yokuhlangana". I yokuhlala IsiNgesi yokuqala ukuvela apha ngo-1820. Iholide kazwelonke - Usuku isiseko Canberra - Australia yagqiba ukubhiyozela kunyaka ngamnye (ngoMvulo yesibini ngoMatshi).

Ukukhula, uphuhliso, yaye namhlanje izinto Capital Australian

ingxokozelo kwezoqoqosho leMfazwe yokuQala yeHlabathi ulibele zokwakha. Kuphela ngo-1927, i-Federal iPalamente of Australia basuka Melbourne ukuya Canberra. Ukukhula kunye nophuhliso kwenkunzi kuye kwathotha ngexesha le-Great Depression kunye iMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Kuphela emva 1945 Canberra baqala ukwanda. Inani abemi balo ngeenxa 392 lamawaka. Man. Kwikomkhulu, izinga lentswela lisezantsi kwaye ingeniso umlinganiselo ngaphezulu lonke elo lizwe. Ekuqaleni, lo msebenzi ubonelela nokudalwa isixeko igadi, elihle obutofotofo ubomi. Ngomhla kummandla Canberra wahlala iindawo ebonakalayo izityalo zendalo, iipaki ezaphukileyo ezintsha nezikwere. Kwikomkhulu, isihlalo lePalamente yiNkundla Ephakamileyo, kunye nee-arhente zikarhulumente ezininzi. iziza zembali kunye ezinomtsalane Canberra ngolu hlobo lulandelayo:

• IziNdlu zePalamente (yangaphambili yangoku);
• Anglican Church of St. Ioanna Krestitelya ;
• umngcwabo of St John;
• Museum National;
• War Memorial;
• University National Australian;
• Royal College Staff;
• National Gallery.

Iimpawu mninzi yolawulo-sobummandla kunye nabantu

Ukongeza i-Federal Capital Territory, Australia yinxalenye kwimimandla ezimbalwa nezahlukileyo ubukhulu, inombolo kunye nokwakhiwa abantu. ezihlala abantu Ngaphantsi kunye wommandla ophuhlileyo - North. Ukongeza, kukho 6 ithi ezahlukeneyo: Western and South Australia, Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria kunye Tasmania. Le inkulu ndawo kwimimandla Australia - Queensland kunye Western Australia.

Esi sixeko sikhulu kweli lizwe ibekwe kunxweme lwasempumalanga, hayi nje kuphela ngenxa yembali ukufunyanwa nozinziso belizwekazi. Ukusuka Pacific Ocean kunxweme Australian likwaqhuba udederhu iintaba, ukuphakama kwayo avareji - 1500-2000 m Le Enkulu hlula Range, ekhusela ngumcu kunxweme evela imimoya eshushu owomileyo ukuvuthela evela kwimimandla entlango central ..

Esi sixeko sikhulu kwi East Coast - Sydney. Inani labemi metropolitan ngeenxa 4.4 yezigidi. Man. Xa ifoto mzi amaninzi sibona emhlophe sakhiwo sihle ye-Opera House, ngokungathi kwezikhephe isikhephe okanye inxalenye-orenji. Opera e Sydney - enye izakhiwo ezininzi ezintle bokwakha zehlabathi - uphawu kuphela sixeko kodwa lonke Australia. Zobunewu zobugcisa isisombululo umbhali lwesakhiwo yeqonga (Jorg Utston) eziqulathwe kule minyaka engama-10. Unusual ngaphakathi opera yomhombiso kuye ngokuba "yesiqalo Gothic".

Melbourne iqhele kumzantsi eSydney kunye Canberra, inani yabemi balo ngabantu malunga 3.9 million. Esi sixeko ithathwa ikomkhulu zemidlalo Australia: kukho yentenetya tumente ngamazwe, abakhweli uhlanga "Formula -1". Interesting izakhiwo yokuqala utsala abakhenkethi Melbourne. Isixeko eminyaka ngaphantsi kwe ezimbini, siye savela ukusuka kwidolophana yokuloba ibe sixeko.

Inkcazelo emfutshane ye izalathisi eziphambili kwezentlalo noqoqosho

Amagqabantshintshi Australia kuya kuba njengezingaphelelanga ukuba ungaphel izikhombisi ezisisiseko ngokwedemografi, ndingasathethi ezinye iimpawu ezingundoqo kwezentlalo noqoqosho apha kweli lizwe. Le ndawo iyonke imeko yase-Australia imalunga 7,687 km ^2. Lo mmandla uquka kuphela nemisinga, kodwa inani ecaleni kwayo iziqithi ezinkulu nezincinane. labemi beli lizwe - njengako data-2014 - million 23.8 zabantu.

Amarhamente the Church of England kwi-Commonwealth of Australia malunga ne-26% yetotali yenani labafundi bebonke. Malunga okufanayo Australia amaKatolika nabalandeli zezinye iinkolo zamaKristu. Ngexesha ukugaleleka kwi nemisinga kufika abantu baseYurophu abemi yasekuhlaleni kwinqanaba elisezantsi yophuhliso. Australia yemveli Sizibandakanye ukuqokelela iziqhamo kunye imbewu zasendle, ngokuzingela nokuloba.

Ngomhla bavela eNgilani waqalisa yokungenisa imigulukudu, ikoloni yokuqala kunye nezinye iindawo zokuhlala isigxina. Ukusuka World Old eOstreliya kunye nabantu abavela kwamanye nezilwanyana zasekhaya baba amagciwane abantu kunye nezilwanyana. Ngenxa sifo yehla kakhulu inani labantu bemveli. umonakalo omkhulu kakhulu flora zasendle kwabangela imivundla kunye nezinye ezidla zona.

Australia osisityebi kwezibonelelo zendalo, apho ubukhulu becala geni kwimimandla esemantla nasentshona kweli lizwe. Le minerals ingabizwa igesi yendalo, izinyithi ahle kunye non-ayoni oyile, amalahle,, igolide neyuranium. Esebenze nemisinga imithombo eneji ehlaziyekayo: imisebe yelanga, namanzi, nomoya. Imilambo eziphambili - i-Murray Darling yokufika - ukunkcenkceshela izityalo yezolimo mpuma. Australia - enkulu kummandla iinkomo-nokuzalela, ingakumbi apha ocoliweyo-fleeced iigusha neenkomo yokukhulisa abantwana. Investment ziinkampani zasekuhlaleni kunye amazwe ukutyala amafutha izinto zokubasa (i-oyile negesi). I-Commonwealth of Australia nokuphuhlisa amashishini nemigodi kunye nokulungiswa, izinto zokwenza imveliso kumazwe angaphandle-kubonelelwa, amandla kunye iimveliso zezolimo. Ilizwe inecandelo ephuhliswe enqanaba lesithathu loqoqosho (kwindawo inkonzo).

Indima lwemali inkulu owenza dollar Australian. GDP ngamnye eyi-Australia phakathi kwamazwe alishumi phezulu, zodidi yesithandathu ehlabathini. Australia, amazwe kunye capital Oceania umdla ingqalelo abakhenkethi. Kuba ingeniso imimandla siqithi elincinane eli candelo loqoqosho kubalulekile.

Australia njengenxalenye Oceania

Ulawulo Commonwealth usebenza eziphantse neziqithi: Ashmore, Cocos, Cartier, Macdonald, Norfolk, iKrismesi, Hurd (ezinye zezi ndawo ayikho abemi umhlali).

Likomkhulu Australia kunye Oceania ke kakhulu kwahluka enye kwenye iinkalo ezininzi. Uninzi iintlanga siqithi elilawulwa yi kubemi bomthonyama. Nkqu mimandla inkulu nokumkani abaxhomekeke amashumi amaxesha ngaphantsi Australian. Ngoko ke, endaweni ilizwe, akhiwe ukuya emantla Australia - Papua New Guinea - imalunga 463 namawaka km ^2, inani labahlali zafikelela 7.1 million ..

izwekazi ezincinane Riddles

Iindawo ezinika umdla ku Australia kuba nomtsalane kubantu abaninzi, ngokuba kwilizwekazi idume exotic. Kukho, wafumana flora ayikho enye zikho ezininzi kunye nezilwanyana. Njengoko iingcali zithi, kumaxesha amandulo ukuba yinxalenye Australia enkulu-lizwekazi, kodwa ngenxa yokuba uphuphu yakhe ukuphaphatheka ukuya mpuma yasuswa kwamanye amazwekazi. Ngenxa ngabodwa walo Australia ngayo. Tasmania walondoloza izityalo oyidingayo kunye marsupials, ixesha-extinct eAfrika nakwamanye amazwe aphesheya.

Ngokweziphumo zokucwaningwa kwezinto zakudala, iingubo zamatye, iindawo zokuhlala zabantu, izixhobo zamandulo zasemsebenzini, abaphandi bazimisele ixesha lokulungisa i-zwekazi. Ufumana lubonisa ukuba abantu bokuqala bafika e-Australia bavela kwamanye amazwekazi ahleliweyo. Mhlawumbi uluntu lukhoyo apha malunga neenkulungwane ezingama-50, kodwa kunokwenzeka ukuba abemi bokuqala babonakala malunga nama-21 eyiminyaka edlulileyo.

Abaphandi baseOstreliya baphankanya kwindawo ekhethekileyo, becinga ukuba kule ndawo yomhlaba iilwanyana zasendulo zihlala. Kukholelwa ukuba kwixesha lasePaleozoic kwakukho uxhulumaniso lomhlaba kunye nenxalenye yaseAsia ye-Eurasia. Emva koko kwilizwe, umhlaba wezilwanyana wawungenjalo. Ngaphambi kokuba ixesha leQuaternary liqale, ama-marsupials afika e-Australia. Ebudeni bangexesha elifanayo, ukwahlukana kokugqibela kwamazwekazi kwenzeke. E-Australia, abalimi - abameli bezilwanyana eziphezulu abanako ukungena. Ngoko ke, ngenxa yezilwanyana zasemhlabeni zelizwekazi esizicingayo, azinjalo. Izilwanyana ezindala kakhulu zezilwanyana ze-placental - i-platypus ne-echidna, i-marsupials - i-kangaroos, i-koalas nezinye izilwanyana ezingaqhelekanga zifumaneka kwintsimi yase-Australia.